CN117996460A - Frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array based on variable capacitance tuning mechanism - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array based on a variable capacitance tuning mechanism, and belongs to the field of radio frequency front-end devices. The antenna unit consists of a main radiation patch, two bending stub wires, two variable capacitors, a large resistor, an inductor, a dielectric substrate, an SMA connector and metal ground. By applying different reverse voltages to the variable capacitor, the resonant frequency and resonant phase of the antenna unit are tuned, a phase difference of about 90 degrees is formed between the two transverse units, circular polarization is realized, and the left-handed/right-handed circular polarization can be conveniently switched by modulating the voltages applied to the left side and the right side. When the reverse voltages applied to the left and right sides are equal, the antenna is linearly polarized, and the circular polarization axial ratio is generated. The invention makes the whole structure of the antenna simpler, reduces the processing complexity and cost, and the planar microstrip structure can realize rapid printing and manufacturing.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array based on a variable capacitance tuning mechanism, which is mainly applied to an ISM frequency band of 2.4GHz and the like, and belongs to the field of radio frequency front-end devices.
Background
The different transmitting antennas radiate electromagnetic waves of different forms that propagate freely in space, the form of which is mainly related to the polarization of the transmitted antennas. Generally, a receiving antenna can only receive electromagnetic waves in a corresponding polarization mode, for example, a horizontal polarization antenna can only receive electromagnetic waves in a horizontal polarization mode, and polarization losses occur when receiving electromagnetic waves in other polarization modes. Signals can be better received or transmitted if the antenna can be flexibly switched in different polarization states. The different polarization states of the polarization reconfigurable antenna in the time division mode can greatly improve the communication capacity, can reduce the mutual interference between channels with different purposes (receiving or transmitting), and has numerous advantages, thus having important research value.
According to current literature reports, there are mainly the following implementations of polarization reconstruction.
The first mode is to feed to feed points at different positions of the radiator through multiple ports so as to excite different forms of current distribution in the antenna or excite different antenna array elements in the array antenna, and the array elements jointly act to realize the integral polarization mode change of the array. In 2017, j.hu et al proposed a wideband polarized reconfigurable patch antenna array, in which the antenna elements were designed with a double-layer substrate, four radiating patches were placed on the upper substrate, and a substrate integrated waveguide structure was designed on the lower substrate, two ports were provided at the diagonal positions, and feeding was excited by coplanar waveguides. Further, a four-array-element array antenna is designed by clockwise rotation. However, this type of polarized reconfigurable antenna occupies too much space, and is not applicable to compact devices with limited space, and the use of multiple ports increases the overall cost of the system.
The second way is to directly control the radiation current distribution and path by adding a radio frequency switch on the radiator, so as to realize different polarization characteristics. In 2020, m.li et al reported a low-profile wideband polarization reconfigurable antenna in which four square patches of the same size were placed at equal intervals to couple to form a set of wideband degenerate modes, then L-shaped dipoles placed on an upper substrate were excited by differential feed, so that orthogonal degenerate modes were separated to form wideband circular polarization, and the differential feed excitation device was changed by controlling the on-off of PIN tubes to realize different operation modes of the antenna.
The third mode is to realize polarization reconfiguration by using the polarization reconfigurable slot, directly grooving the radiator to change the current distribution condition on the radiator or indirectly changing the radiation mode of the antenna by using the reconfigurable slot on the floor, so as to realize reconfiguration of different polarizations. In 2015, C-Y-d.sim et al proposed a polarized reconfigurable antenna in the shape of an annular slot, excited by feeding under two strip microstrip lines, with an annular slot on the floor and two small circular slots symmetrically left and right under the annular slot, the circular slots being connected to the annular slot by PIN tubes. Therefore, the shape of the slot of the floor can be controlled through the PIN tube, the current distribution of the antenna is affected, and the flexible switching of the linear polarization and the left-hand and right-hand circular polarization of the antenna is realized.
The above antennas have problems, such as too large antenna size, low structural mechanical strength, large feed loss of the reconfigurable feed network, poor cross polarization isolation, too poor front-to-back ratio of the antennas, and the like, so that their applications are limited.
In addition, there are numerous studies on polarized reconfigurable antennas, and some of the current reports have superior performance in specific fields. However, most of the polarization reconfigurable antennas at present can only cover a single frequency band, and few polarization reconfigurable antennas capable of covering multiple frequency bands are available. The multi-frequency antenna can receive/transmit communication signals of more frequency bands, and if the frequency reconfiguration technology and the polarization reconfiguration technology are combined, the applicability of the communication equipment is greatly improved, and the real 'one-object multi-use' is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the background technology, the design of the invention is a frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array based on a variable capacitance tuning mechanism, and can meet the requirements of multi-band and polarization switching. The designed antenna array has the characteristics of simple structure, convenient design, low profile, high gain and the like.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
A frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array based on a variable capacitance tuning mechanism, comprising an antenna radiating element; the antenna radiation unit comprises a dielectric substrate (25), a main radiation patch (24) and a metal ground (26), wherein the main radiation patch and the metal ground are respectively arranged on the upper surface and the lower surface of the dielectric substrate;
The edges of the main radiation patches are of a sawtooth structure; a pair of open stubs is also arranged on one side of each main radiation patch; the open-circuit stubs are of curved fold line structures, and the two open-circuit stubs of the same pair are in mirror symmetry about the central line of the main radiation patch; the open stubs are connected with the corresponding main radiating patches (24) through variable capacitors (28);
one end of the variable capacitor (28) is connected to the outer side of the first groove at two sides of the center line, and the other end of the variable capacitor is connected with the corresponding open-circuit stub; a resistor (29) and an inductor (30) are sequentially arranged on the last folding line section of the open-circuit stub;
Each antenna unit is subjected to embedded feed excitation through a microstrip line behind the T-shaped power divider.
Further, the system also comprises a feed network; each antenna radiating element is connected to an end of the feed network.
Further, the feed network is a T-shaped power division network, and the structure and the size of the feed network meet 50 ohm standard impedance.
Further, the open stub is formed by five sections of vertical bending connection.
Further, the four antenna radiating elements are arranged in a rectangular array, wherein two adjacent antenna radiating elements rotate inward by 45 degrees, and the other two adjacent antenna radiating elements rotate outward by 45 degrees.
Further, the center of the main radiation patch (24) is connected with the metal ground through a metal through hole.
Compared with the background technology, the invention has the following advantages:
a) By simply controlling the reverse voltage applied to the antenna to produce a resonant frequency and a phase difference for the shorted varactor, a 90 DEG phase difference between two antenna elements in quadrature can be achieved, thereby switching the left-hand/right-hand/linear polarization and eliminating a complex phase shifter.
B) Frequency tunability is achieved through the varactor diode + stub, and frequency can be precisely tuned within a tuning range.
C) The planar microstrip antenna has the advantages of simple antenna structure, simple feed structure, convenient manufacture, simple design structure and capability of realizing rapid printing manufacture compared with other antennas with the same function.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic top view of the structure of a frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna unit;
fig. 2 is a schematic top view of a2 x 2 array structure based on frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna elements;
FIG. 3 is a side view of the structure of FIG. 2;
Fig. 4 is a graph of reflection coefficients at different variable capacitance values cp when the 2 x 2 array of frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna elements is operating in linear polarization mode;
Fig. 5 is a graph of gain when the 2 x 2 array based on frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna elements is operating in linear polarization mode;
Fig. 6 is a graph of the reflection curve coefficients for a2 x 2 array of frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna elements operating in a left hand circular polarization mode at different variable capacitance values;
fig. 7 is a graph of axial ratio of two nodding planes perpendicular to each other based on 2 x 2 arrays of frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna elements operating in left hand circular polarization mode;
fig. 8 is a graph of axial ratio at maximum gain at different variable capacitance values cp for a2 x 2 array of frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna elements operating in left hand circular polarization mode;
Fig. 9 is a graph of gain for a2 x 2 array of frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna elements operating in a left hand circular polarization mode;
fig. 10 is a graph of reflectance curves for different variable capacitance values based on a2 x 2 array of frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna elements operating in right-hand circular polarization mode;
Fig. 11 is a graph of axial ratio of two nodding planes perpendicular to each other based on 2 x2 arrays of frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna elements operating in right hand circular polarization mode;
fig. 12 is a graph of axial ratio at maximum gain at different variable capacitance values cp for a 2x 2 array of frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna elements operating in right hand circular polarization mode;
fig. 13 is a graph of gain for a2 x 2 array of frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna elements operating in right hand circular polarization mode;
Detailed Description
The following describes in further detail the embodiments of the present invention with reference to figures 1-13 and examples.
The frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna unit based on variable capacitance control comprises symmetrical radio frequency switches 28, 29 and 30 and a sawtooth edge antenna unit, wherein a through hole is formed in the middle of the unit and used for direct current grounding, and the antenna unit also comprises a bent stub wire, a variable capacitance 28, a large resistor 29, an inductor 30, a dielectric substrate, an SMA connector and a metal ground, wherein an input signal port is connected with the microstrip line through the SMA connector; a planar 2 x 2 array based on the aforementioned frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna elements, characterized by: are arranged in a planar array from a plurality of identical antenna elements.
The unit input signal ports have the same structure, realize the same phase center on the positions so as to reduce cross polarization, and comprise microstrip lines, open-circuit stub lines, variable capacitors, large resistors and inductors.
The antenna unit makes two sides of the patch be saw-tooth-shaped through a fractal technology, so that the electric length is effectively increased, the resonant frequency is reduced, and the purpose of miniaturization of the antenna unit is achieved. In addition, the resonant frequency and resonant phase of each element of the array of frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna elements can be independently controlled by an applied reverse voltage; the switching control of each frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna element is the same.
Taking the frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna unit of fig. 1 as an example, it is composed of two variable capacitors 28, a large resistor 29, an inductor 30, an input signal hole, a main radiating patch 24, two open stubs, a metal ground 26 and a dielectric substrate 25 (refer to fig. 3).
Four of the radiating elements are of equal shape, two of which are in a group and are arranged in an orthogonal fashion to reduce cross polarization. The edges of the radiating elements are designed into a saw-tooth shape, and because the radiating current mainly flows at two sides, the saw-tooth shape can effectively prolong the electric length of the antenna element, thereby reducing the frequency and realizing the purpose of miniaturization of the antenna. The top of each antenna element is symmetrically connected with two variable capacitors and a bent open stub. The magnitude of the variable capacitance is controlled by adjusting the voltage applied thereto, thereby achieving frequency adjustment and phase adjustment. The adjustable range is controlled by adjusting the length of the open stub. The antenna unit has a through hole in the middle for direct current grounding and does not affect the antenna radiation.
The variable capacitance is driven with a direct current, and a large resistor 29 of 20k omega and an inductor 30 of 220nH are connected at the end of the open stub for blocking the radio frequency signal while applying a direct voltage to the diode. By adjusting the reverse voltage reference value, the antenna resonance frequency can be changed, when the voltage increases, the variable capacitance value decreases, the antenna resonance frequency moves toward high frequency, and when the voltage decreases, the variable capacitance value increases, the antenna resonance frequency moves toward low frequency. On the basis of the reference voltage, a proper voltage offset is introduced, for example, the voltage offset is added to the left antenna element 31 in the same row, and the voltage offset is subtracted from the right antenna element 32, so that the phase difference between the two antenna elements in the same row reaches about 90 degrees, thereby realizing circular polarization. And switching of left/right circular polarization can be achieved by simply exchanging the voltages on the two antenna elements of the same row. When the applied voltages on the two antenna elements 31, 32 of the same row are equal, the antenna array exhibits linear polarization.
The feed network employs a T-shaped power splitting network as shown, which is constructed and dimensioned to meet a 50 ohm standard impedance. The width and length of the microstrip line are used to adjust the return loss and gain of the antenna element. The lengths 16, 17 of the microstrip lines of which the sections are directly connected to the antenna elements can also be used to adjust the frequency band in which the circular polarization is located.
To reduce the loss, a metal material having a small resistivity, such as aluminum, copper, gold, or the like, is used, and a material having a small loss, such as high-resistance silicon, rogers5880, or the like, is used for the dielectric substrate 25.
The length of the open stub, the depth and width of the microstrip line embedded into the antenna unit, and the microstrip line width can have important effects on the return loss and gain of the antenna unit and the 2 x 2 array, and the circular polarization, and is specifically expressed as follows:
a) Because the open stub directly affects the adjustable range of the frequency and phase of the antenna unit, when the length 1 is too large or too small, the adjustable range of the antenna is narrowed or even severely deteriorated;
b) In a certain range, the larger the width of the main radiation microstrip line is, the antenna gain is slightly increased, but the return loss of the antenna is slightly changed at the same time;
c) The length 16, 17 of the section of microstrip line directly connected to the antenna elements can be used to adjust the coupling between the antenna elements, thereby affecting the circular polarization situation. Too long or too short a length can cause incomplete overlapping of the frequency band in which the circular polarization is located and the frequency band with the return loss less than-10 db.
When forming a2 x 2 array, the distance between the units can have important influence on gain, side lobes and grating lobes, and the method is specifically expressed as follows:
d) In a certain range, the larger the cell pitch is, the larger the effective aperture of the antenna is, and thus the gain increases.
E) When the cell spacing exceeds a certain range, grating lobes appear, and the side lobe gain is increased along with the increase of the distance;
Therefore, the reasonable microstrip line width and the unit spacing are selected to have significance for improving the frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna unit and the array performance thereof, and different requirements correspond to different structures.
The array structure of the frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna is described herein as a combination of dimensions (in microns for the following data):
when the dimensions of the structure of fig. 1 are:
Structure 1=15200, structure 2=8000, structure 3=6000, structure 4=4000, structure 5=31000, structure 6=24000, structure 7=9000; microstrip line 8 width=4400, microstrip line 8 length=16300, slot 9=2600;
when the dimensions of the structure of fig. 2 are:
2x 2 array total width 10=190000, total length 11=220000, structure 12=
20000, Structure 13= 42825, structure 14=77400, structure 15=17150, structure 16=34300, structure 17= 47420, structure 18=16400, structure 19= 43425, structure 20=8400, structure 21= 74600, structure 22= 49500, structure 23= 47800.
When the reverse voltages applied to the antenna elements 31, 32, 33, 34 in fig. 2 are equal, the variable capacitance values thereof are equal, and the antenna array exhibits linear polarization.
The reflection coefficient simulation diagram of the frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array is as follows:
Fig. 4 shows the reflection coefficient curves of the 2 x 2 array on-line polarization mode of the frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna, showing that the antenna element has S11 significantly less than-10 dB in the frequency range of 2.24-2.36 GHz.
The gain profile at this time is:
FIG. 5 shows a graph of gain at center frequency for a2 x 2 array based on frequency and polarization reconfigurable antennas, where gain can be achieved
Shown in fig. 6 is a reflection coefficient curve of the frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna array in the left hand circular polarization mode, which is achieved by adjusting the reverse voltages on cells 32 and 33 to their variable capacitance reference values minus deltac, and the reverse voltages on cells 30 and 31 to their variable capacitance reference values plus deltac, deltac = 0.05 pf. The reference capacitance values cp=0.3 and 0.45pf are shown.
Shown in fig. 7 is an axial ratio curve of two nodding planes of azimuth angles 0 ° and 90 ° in the left-hand circular polarization mode of the frequency and polarization-based reconfigurable antenna array, and it can be seen that the 3dB axial ratio beam width is about 30 ° at two pitching planes at its operating frequency.
The axial ratio of the reconfigurable antenna array based on frequency and polarization in the left-hand circular polarization mode is achieved by adjusting the variable capacitance value, and it can be seen that the axial ratio 3dB requirement is satisfied from 2.34 to 2.4 GHz.
Shown in fig. 9 is a graph of the gain of the frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna array in the left hand circular polarization mode, which can reach 8.7dB.
Shown in fig. 10 is a reflection coefficient curve of the frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna array in the right-hand circular polarization mode, which is achieved by adjusting the reverse voltages on cells 32 and 33 to their variable capacitance reference values plus deltac, and the reverse voltages on cells 30 and 31 to their variable capacitance reference values minus deltac, deltac =0.05 pf. The reference capacitance values cp=0.3, 0.4, and 0.46pf are shown in the figure.
Shown in fig. 11 is an axial ratio curve of two nodding planes of azimuth angles 0 ° and 90 ° in the right-hand circular polarization mode of the frequency-and polarization-based reconfigurable antenna array, and it can be seen that the 3dB axial ratio beam width is about 30 ° at two pitching planes at its operating frequency.
The frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna array is shown in fig. 12 to achieve an axial ratio by adjusting the variable capacitance values in the right hand circular polarization mode, where it can be seen that the antenna array can meet the 3dB requirement from 2.35-2.4GHz axial ratio.
Shown in fig. 13 is a graph of the gain of the frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna array in right hand circular polarization mode, which can reach 8.7dB.
It can be seen that the 2x 2 array of frequency and polarization based reconfigurable antenna elements can achieve frequency reconfiguration and LP, LHCP, RHCP switching.
The foregoing is merely an example, and if other left-handed/right-handed circularly polarized/linearly polarized antenna arrays in different frequency bands are desired, different voltage values may be adjusted according to the specific embodiments, so as to meet the practical requirements of different communication systems.
Claims (6)
1. A frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array based on a variable capacitance tuning mechanism, comprising an antenna radiating element; the antenna radiation unit is characterized by comprising a dielectric substrate (25), a main radiation patch (24) and a metal ground (26), wherein the main radiation patch and the metal ground are respectively positioned on the upper surface and the lower surface of the dielectric substrate;
The edges of the main radiation patches are of a sawtooth structure; a pair of open stubs is also arranged on one side of each main radiation patch; the open-circuit stubs are of curved fold line structures, and the two open-circuit stubs of the same pair are in mirror symmetry about the central line of the main radiation patch; the open stubs are connected with the corresponding main radiating patches (24) through variable capacitors (28);
one end of the variable capacitor (28) is connected to the outer side of the first groove at two sides of the center line, and the other end of the variable capacitor is connected with the corresponding open-circuit stub; a resistor (29) and an inductor (30) are sequentially arranged on the last folding line section of the open-circuit stub;
Each antenna unit is subjected to embedded feed excitation through a microstrip line behind the T-shaped power divider.
2. The variable capacitance tuning mechanism based frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array of claim 1, further comprising a feed network; each antenna radiating element is connected to an end of the feed network.
3. The variable capacitance tuning mechanism based frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array of claim 2 wherein the feed network is a T-shaped power splitting network configured and dimensioned to meet a 50 ohm standard impedance.
4. The variable capacitance tuning mechanism based frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array of claim 1, wherein the open stub is formed by five segments of vertical meander connections.
5. The variable capacitance tuning mechanism based frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array of claim 1, wherein the antenna radiating elements are provided in four and the four antenna radiating elements are arranged in a rectangular array with two adjacent antenna radiating elements rotated 45 ° inwardly and two other adjacent antenna radiating elements rotated 45 ° outwardly.
6. The variable capacitance tuning mechanism based frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna array of claim 1, wherein the center of the main radiating patch (24) is connected to metal ground through a metal via.
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