CN117751820A - Comprehensive control method for tobacco rhizome diseases - Google Patents
Comprehensive control method for tobacco rhizome diseases Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of tobacco planting and plant protection, and relates to a comprehensive control method for tobacco rhizome diseases, which comprises the following steps: rotation of tobacco and Compositae crops, cultivation of disease-free strong seedlings, conservation of tobacco planting soil, induction of disease resistance of tobacco plants, application of high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericides and the like. The first aspect of the technology highlights the application of the microbial agent in the seedling culture matrix, thereby improving the disease resistance of the tobacco plants; the second aspect highlights the effect of the rotation of the asteraceae crops and the tobacco on improving the soil quality, thereby indirectly preventing and controlling the tobacco rhizome diseases; the third aspect is based on soil deep ploughing, organic carbon source material applying, microbial agent, soil acidity regulation and balance nutrition and other soil conservation technologies, so that the aim of preventing and controlling tobacco rhizome diseases is fulfilled; the fourth aspect highlights the systematic prevention and control of each main growth period from the seedling period, the transplanting period and the field period, thereby realizing the continuous and effective prevention and control of tobacco diseases.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of tobacco planting and plant protection, and relates to a comprehensive control method for tobacco rhizome diseases.
Background
Tobacco cultivation is easily restricted by various ecological factors such as climate, soil and the like. In recent years, with the change of the structure adjustment and the planting system of the agricultural industry, the flue-cured tobacco planting industry is rapidly developed, and the continuous cropping phenomenon of the flue-cured tobacco is increasingly prominent. The long-term continuous planting of the same crop or the related species thereof can cause abnormal accumulation or excessive consumption of soil nutrients, rapid reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms and unbalanced population structure of the soil microorganisms, so that the crop yield and quality are reduced, and the continuous healthy development of the flue-cured tobacco planting industry is seriously affected by frequent occurrence of diseases and insect pests. Therefore, how to reasonably and effectively relieve the continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco, balance the soil fertility level, improve the soil micro-ecological environment and further control the occurrence of tobacco diseases becomes an important problem to be solved at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the invention, and provides a comprehensive control method for tobacco rhizome diseases, which can obviously reduce the occurrence of the tobacco rhizome diseases, provide the survival rate of tobacco, reduce the application amount of chemical agents and promote the healthy and sustainable development of tobacco industry. The invention comprehensively applies agriculture, biology, physics and other effective biological control technologies, controls tobacco pests below the allowable level of economic damage, maintains the biodiversity in the tobacco field ecological system, and realizes the green development of the tobacco industry.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the comprehensive control method for tobacco rhizome diseases comprises the following steps:
(1) Rotation of tobacco and Compositae crops;
(2) Cultivating disease-free strong seedlings, wherein the cultivation of disease-free strong seedlings comprises the steps of substrate seedling cultivation, fertilization and microbial agent application;
(3) The tobacco planting soil conservation comprises the steps of deep ploughing of soil, increasing application of organic carbon source materials, microbial agents, regulating and controlling acidity of the soil and balancing nutrition;
(4) The high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide is applied, and the high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide is fungi, bacteria and oomycete bactericide.
As preferable: the tobacco rhizome diseases comprise at least one of black shank (Phytophthora parasitica var. Nicothianae), bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) and root black rot (Thielaviopsis basicola).
As preferable: the tobacco in the step (1) is alternately planted with the crops of the Compositae, preferably safflower or marigold, and is alternately planted for two years and four years, and the first year: flue-cured tobacco-safflower or marigold- & gtthe next year: flue-cured tobacco-safflower or marigold.
As preferable: the disease-free seedling strengthening operation in the step (2) is to seed after adding 1.5kg of conventional agricultural microbial fertilizer into each square meter of conventional seedling raising matrix; the rooting period is respectively the rooting period when the 5 th leaf of the tobacco seedling grows out and the seedling forming period, and the seedling forming period is 1.5kg after the 7 th leaf grows out; and 3 days before transplanting, the seedlings are transplanted after being drenched by the agricultural microbial agent.
As preferable: the agricultural microbial fertilizer is formed by mixing refined organic fertilizer and bacillus subtilis, wherein the content of the bacillus subtilis is not less than 1 multiplied by 10 9 cfu/kg, wherein the mass percentage of organic matters in the refined organic fertilizer is 54%, the mass percentage of total humic acid is 20%, and the mass percentage of total nutrients is 5.2%; the total nutrient is nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide; the agricultural microbial agent contains bacillus belicus, and the content is not less than 3×10 8 cfu/mL。
As preferable: the soil in the step (3) is cultivated deeply for 30-40 cm after the flue-cured tobacco is harvested; 2500-3000 kg of organic carbon source materials and 500-1000 kg of organic fertilizer are additionally applied per mu; 100-200 kg of bio-organic fertilizer and 1-2 kg of microbial agent are applied to each mu; the acid conditioner is applied for 50-100 kg per mu; the fertilizer is applied in 10-20 kg each mu.
As preferable: the organic carbon source material is crop straw; the bio-organic fertilizer is formed by mixing refined organic fertilizer and bacillus pseudomycoides, wherein the content of the bacillus pseudomycoides is not less than 1 multiplied by 10 9 cfu/kg; the mass percentage of organic matters in the refined organic fertilizer is 54%, the mass percentage of total humic acid is 20%, and the mass percentage of total nutrients is 5.2%; the total nutrient is nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide; the microbial agent contains bacillus caldarius, and the content is not less than 3×10 8 cfu/mL；
As preferable: the step (4) is to apply the high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide, namely, to start at the initial stage of disease incidence, to pour 58% of metalaxyl-manganese zinc 80-100g and/or 80% of fosetyl-aluminum 100-120g and/or 3% of Zhongshengmycin 80-90g and/or 42% of trichloroisocyanuric acid 30-50g and/or 45% of metalaxyl-hymexazol 50-75g and/or 10% of polyoxin 80g and/or 2.5% of azoxystrobin 33g and/or 80% of mancozeb 80g every 7-10 d mu, and continuously for 2-3 times.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention is characterized in that the tobacco rhizome diseases are comprehensively prevented and treated by a plurality of technical measures such as reasonable rotation, disease-free strong seedling cultivation, soil conservation, high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide application and the like aiming at the pathogenic types, the pathogenic reasons and the pathogenic periods of tobacco rhizome diseases planted in Yunnan tobacco areas, so that the complementary length and the synergistic effect are achieved, and the optimal prevention effect is achieved.
2. The microbial agent fertilizer is added into the seedling substrate, and the microbial agent organic fertilizer is added as the base fertilizer, so that the microbial agent fertilizer has an inhibiting effect on germs in the early stage of disease occurrence and has a curing effect on plants without disease.
3. The invention fully utilizes the principles that the organic fertilizer added with functional microorganisms can increase fertilizer efficiency and improve fertilizer utilization rate, and can inhibit the propagation of pathogenic bacteria in soil and invasion of plant roots, and the increased application before sowing can inhibit the propagation of harmful bacteria in soil environment, reduce and prevent various fungus diseases, reduce soil-borne pathogenic bacteria, create a good growing environment rich in nutrition, and induce self disease-resistant mechanism in plants through rhizosphere catheters, thereby enhancing disease resistance of crops.
4. The invention fully utilizes the rotation of tobacco and Compositae crops, utilizes the difference of the distant relationship crops in absorbing and utilizing elements such as soil nutrients, is beneficial to balancing the nutrient elements in the soil, improves the diversity of soil microbial communities, promotes the healthy development of a soil ecosystem, and further improves the disease resistance of tobacco plants.
5. The invention adopts a low-toxicity high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide, has better control effect on various pathogenic bacteria, has no potential safety hazard of residue and the like which are harmful to human health and environment, and belongs to the green control technology.
Detailed Description
In order to make the above-mentioned objects, technical solutions and advantageous effects clearer, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the following examples are illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. The specific techniques or conditions are not identified in the examples and are performed according to techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or according to the product specifications. The materials or equipment used are conventional products available from commercial sources, not identified to the manufacturer. The test methods used in the embodiment of the invention are conventional field test methods unless specified otherwise.
Example 1:
an integrated control method for tobacco rhizome diseases comprises the following steps:
step 1, tobacco and marigold rotate: two years of four-harvest rotation is carried out, and the first year: flue-cured tobacco-marigold- & gt the next year: flue-cured tobacco-marigold.
Step 2, cultivating disease-free strong seedlings: 1.5kg of conventional agricultural microbial fertilizer is added into each square meter of conventional (any) seedling substrate, and then sowing is carried out; 1.5kg of the seeds are respectively applied in the rooting period (at the time of birth of the 5 th leaf) and the seedling period (at the time of birth of the 7 th leaf); and 3 days before transplanting, the seedlings are transplanted after being drenched by the agricultural microbial agent.
The agricultural microbial fertilizer is prepared by mixing refined organic fertilizer and bacillus subtilis, wherein the content of the bacillus subtilis is not less than 1 multiplied by 10 9 cfu/kg；
The agricultural microbial agent contains bacillus belicus, and the content is not less than 3 multiplied by 10 8 cfu/mL。
Step 3, soil conservation: after flue-cured tobacco is harvested, deep ploughing 35cm in soil; 3000kg of organic carbon source materials are additionally applied per mu; 200kg of bio-organic fertilizer is applied in each mu; 75kg of acid conditioner is added per mu; the fertilizer is applied in 10kg of medium trace element per mu.
The organic carbon source material is crop straw;
the bio-organic fertilizer is formed by mixing refined organic fertilizer and bacillus pseudomycoides, wherein the content of the bacillus pseudomycoides is not less than 1 multiplied by 10 9 cfu/kg；
Step 4, applying a high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide: 58% of methyl-zinc-manganese-zinc 80g,80% of fosetyl-aluminum 100g,3% of Zhongshengmycin 80g,42% of trichloroisocyanuric acid 30g,45% of methyl-zinc-hymexazol 50g,10% of polyoxin 80g, 2.5% of azoxystrobin 33g and 80% of mancozeb 80g are poured every 7d mu at the beginning of disease onset, and the process is continued for 3 times.
Example 2:
an integrated control method for tobacco rhizome diseases comprises the following steps:
step 1, tobacco and safflower rotation: two years of four-harvest rotation is carried out, and the first year: flue-cured tobacco-safflower → the next year: flue-cured tobacco-safflower.
Step 2, cultivating disease-free strong seedlings: 1.5kg of conventional agricultural microbial fertilizer is added into each square meter of conventional (any) seedling substrate, and then sowing is carried out; 1.5kg of the seeds are respectively applied in the rooting period (at the time of birth of the 5 th leaf) and the seedling period (at the time of birth of the 7 th leaf); and 3 days before transplanting, the seedlings are transplanted after being drenched by the agricultural microbial agent.
The agricultural microbial fertilizer is prepared by mixing refined organic fertilizer and bacillus subtilis, wherein the content of the bacillus subtilis is not less than 1 multiplied by 10 9 cfu/kg；
The agricultural microbial agent contains bacillus belicus, and the content is not less than 3 multiplied by 10 8 cfu/mL。
Step 3, soil conservation: after flue-cured tobacco is harvested, deep ploughing 35cm in soil; 3000kg of organic carbon source materials are additionally applied per mu; 200kg of bio-organic fertilizer is applied in each mu; 75kg of acid conditioner is added per mu; the fertilizer is applied in 10kg of medium trace element per mu.
The organic carbon source material is crop straw;
the bio-organic fertilizer is formed by mixing refined organic fertilizer and bacillus pseudomycoides, wherein the content of the bacillus pseudomycoides is not less than 1 multiplied by 10 9 cfu/kg；
Step 4, applying a high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide: 58% of methyl-zinc-manganese-zinc 80g,80% of fosetyl-aluminum 100g,3% of Zhongshengmycin 80g,42% of trichloroisocyanuric acid 30g,45% of methyl-zinc-hymexazol 50g,10% of polyoxin 80g, 2.5% of azoxystrobin 33g and 80% of mancozeb 80g are poured every 7d mu at the beginning of disease onset, and the process is continued for 3 times.
Example 3:
an integrated control method for tobacco rhizome diseases comprises the following steps:
step 1, tobacco and safflower rotation: two years of four-harvest rotation is carried out, and the first year: flue-cured tobacco-safflower → the next year: flue-cured tobacco-safflower.
Step 2, cultivating disease-free strong seedlings: 1.5kg of conventional agricultural microbial fertilizer is added into each square meter of conventional (any) seedling substrate, and then sowing is carried out; 1.5kg of the seeds are respectively applied in the rooting period (at the time of birth of the 5 th leaf) and the seedling period (at the time of birth of the 7 th leaf); and 3 days before transplanting, the seedlings are transplanted after being drenched by the agricultural microbial agent.
The agricultural microbial fertilizer is prepared by mixing refined organic fertilizer and bacillus subtilis, wherein the content of the bacillus subtilis is not less than 1 multiplied by 10 9 cfu/kg；
The agricultural microbial agent contains bacillus belicus, and the content is not less than 3 multiplied by 10 8 cfu/mL。
Step 3, soil conservation: after flue-cured tobacco is harvested, deep ploughing 35cm in soil; 3000kg of organic carbon source materials are additionally applied per mu; 200kg of bio-organic fertilizer is applied in each mu; 75kg of acid conditioner is added per mu; the fertilizer is applied in 10kg of medium trace element per mu.
The organic carbon source material is crop straw;
the bio-organic fertilizer is formed by mixing refined organic fertilizer and bacillus pseudomycoides, wherein the content of the bacillus pseudomycoides is not less than 1 multiplied by 10 9 cfu/kg；
Step 4, applying a high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide: at the beginning of disease onset, 80g of 10% polyoxin, 33g of 2.5% azoxystrobin and 80g of 80% mancozeb are sprayed every 7d mu for 3 times continuously.
Comparative example 1:
the procedure of example 1 was followed except that no microbial preparation was applied.
Comparative example 2:
the procedure of example 1 was followed except that after the flue-cured tobacco was harvested, the soil was shallow-cultivated for 10cm.
Comparative example 3:
the procedure of example 1 was followed except that marigold was replaced with potato.
Comparative example 4:
the procedure of comparative example 3 was followed except that no microbial preparation was applied.
Comparative example 5:
the procedure of example 1 was followed except that tobacco was continued without rotation with any crop.
Comparative example 6:
the procedure of comparative example 5 was followed except that no microbial preparation was applied.
Test example:
the effect of the invention will be further described in connection with the application of the method in tobacco planting, and the specific test procedure and results are as follows.
The methods in the examples and the comparative examples are used in the whole process of tobacco seedling raising period, transplanting period and field period, 10 tobacco seedlings with uniform growth vigor are taken at 30 days after emergence, and the plant height, the stem circumference, the leaf number, the root length, the maximum leaf width and the biomass of the tobacco seedlings are measured to investigate the disease rate. And (5) investigating physical and chemical indexes and disease conditions of the soil in the harvest period, and calculating the control effect.
Tobacco black shank investigation grading standard:
level 0: the whole plant is free from diseases;
stage 1: the stem lesions do not exceed one third of the circumference of the stem, and individual leaves wilt;
3 stages: the stem lesion is not more than one half of the circumference of the stem, or less than half of the leaves are slightly withered, or a small number of leaves at the lower part are provided with lesions;
5 stages: the stem lesions exceed one half of the basal circumference, or more than half of the leaves are slightly withered;
7 stages: the stem lesions encircle the basal circumference, or more than two thirds of the leaves are withered;
stage 9: all leaves of the disease plant withered or died.
Tobacco bacterial wilt investigation classification standard:
level 0: the whole plant is free from diseases;
stage 1: basal part is occasionally fading spots, or leaves withered under 1/2 of the disease side;
3 stages: black streaks are arranged on the stems, but the black streaks are not more than 1/2 of the height of the stems, or 1/2-2/3 of leaves on the disease side are withered; 5 stages: the black streak of the stem part exceeds the stem height by 1/2, but does not reach the basal top, or leaves on the disease side by more than 2/3 are withered;
7 stages: the black streak of the stem reaches the top of the process, or the leaves of the plant are all withered;
stage 9: the disease strain is basically dead.
Tobacco root black rot investigation grading standard:
level 0: the whole plant is free from diseases;
stage 1: the plant grows basically normally or is dwarfed slightly, few roots are necrotic and black, and the middle and lower leaves fade (or change color);
3 stages: the plant height of the disease plant is one quarter to one third shorter than that of the robust plant, or half of the plants are necrotic and black, one half to one third of the leaves wilt, and the middle lower leaves have slightly dry tips and dry edges;
5 stages: the disease plant is two thirds to one half shorter than the healthy plant, most of the root necrosis is black, more than two thirds of the leaves wilt, and the tip and the edge are obviously dry;
7 stages: the diseased plant is shorter than the healthy plant by more than one half, the leaves of the whole plant are withered, the root is completely necrotic and black, and the damage of the secondary root on the near surface is obvious;
stage 9: the disease strain is basically necrotic.
The control effect is calculated by adopting the following two formulas:
disease index = [ (Σ (number of disease stages×number of representative stages))/(total number of plants×highest representative stage value) ]×100
Control effect (%) = [ (control group disease index-treatment group disease index)/control group disease index ] ×100%
TABLE 1 influence of different treatments on agronomic traits of tobacco seedlings
| Implementation numbering | Height of plant (cm) | Root length (cm) | Maximum leaf length (cm) | Maximum leaf width (cm) | Stem enclosure (mm) | Number of blades |
| Example 1 | 18.95 | 8.23 | 17.55 | 7.96 | 33.14 | 7.21 |
| Example 2 | 18.44 | 8.11 | 18.14 | 7.56 | 32.38 | 7.15 |
| Example 3 | 17.24 | 7.86 | 17.88 | 7.14 | 32.25 | 7.05 |
| Comparative example 1 | 16.74 | 7.08 | 17.32 | 6.45 | 30.05 | 6.55 |
| Comparative example 2 | 18.63 | 8.06 | 17.88 | 7.28 | 32.96 | 6.85 |
| Comparative example 3 | 18.45 | 8.56 | 16.66 | 6.95 | 30.64 | 7.23 |
| Comparative example 4 | 12.52 | 4.12 | 14.21 | 5.32 | 26.83 | 5.85 |
| Comparative example 5 | 17.88 | 7.05 | 17.55 | 7.65 | 31.55 | 6.75 |
| Comparative column 6 | 9.74 | 3.85 | 12.65 | 4.22 | 18.14 | 5.35 |
TABLE 2 influence of different treatments on the rate of disease in tobacco seedlings
TABLE 3 Effect of different treatments on tobacco seedling biomass
TABLE 4 influence of different treatments on physical index of tobacco-planting soil
TABLE 5 influence of different treatments on chemical index of tobacco-planting soil
TABLE 6 prevention and control effects of different treatments on tobacco rootstock diseases
The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Within the scope of the technical idea of the invention, a number of simple variants of the technical solution of the invention are possible, including combinations of the individual technical features in any other suitable way, which simple variants and combinations should likewise be regarded as being disclosed by the invention, all falling within the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. The comprehensive control method for the tobacco rhizome diseases is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Rotation of tobacco and Compositae crops;
(2) Cultivating disease-free strong seedlings, wherein the cultivation of disease-free strong seedlings comprises the steps of substrate seedling cultivation, fertilization and microbial agent application;
(3) The tobacco planting soil conservation comprises the steps of deep ploughing of soil, increasing application of organic carbon source materials, microbial agents, regulating acidity of the soil and balancing nutrition;
(4) The high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide is applied, and the high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide is fungi, bacteria and oomycete bactericide.
2. The method for comprehensively controlling tobacco rhizome diseases according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the tobacco rhizome diseases comprise at least one of black shank, bacterial wilt and root black rot.
3. The method for comprehensively controlling tobacco rhizome diseases according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the tobacco in the step (1) is alternately planted with the crops of the Compositae, preferably safflower or marigold, and is alternately planted for two years and four years, and the first year: flue-cured tobacco-safflower or marigold- & gtthe next year: flue-cured tobacco-safflower or marigold.
4. The method for comprehensively controlling tobacco rhizome diseases according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the disease-free seedling strengthening operation in the step (2) is to seed after adding 1.5kg of conventional agricultural microbial fertilizer into each square meter of conventional seedling raising matrix; the rooting period is respectively the rooting period when the 5 th leaf of the tobacco seedling grows out and the seedling forming period, and the seedling forming period is 1.5kg after the 7 th leaf grows out; and 3 days before transplanting, the seedlings are transplanted after being drenched by the agricultural microbial agent.
5. The method for comprehensively controlling tobacco rhizome diseases according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the agricultural microbial fertilizer is formed by mixing refined organic fertilizer and bacillus subtilis, wherein the content of the bacillus subtilis is not less than 1 multiplied by 10 9 cfu/kg, wherein the mass percentage of organic matters in the refined organic fertilizer is 54%, the mass percentage of total humic acid is 20%, and the mass percentage of total nutrients is 5.2%; the total nutrient is nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide; the agricultural microbial agent contains bacillus belicus, and the content is not less than 3×10 8 cfu/mL。
6. The method for comprehensively controlling tobacco rhizome diseases according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the soil in the step (3) is cultivated deeply for 30-40 cm after the flue-cured tobacco is harvested; 2500-3000 kg of organic carbon source materials and 500-1000 kg of organic fertilizer are additionally applied per mu; 100-200 kg of bio-organic fertilizer and 1-2 kg of microbial agent are applied to each mu; the acid conditioner is applied for 50-100 kg per mu; the fertilizer is applied in 10-20 kg each mu.
7. The method for the integrated control of tobacco rhizome diseases according to claim 6, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the organic carbon source material is crop straw; the bio-organic fertilizer is formed by mixing refined organic fertilizer and bacillus pseudomycoides, wherein the content of the bacillus pseudomycoides is not less than 1 multiplied by 10 9 cfu/kg; the mass percentage of organic matters in the refined organic fertilizer is 54%, the mass percentage of total humic acid is 20%, and the mass percentage of total nutrients is 5.2%; the total nutrient is nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide; the microbial agent contains bacillus caldarius, and the content is not less than 3×10 8 cfu/mL。
8. The method for comprehensively controlling tobacco rhizome diseases according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the step (4) is to apply the high-efficiency broad-spectrum bactericide, which is to pour 58% of metalaxyl-manganese-zinc 80-100g and/or 80% of fosetyl-aluminum 100-120g and/or 3% of Zhongshengmycin 80-90g and/or 42% of trichloroisocyanuric acid 30-50g and/or 45% of metalaxyl-hymexazol 50-75g and/or 10% of polyoxin 80g and/or 2.5% of azoxystrobin 33g and/or 80% of mancozeb 80g every 7-10 d mu at the initial stage of disease attack, and continuously for 2-3 times.
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