CN1191452C - 一种用于进行低温精馏的方法及其装置 - Google Patents

一种用于进行低温精馏的方法及其装置 Download PDF

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CN1191452C
CN1191452C CNB011223200A CN01122320A CN1191452C CN 1191452 C CN1191452 C CN 1191452C CN B011223200 A CNB011223200 A CN B011223200A CN 01122320 A CN01122320 A CN 01122320A CN 1191452 C CN1191452 C CN 1191452C
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J·H·罗亚尔
A·阿查亚
C·F·戈茨曼
D·P·博纳奎斯特
B·阿曼
J·A·韦伯
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Abstract

本发明涉及一个低温精馏体系，其中通过为气体提供脉冲，然后将压缩气体送往脉冲管(其中气体在脉冲管一端膨胀以将产波冷冻作用输送给精馏体系)来产生推动精馏所需的部分或全部冷冻作用。

Description

一种用于进行低温精馏的方法及其装置
本发明一般涉及低温精馏，具体可用于进行低温空气分离。
低温精馏(如进料空气的低温精馏)要求提供冷冻作用以推动分离的进行。一般通过工艺流如一部分进料空气进行汽轮膨胀来提供这种冷冻作用。虽然这种常规实践是有效的，但却是有限的，因所需量的冷冻作用的任何变化都会内在地影响整个工艺的操作。因而我们需要一个低温精馏体系，其中所需冷冻作用的提供与体系工艺流的流量无关。
为与内体系工艺流流量无关的低温精馏体系提供冷冻作用的一个方法是提供进入体系的冷冻液体形式的所需冷冻作用。然而遗憾的是这种方法相当昂贵。
因此本发明的一个目的是提供一个改进的低温精馏体系，其中至少一些用于分离的冷冻作用的提供与工艺流的汽轮膨胀无关，并且不要求为体系提供外界的低温液体。
通过本发明来实现在阅读本公开后对本领域技术人员显而易见的上述及其他目的，本发明的一方面是：
一种用于进行低温精馏的方法，它包括：
(A)将进料送入包括至少一个塔的低温精馏设备；
(B)将压缩力施用于脉冲管体系气体以压缩该脉冲管体系气体，将压缩后的脉冲管体系气体送往脉冲管，并在脉冲管内膨胀该脉冲管体系气体以产生冷冻作用；
(C)将由脉冲管体系气体所产生的冷冻作用送入低温精馏设备；
和
(D)采用由脉冲管体系气体所产生的冷冻作用在低温精馏设备内通过低温精馏分离进料，
其中热交换流体通过与脉冲管体系气体进行间接热交换而被冷却，所得的热交换流体通过与所述进料进行间接热交换而被加热从而冷却进料，以及将冷却后的进料送入低温精馏设备的塔中而将冷冻作用送入低温精馏设备中，其中所述热交换流体通过一个泵的作用在一个闭环内循环。
本发明的另一方面是：
用于进行低温精馏的装置，它包括：
(A)包括至少一个塔的低温精馏设备以及用于将进料送入低温精馏设备的装置；
(B)脉冲管冷冻体系，包括预冷却装置、脉冲管、用于将脉冲管体系气体从预冷却装置送往脉冲管的装置以及将压缩力施用于脉冲管体系气体的装置；
(C)用于将来自脉冲管冷冻体系的冷冻作用送往低温精馏设备的装置；和
(D)用于从低温精馏设备中回收产品的装置，
其中(C)中用于将冷冻作用从脉冲管冷冻体系送入低温精馏设备的装置包括与脉冲管冷冻体系具有间接热交换关系以及与用于将进料送入低温精馏设备的装置具有间接热交换关系的闭环热交换流体环路；其中所述热交换流体环路含有一个泵用于循环所述热交换流体。
如此处所用的术语“塔”指的是蒸馏或分馏塔或区，也即接触塔或区，其中液相与汽相逆流接触，如通过使汽相与液相在一系列安装在塔内的垂直放置的塔盘或塔板和/或填充单元如结构填料或无规填料上进行接触来完成流体混合物的分离。对于蒸馏塔进一步的讨论可参见Chemical Engineer’s Handbook，第5版，R.H.Perry和C.H.Chilton编，McGraw-Hill Book Company，New York，第13节，连续蒸馏法。
术语“双塔”用来指高压塔的上部与低压塔的下部具有热交换关系。关于双塔的进一步讨论可参见Ruheman的“气体分离”，OxfordUniversity出版社，1949年，第VII章，工业气体分离。
蒸气与液体接触分离法取决于各组分的蒸气压差。高蒸气压(或易挥发或低沸点)的组分将倾向浓缩于汽相，而低蒸气压(或不易挥发或高沸点)组分则倾向浓缩于液相。蒸馏是可利用加热液体混合物来将易挥发组分浓缩于汽相因而不易挥发的组分浓缩于液相的分离方法。部分冷凝是可利用冷却蒸气混合物来将易挥发组分浓缩于汽相因而不易挥发的组分浓缩于液相的分离方法。精馏(或连续蒸馏)是通过对汽相及液相进行逆流处理获得连续部分汽化和部分冷凝的分离方法。汽相与液相的逆流接触可以是绝热的，也可以是非绝热的，并且可以包括各相之间的积分(分阶段的)接触或微分(连续的)接触。利用精馏的原理分离混合物的分离工艺设备通常可互换地称为精馏塔、蒸馏塔或分馏塔。低温精馏是一种至少部分在不超过150°开尔文(K)的温度下进行的精馏方法。
如此处所用的术语“间接热交换”指的是各种流体之间在没有任何物理接触或相互混合的情况下使两种流体具有热交换关系。
如此处所用的术语“产品氮”指的是氮的浓度至少为95％(摩尔)的流体。
如此处所用的术语“产品氧”指的是氧的浓度至少为85％(摩尔)的流体。
如此处所用的术语“产品氩”指的是氩的浓度至少为90％(摩尔)的流体。
如此处所用的术语“进料空气”指的是主要包括氧、氮和氩的混合物，如环境空气。
如此处所用的术语“上部”和“下部”分别指高于和低于塔中点的塔的部分。
图1为本发明一个优选实施方案的示意图，其中低温精馏设备为双塔空气分离设备，并且将冷冻作用从脉冲管体系送入使用高压塔贮藏蒸气(shelf vapor)的设备中。
图2为本发明另一个优选实施方案的示意图，其中低温精馏设备为双塔空气分离设备，并且将冷冻作用从脉冲管体系送入使用进料空气的设备中。
图3为本发明再一个优选实施方案的示意图，其中低温精馏设备为单塔空气分离设备，并且将冷冻作用从脉冲管体系送入使用进料空气的设备中。
图4为可用于实施本发明的脉冲管冷冻体系的一个实施方案的更详细示意图。
本发明将参照附图进行更详细的描述，其中低温精馏为低温空气分离体系，在该体系中通过低温精馏分离进料空气以得到产品氮、产品氧和产品氩中的至少一种。
现参照图1，已除去高沸点杂质(如二氧化碳、水蒸汽和各种烃)的进料空气60通过经由主换热器1与返回流进行间接热交换而得到冷却。所得冷却后的进料空气61被送入作为双塔(还包括低压塔11)组成部分的高压塔10内。塔10通常在50-250磅/平方英寸的绝对压力(psia)下进行操作。进料空气在高压塔10内通过低温精馏被分离成富含氮的蒸气和富含氧的液体。
富含氧的液体以流62从塔10的下部导出并送入低压塔11内。富含氮的蒸气以流63从塔10的上部导出，在图1所示意的本发明实施方案中被分为流64和72。流64被送入主冷凝器2，在其中通过与沸腾的低压塔底部液体进行间接热交换而得到冷凝。所得冷凝后的富含氮的液体以流65从主冷凝器2中导出。富含氮的液体的一部分66作为回流送入塔10的上部，富含氮的液体的另一部分67作为回流送入塔11的上部。
低压塔11在低于高压塔10的压力下进行操作，其压力范围通常为15-25psia。在低压塔11内进入该塔的各种流体通过低温精馏被分离产生可分别作为产品氮和/或产品氧回收的富含氮流体和富含氧流体。在图1所示的实施方案中，富含氮的蒸气以流70从塔11的上部导出，经由主换热器1得到加热，并以流71作为产品氮回收。富含氧的蒸气以流68从塔11的下部导出，经由主换热器1得到加热，并以流69作为产品氧回收。
至少部分(优选全部)塔内推动低温精馏所需的冷冻作用由脉冲管冷冻体系所产生，其一个实施方案示于图4中。
现参照图4，脉冲管冷冻体系76为一密闭的冷冻体系，该体系在一闭合循环中脉冲制冷剂(即脉冲管体系气体)将热负荷从冷的部分传递至热的部分。脉冲的频率及定相取决于体系的结构。通过压缩机活塞或一些其他的声波产生装置300产生气体的运动以在气体空间内产生压力波。压缩后的气体流经除去压缩热的后冷却器301。然后压缩后的制冷剂流经预冷却装置，如再生器部分(303)，流经时被冷却。在实施本发明中还可采用同流换热器或其他冷却器作为预冷却装置。再生器在进入的高压工作流体达到冷却端之前将其预冷却。工作流体进入冷的换热器305，然后是脉冲管306，并将脉冲管中停留的流体朝脉冲管的热端压缩。在脉冲管热端内较热的压缩后流体通过热的换热器308然后进入贮罐311。通过结合孔板310和在半循环期间贮存气体的贮罐空间来实现与压力同相的气体运动。贮罐311的大小应足以使得在振荡流动期间在其中基本上不发生压力振荡现象。振荡流经由孔板造成加热和冷却效果的分离。一旦来自产波装置(wave-generation device)/活塞300的进口流停止流动，则脉冲管压力降至低压。当以平均压力来自贮罐311的气体经由孔板进入处于低压的脉冲管时被冷却。脉冲管306冷端处的气体被绝热冷却以便从冷的换热器中提取出热量。当低压工作流体进入产波装置/活塞300时在再生器303内被加热。理论上孔板脉冲管制冷器在脉冲管内起绝热压缩和膨胀的作用。所述循环如下：活塞首先在脉冲管中压缩气体。由于气体被加热后压缩气体的压力高于贮罐中的平均压力，因此气体经由孔板进入贮罐内并通过位于脉冲管热端的换热器与环境进行热交换。当脉冲管内的压力减少至平均压力时气体停止流动。活塞回移并绝热膨胀脉冲管内的气体。经由孔板从贮罐进入脉冲管的气流将脉冲管中冷的、低压气体推向冷端。当冷的制冷剂通过脉冲管冷端处的换热器时将热量从被冷却的物体除去。当脉冲管中的压力增加至平均压力时气体停止流动。然后再重复循环。
我们使富含氮的蒸气流72与脉冲管冷冻体系76建立间接热交换关系，籍此使冷冻作用从脉冲管冷冻体系进入被冷凝及过冷的富含氮蒸气(如图1所示)。所得冷凝后的富含氮液体73被送入塔10和11中的至少一个，或两个，由此将由脉冲管冷冻体系所产生的冷冻作用送入低温精馏设备。在图1所示的本发明实施方案中，冷凝后的富含氮液体以流73送入塔10的上部作为流74的补充回流，和任选送入塔11的上部作为补充回流(如虚线75所示)。
图2示意了本发明的另一个实施方案，其中由脉冲管冷冻体系所产生的冷冻作用被送入进料(在本实施方案中为进料空气)中，通过进料该冷冻作用被送入低温精馏设备以推动分离的进行。在示于图2的本发明实施方案中，富含氮的蒸气流63被送入主冷凝器2。部分该富含氮的蒸气流63在第一级换热器1中加热后可取出作为高压产品。图2中常用部件的编号与图1相同，并且这些常用部件将不再作详述。
现参照图2，我们使流77中的热交换流体与脉冲管冷冻体系76建立间接热交换关系，通过从脉冲管冷冻体系进入热交换流体的冷冻作用将其冷却。可用的热交换流体的例子包括氦、氖、氮、氩、氪、氙、四氟化碳、各种碳氟化合物、氟代醚及其混合物。将所得冷却后的热交换流体78通过泵30泵送并作为流79送入主换热器1，在其中通过与进料空气60进行间接热交换而得到加热。由脉冲管冷冻体系所产生的冷冻作用以这种方式被送入进料空气，然后再送入低温空气分离设备中。然后将已冷却并且可能由于与返回流及热交换流体进行间接热交换而得到部分冷凝的进料空气61送入塔10进行如上所述的加工。如前所述将所得的加热后热交换流体77从主换热器1送往脉冲管冷冻体系76。
图3示意本发明采用单塔低温精馏设备的操作。示于图3中的具体体系为用于生产产品氮的单塔低温空气分离设备。
现参照图3，已除去高沸点杂质(如二氧化碳、水蒸汽和各种烃)的进料空气160通过经由主换热器101与返回流和热交换流体进行间接热交换而得到冷却。所得冷却后的进料空气161被送入塔110中，该塔通常在50-250psia的压力范围内操作。进料空气在塔110内通过低温精馏分离成富含氮蒸气和富含氧液体。
将富含氧液体以流162从塔110的下部导出，并经由阀115进入顶部冷凝器102。将富含氮蒸气以流163从塔110的上部导出，并分成流170和167。将流167送入顶部冷凝器102，在其中通过与富含氧液体进行间接热交换将其冷凝。将所得冷凝后的富含氮的液体以流165从顶部冷凝器102作为回流送入塔110的上部。流170通过主换热器101得到加热，并以流171作为产品氮进行回收。来自顶部冷凝器102热交换的富含氧蒸气作为流188导出，经由主换热器101得到加热，并以流189从体系中取出。
将由脉冲管冷冻体系所产生的冷冻作用送入进料空气，并以类似于图2所述的方式通过该进料空气送入低温精馏设备。图3中脉冲管冷冻循环的编号与图2中所用的相同，因此不再重复描述循环的操作。
虽然本发明已参照某些优选的实施方案进行了详细描述，但本领域的技术人员将会意识到在权利要求书的精神及范畴内还有本发明的其他实施方案。例如，本发明可以采用许多其他的低温空气分离设备装置，如具有氩侧臂塔(sidearm column)的双塔，在其中生产出产品氩。

Claims (4)

1.一种用于进行低温精馏的方法，它包括：
(A)将进料(60，160)送入包括至少一个塔(10，11，110)的低温精馏设备；
(B)将压缩力施用于脉冲管体系(76)气体以压缩该脉冲管体系气体，将压缩后的脉冲管体系气体送往脉冲管，并在脉冲管内膨胀该脉冲管体系气体以产生冷冻作用；
(C)将由脉冲管体系(76)气体所产生的冷冻作用送入低温精馏设备；和
(D)采用由脉冲管体系气体所产生的冷冻作用在低温精馏设备内通过低温精馏分离进料(60，160)，
其中热交换流体(77)通过与脉冲管体系气体进行间接热交换而被冷却，所得的热交换流体(78，79)通过与所述进料(60，160)进行间接热交换而被加热从而冷却进料，以及将冷却后的进料(61，161)送入低温精馏设备的塔(10，110)中而将冷冻作用送入低温精馏设备中，其中所述热交换流体通过一个泵(30)的作用在一个闭环内循环。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中进料为进料空气。
3.权利要求1的方法，其中进料(60，160)的冷却导致了至少部分进料被冷凝。
4.用于进行低温精馏的装置，它包括：
(A)包括至少一个塔(10，11，110)的低温精馏设备以及用于将进料(60，160)送入低温精馏设备的装置；
(B)脉冲管冷冻体系(76)，包括预冷却装置(303)、脉冲管(306)、用于将脉冲管体系气体从预冷却装置送往脉冲管的装置以及将压缩力施用于脉冲管体系气体的装置(300)；
(C)用于将来自脉冲管冷冻体系的冷冻作用送往低温精馏设备的装置(1，101)；和
(D)用于从低温精馏设备中回收产品(69，71，171，189)的装置，
其特征在于：用于将冷冻作用从脉冲管冷冻体系(76)送入低温精馏设备的装置包括与脉冲管冷冻体系具有间接热交换关系以及与用于将进料送入低温精馏设备的装置具有间接热交换关系的闭环热交换流体环路；其中所述热交换流体环路含有一个泵(30)用于循环所述热交换流体。
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