CN117900491A - Fusion reactor tungsten copper component and selective laser melting forming manufacturing process thereof - Google Patents
Fusion reactor tungsten copper component and selective laser melting forming manufacturing process thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN117900491A CN117900491A CN202410084338.3A CN202410084338A CN117900491A CN 117900491 A CN117900491 A CN 117900491A CN 202410084338 A CN202410084338 A CN 202410084338A CN 117900491 A CN117900491 A CN 117900491A
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- tungsten
- layer
- stress
- copper
- release layer
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- SBYXRAKIOMOBFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tungsten Chemical compound [Cu].[W] SBYXRAKIOMOBFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 abstract description 78
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 146
- 238000009740 moulding (composite fabrication) Methods 0.000 description 17
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000013268 sustained release Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012730 sustained-release form Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008642 heat stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of reactor component preparation, and discloses a fusion reactor tungsten copper component and a selective laser melting forming manufacturing process thereof, which comprises the following steps: a layer of plasma-facing material comprising a tungsten sheet; a heat sink material layer comprising bulk CuCrZr; and the stress release layer is arranged between the plasma-facing material layer and the heat sink material layer, and comprises a plurality of layers of alloy mixed materials which are arranged according to the tungsten-copper content gradient. The gradient design stress slow-release layer replaces an oxygen-free copper stress slow-release layer in the prior art, so that the stress between a plasma-oriented material layer and a CuCrZr heat sink material layer which adopt tungsten as a main material is more uniform, deformation and stress concentration in a tungsten-copper connecting surface are avoided, the purposes of dispersing and reducing the maximum thermal stress are realized, the capability of providing the part for bearing the times of cyclic high thermal load is achieved, and the service life of the fusion reactor tungsten-copper part is prolonged.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of reactor component preparation, in particular to a fusion reactor tungsten copper component and a selective laser melting forming manufacturing process thereof.
Background
At present, the fusion reactor tungsten copper component needs to bear severe high heat/particle flow action in the service process, and tungsten and CuCrZr are respectively selected as a plasma-oriented material and a heat sink material according to various properties of the material.
The existing connection technology of the fusion reactor tungsten copper component is as follows: fusion casting method and hot isostatic pressure diffusion welding. Firstly, melting high-purity copper and wrapping a tungsten block; then machining the redundant oxygen-free copper, and reserving a needed stress slow-release layer; then fixing the tungsten sheet with the stress slow-release layer and the massive CuCrZr heat sink, putting the tungsten sheet and the massive CuCrZr heat sink into a sheath, applying high temperature and high pressure through hot isostatic pressing equipment, enabling contact surfaces to be attached to each other and generating interatomic diffusion, and finally realizing connection.
The thermal expansion coefficient difference between the plasma-facing material W and the heat sink material CuCrZr alloy is approximately 4 times, the CuCrZr strength is higher, and the thermal stress is very large in the preparation and service processes of the W/Cu plasma-facing component. In order to reduce the thermal stress between the plasma-facing material W and the CuCrZr heat sink, oxygen-free pure copper is added as a stress slow-release layer. When the plasma component is subjected to cyclic high heat load, the reciprocation cycle of the heat stress (along with the temperature rise and fall caused by plasma discharge) can lead the tungsten sheet, the oxygen-free copper stress slow-release layer and the CuCrZr heat sink to expand due to high temperature, but the expansion ratio is different, so that the connection interface has larger heat stress, the internal stress damage of the W block is extremely easy to cause, the heat stress fatigue damage of the W/CuCrZr connection interface is extremely easy to cause, and even the W block is fallen.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is that: the fusion reactor tungsten copper component and the selective laser melting forming manufacturing process thereof can avoid concentration of deformation and stress in a tungsten copper connecting surface, so that the purposes of dispersing and reducing the maximum thermal stress are achieved, the capability of bearing the cyclic high heat load times of the component is achieved, and the service life of the fusion reactor tungsten copper component is prolonged.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a fusion reactor tungsten copper component comprising:
A layer of plasma-facing material comprising a tungsten sheet;
a heat sink material layer comprising bulk CuCrZr; and
The stress slow-release layer is arranged between the plasma-facing material layer and the heat sink material layer, and comprises a plurality of layers of alloy mixed materials which are arranged according to the tungsten-copper content gradient.
Compared with the prior art, the tungsten copper component of the fusion reactor has the beneficial effects that: the stress slow-release layer with tungsten and copper contents distributed according to gradient is arranged between the heat sink material layer and the plasma-oriented material layer, and the stress slow-release layer with gradient design replaces an oxygen-free copper stress slow-release layer in the prior art, so that the stress between the plasma-oriented material layer and the CuCrZr heat sink material layer which adopt tungsten as a main material is more uniform, the concentration of deformation and stress in a tungsten-copper connection surface is avoided, the purposes of dispersing and reducing the maximum thermal stress are realized, the capability of providing the part for bearing the times of cyclic high thermal load is achieved, and the service life of the tungsten-copper part of the fusion reactor is prolonged.
The tungsten-copper component of the fusion reactor comprises a stress slow-release layer, a first mixed layer, a second mixed layer, a third mixed layer and a fourth mixed layer, wherein the stress slow-release layer comprises at least four tungsten-copper mixed layers, and the first mixed layer, the second mixed layer, the third mixed layer and the fourth mixed layer are arranged according to tungsten-copper content gradient.
The fusion reactor tungsten copper component of the embodiment of the invention,
The first mixed layer comprises 20% tungsten and 80% copper;
The second mixed layer comprises 40% tungsten and 60% copper;
the third mixed layer comprises 60% tungsten and 40% copper;
The fourth mixed layer includes 80% tungsten and 20% copper.
According to the fusion reactor tungsten copper component provided by the embodiment of the invention, the stress slow-release layer is formed on the plasma-facing material layer by selective laser processing and melting.
In the fusion reactor tungsten copper component provided by the embodiment of the invention, the heat sink material layer is connected with the heat sink material layer through hot isostatic pressing equipment.
According to the fusion reactor tungsten copper component provided by the embodiment of the invention, the heat sink material layer is provided with the through holes for introducing cooling medium.
The invention also provides a selective laser melting forming manufacturing process for preparing the fusion reactor tungsten copper component according to any one of the embodiments, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
paving a copper material on the tungsten sheet, and constructing a stress slow-release layer through a selective laser melting process;
Polishing the surface of the stress slow-release layer by mechanical processing;
Machining the tungsten sheet and the stress slow-release layer to a required size;
and processing the stress slow-release layer and the heat sink material layer in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment to realize the connection between the stress slow-release layer and the heat sink material layer.
Compared with the prior art, the selective laser melting forming manufacturing process has the beneficial effects that: the stress slow-release layer is constructed by adopting a selective laser melting process, so that the stress slow-release layer which is formed by arranging a plurality of layers of tungsten and copper according to gradient can be obtained, the stress slow-release layer which is designed by gradient can be layered accurately by adopting the selective laser melting process, deformation and stress concentration in a tungsten and copper connecting surface are avoided, the purposes of dispersing and reducing the maximum thermal stress are realized, the capability of providing the parts for bearing the times of cyclic high thermal load is achieved, and the service life of the tungsten and copper parts of the fusion reactor is prolonged.
According to the selective laser melting forming manufacturing process, the stress slow-release layer is constructed through the selective laser melting process, and the stress slow-release layer with tungsten-copper gradient distribution is realized through laser layer-by-layer scanning.
According to the selective laser melting forming manufacturing process, the thickness of the stress slow-release layer is larger than 2mm, and the thickness of each layer of different gradients in the stress slow-release layer is larger than 0.5mm.
According to the selective laser melting forming manufacturing process, the high-temperature and high-pressure environment is provided through hot isostatic pressing equipment.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a fusion reactor tungsten copper component according to an embodiment of the present invention;
In the figure, 1, a plasma-facing material layer; 2. a heat sink material layer; 21. a through hole; 3. a stress release layer; 31. a first mixed layer; 32. a second mixed layer; 33. a third mixed layer; 34. and a fourth mixed layer.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to like or similar elements or elements having like or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are illustrative only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that references to orientation descriptions such as upper, lower, front, rear, left, right, etc. are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience of description of the present invention and to simplify the description, and do not indicate or imply that the apparatus or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, a number means one or more, a number means two or more, and greater than, less than, exceeding, etc. are understood to not include the present number, and above, below, within, etc. are understood to include the present number. The description of the first and second is for the purpose of distinguishing between technical features only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated or implicitly indicating the precedence of the technical features indicated.
In the description of the present invention, unless explicitly defined otherwise, terms such as arrangement, installation, connection, etc. should be construed broadly and the specific meaning of the terms in the present invention can be reasonably determined by a person skilled in the art in combination with the specific contents of the technical scheme.
As shown in fig. 1, a fusion reactor tungsten copper component of a preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a plasma-facing material layer 1, a heat sink material layer 2 and a stress release layer 3, wherein the plasma-facing material layer 1 comprises heat conducting metals such as tungsten sheets; the heat sink material layer 2 comprises a heat conduction material such as blocky CuCrZr and the like, and conducts out the heat transferred by the plasma material layer 1; the stress release layer 3 is arranged between the plasma-facing material layer 1 and the heat sink material layer 2, and is used for connecting the plasma-facing material layer 1 and the heat sink material layer 2 together and conducting heat between the two layers, and the stress release layer 3 comprises a plurality of layers of alloy mixed materials which are arranged according to the tungsten-copper content gradient.
The stress slow-release layer 3 with the tungsten and copper contents distributed according to the gradient is arranged between the heat sink material layer 2 and the plasma material layer 1, and the stress slow-release layer 3 with the gradient design replaces the oxygen-free copper stress slow-release layer 3 in the prior art, so that the stress between the plasma material layer 1 and the CuCrZr heat sink material layer 2 which adopt tungsten as a main material is more uniform, the concentration of deformation and stress in a tungsten-copper connection surface is avoided, the purposes of dispersing and reducing the maximum thermal stress are realized, the capability of providing the part for bearing the times of cyclic high thermal load is achieved, and the service life of the fusion reactor tungsten-copper part is prolonged.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the stress-releasing layer 3 includes at least four tungsten-copper mixed layers having different tungsten-copper contents, and the stress-releasing layer 3 includes a first mixed layer 31, a second mixed layer 32, a third mixed layer 33, and a fourth mixed layer 34 arranged in a gradient of tungsten-copper contents.
In some embodiments of the present invention,
The first mixed layer 31 includes 20% tungsten and 80% copper;
The second hybrid layer 32 includes 40% tungsten and 60% copper;
The third mixed layer 33 includes 60% tungsten and 40% copper;
the fourth hybrid layer 34 includes 80% tungsten and 20% copper.
The tungsten copper content of the stress slow-release layer 3 with the gradient distribution is uniformly distributed, the stress distribution during internal expansion is also relatively uniform, the concentration of deformation and stress in a tungsten copper connecting surface is avoided, and the service life of a fusion reactor tungsten copper part is prolonged.
It is understood that the number of the stress releasing layers 3 and the tungsten copper ratio of each layer in the stress releasing layers 3 can be selected according to the needs.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the stress-releasing layer 3 comprises a first mixed layer 31, a second mixed layer 32, a third mixed layer 33, a fourth mixed layer 34 and a fifth releasing layer (shown in the figure) arranged in a gradient of tungsten copper content, wherein
The first mixed layer 31 includes 10% tungsten and 90% copper;
the second hybrid layer 32 includes 30% tungsten and 70% copper;
the third mixed layer 33 includes 50% tungsten and 50% copper;
The fourth hybrid layer 34 includes 70% tungsten and 30% copper;
The fifth mixed layer includes 90% tungsten and 10% copper.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the stress sustained-release layer 3 is formed on the plasma-facing material layer 1 by selective laser processing, and the selective laser processing, melting and forming is a technology of using metal powder to quickly melt and quickly solidify under the thermal action of laser beams, so that copper powder on the surface of the tungsten sheet is completely melted, and is directly formed without adhesive, and the precision and mechanical properties of the formed part are high.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the heat sink material layer 2 is connected to the heat sink material layer 2 through a hot isostatic pressing device, the hot isostatic pressing device includes a hot isostatic pressing machine, and the hot isostatic pressing device creates a high-temperature and high-pressure environment mainly containing inert gas, and under the combined action of the high temperature and the high pressure, the tungsten copper component of the fusion reactor is uniformly pressed in all directions, and the processed tungsten copper component of the fusion reactor has high compactness, good uniformity and excellent performance.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the heat sink material layer 2 is provided with a through hole 21 for introducing a cooling medium for heat dissipation during use of the fusion reactor tungsten copper component.
A selective laser melting forming manufacturing process according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, for manufacturing the fusion reactor tungsten copper component according to any one of the above embodiments, is characterized by comprising the steps of:
s1, paving a copper material on a tungsten sheet, and constructing a stress slow-release layer 3 through a selective laser melting process;
s2, polishing the surface of the stress release layer 3 through machining;
s3, machining the tungsten sheet and the stress slow-release layer 3 to a required size;
And S4, processing the stress release layer 3 and the heat sink material layer 2 in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment to realize connection between the stress release layer 3 and the heat sink material layer 2.
The stress slow-release layer 3 is constructed by adopting a selective laser melting process, so that the stress slow-release layer 3 with multiple layers of tungsten and copper contents distributed according to gradients can be obtained, the stress slow-release layer 3 with gradient design can be layered accurately by adopting the selective laser melting process, deformation and stress concentration in a tungsten and copper connecting surface are avoided, the purposes of dispersing and reducing the maximum thermal stress are realized, the capability of providing the parts for bearing the times of cyclic high thermal load is achieved, and the service life of the tungsten and copper parts of the fusion reactor is prolonged.
In the selective laser melting forming manufacturing process in some embodiments of the invention, the construction of the stress slow-release layer 3 through the selective laser melting process comprises the realization of the stress slow-release layer 3 with tungsten-copper gradient distribution through laser layer-by-layer scanning, and the stress slow-release layer is directly formed without an adhesive, so that the precision and the mechanical property of the formed part are higher.
The selective laser melt forming fabrication process in some embodiments of the present invention polishes the surface of the stress relief layer 3 to make it suitable for subsequent hot isostatic diffusion welding processes.
In the selective laser melting forming manufacturing process in some embodiments of the present invention, processing the tungsten sheet and the stress sustained-release layer 3 to a required size mainly includes processing the tungsten sheet and the gradient stress sustained-release layer 3 in the length and width directions, so that the tungsten sheet and the gradient stress sustained-release layer are matched with the size of the heat sink material layer 2, and the subsequent hot isostatic pressing diffusion welding process is facilitated.
In the selective laser melting forming manufacturing process in some embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the stress slow-release layer 3 is greater than 2mm, so that heat can be smoothly transferred from the plasma-facing material layer 1 to the heat sink material layer 2; preferably, the stress-releasing layer 3 has a thickness of 2mm or 2.5mm.
The thickness of each layer of different gradients in the stress slow-release layer 3 is more than 0.5mm, so that the stress of a single layer is prevented from being too concentrated, and the stress slow-release layer is convenient for outward expansion and heat transfer.
In the selective laser melting forming manufacturing process in some embodiments of the invention, the high-temperature and high-pressure environment is provided by hot isostatic pressing equipment, the hot isostatic pressing equipment is used for producing a high-temperature and high-pressure environment which is mainly composed of inert gas, under the combined action of the high temperature and the high pressure, the tungsten copper component of the fusion reactor is uniformly pressed in all directions, and the processed tungsten copper component of the fusion reactor has high density, good uniformity and excellent performance.
The preferred preparation process of the invention is:
S01, paving copper materials on the tungsten sheets, and constructing a plurality of stress slow-release layers 3 with tungsten copper contents distributed according to gradients through a selective laser melting process;
s02, polishing the surface of the tungsten copper stress slow release layer 3 with the thickness of 2mm constructed by the selective laser melting forming process through machining;
s03, machining the tungsten sheet and the stress slow-release layer 3 in the length and width directions;
s04, processing the stress slow-release layer 3 and the heat sink material layer 2 through a high-temperature and high-pressure environment provided by hot isostatic pressing equipment, and realizing connection between the stress slow-release layer 3 and the heat sink material layer 2.
In summary, the embodiment of the invention provides a fusion reactor tungsten copper component and a selective laser melting forming manufacturing process thereof, which avoid concentration of deformation and stress in a tungsten copper connecting surface, thereby realizing the purposes of dispersing and reducing the maximum thermal stress, achieving the capability of providing the component for bearing the times of cyclic high thermal load, and prolonging the service life of the fusion reactor tungsten copper component.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that modifications and substitutions can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the technical principles of the present invention, and these modifications and substitutions should also be considered as being within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A fusion reactor tungsten copper component comprising:
A layer of plasma-facing material comprising a tungsten sheet;
a heat sink material layer comprising bulk CuCrZr; and
The stress slow-release layer is arranged between the plasma-facing material layer and the heat sink material layer, and comprises a plurality of layers of alloy mixed materials which are arranged according to the tungsten-copper content gradient.
2. The fusion reactor tungsten copper component according to claim 1, wherein: the stress release layer comprises at least four tungsten-copper mixed layers, and the stress release layer comprises a first mixed layer, a second mixed layer, a third mixed layer and a fourth mixed layer which are arranged according to tungsten-copper content gradient.
3. The fusion reactor tungsten copper component according to claim 2, wherein:
the first mixed layer comprises 20% tungsten and 80% copper;
The second mixed layer comprises 40% tungsten and 60% copper;
the third mixed layer comprises 60% tungsten and 40% copper;
The fourth mixed layer includes 80% tungsten and 20% copper.
4. The fusion reactor tungsten copper component according to claim 1, wherein: the stress slow-release layer is formed on the plasma-facing material layer by selective laser processing in a melting mode.
5. The fusion reactor tungsten copper component according to claim 1, wherein: the heat sink material layer is connected to the heat sink material layer by a hot isostatic pressing device.
6. The fusion reactor tungsten copper component according to claim 1, wherein: the heat sink material layer is provided with a through hole for introducing cooling medium.
7. A selective laser melt forming fabrication process for preparing a fusion reactor tungsten copper component according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the steps of:
paving a copper material on the tungsten sheet, and constructing a stress slow-release layer through a selective laser melting process;
Polishing the surface of the stress slow-release layer by mechanical processing;
Machining the tungsten sheet and the stress slow-release layer to a required size;
and processing the stress slow-release layer and the heat sink material layer in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment to realize the connection between the stress slow-release layer and the heat sink material layer.
8. The selective laser melt forming fabrication process of claim 7, wherein: the construction of the stress release layer by a selective laser melting process comprises realizing the stress release layer of tungsten-copper gradient distribution by laser layer-by-layer scanning.
9. The selective laser melt forming fabrication process of claim 8, wherein: the thickness of the stress release layer is more than 2mm, and the thickness of each layer of different gradients in the stress release layer is more than 0.5mm.
10. The selective laser melt forming fabrication process of claim 7, wherein: the high temperature and high pressure environment is provided by a hot isostatic pressing device.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202410084338.3A CN117900491A (en) | 2024-01-19 | 2024-01-19 | Fusion reactor tungsten copper component and selective laser melting forming manufacturing process thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202410084338.3A CN117900491A (en) | 2024-01-19 | 2024-01-19 | Fusion reactor tungsten copper component and selective laser melting forming manufacturing process thereof |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN117900491A true CN117900491A (en) | 2024-04-19 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN202410084338.3A Pending CN117900491A (en) | 2024-01-19 | 2024-01-19 | Fusion reactor tungsten copper component and selective laser melting forming manufacturing process thereof |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN117900491A (en) |
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- 2024-01-19 CN CN202410084338.3A patent/CN117900491A/en active Pending
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