CN117730068A - 前挡玻璃和汽车 - Google Patents
前挡玻璃和汽车 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN117730068A CN117730068A CN202180100677.0A CN202180100677A CN117730068A CN 117730068 A CN117730068 A CN 117730068A CN 202180100677 A CN202180100677 A CN 202180100677A CN 117730068 A CN117730068 A CN 117730068A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- polarized light
- glass
- signal transmission
- equal
- transmission region
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 176
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 103
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000002313 adhesive film Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 32
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 14
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000411 transmission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 iron ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010147 laser engraving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B60J1/00—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor
- B60J1/02—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor arranged at the vehicle front, e.g. structure of the glazing, mounting of the glazing
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- G—PHYSICS
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
Abstract
本实施例提供一种前挡玻璃和汽车,前挡玻璃与位于所述汽车内部的激光雷达***配合使用,所述激光雷达***向所述前挡玻璃发射和/或接收P偏振光,P偏振光的波长λ在800nm~1600nm波长范围内。所述前挡玻璃包括外层玻璃、内层玻璃和中间粘接膜,所述中间粘接膜均位于所述外层玻璃和所述内层玻璃之间。所述前挡玻璃具有信号透过区域,所述P偏振光以0.942rad~1.222rad的入射角θ入射至所述信号透过区域,所述信号透过区域对入射的所述P偏振光具有大于或等于83%的透过率,所述信号透过区域对以入射角θ入射的所述P偏振光具有小于或等于0.06的相对着色系数α(λ)。
Description
本申请涉及汽车技术领域,尤其涉及一种前挡玻璃和汽车。
随着人们生活水平的不断提高,汽车越来越普遍化,如何保证汽车的行驶安全性成为亟需解决的重要问题。目前,汽车上往往装配有雷达***来辅助驾驶员安全驾驶。例如根据《汽车驾驶自动化分级》标准分类,将自动驾驶级别分为L0(应急辅助)、L1(部分驾驶辅助)、L2(组合驾驶辅助)、L3(有条件自动驾驶)、L4(高度自动驾驶)、L5(完全自动驾驶),目前行业内的主流共识是L2级别以上的车辆必须要安装有激光雷达(LiDAR)。
车辆上使用的激光雷达发射的激光波长为905nm和1550nm,激光的优势在于聚焦使在很长的距离上都不会发散,但这样就无法绕过障碍物,在雨雾、风沙等天气时会受到极大的干扰,甚至无法工作。因此,需要将现有技术中安装在车辆外部的激光雷达完全集成到车辆内部,尤其是安装在前挡玻璃的内表面。然而,安装于车内的激光雷达发射和接收的激光均需要穿过前挡玻璃,905nm和1550nm波长均属于近红外线波段,但现有前挡玻璃对近红外线有较高的阻隔率,以提高车辆内部的热舒适性,这就使得905nm和1550nm波长的激光穿过前挡玻璃的透过率低,无法满足激光雷达的正常工作要求。
发明内容
本申请实施例提供一种前挡玻璃和汽车,以保证激光雷达的正常工作,提高激光雷达的探测精度。
本申请提供一种前挡玻璃,安装在汽车上,与位于所述汽车内部的激光雷达***配合使用,所述激光雷达***用于发射和/或接收P偏振光,所述P偏振光的波长λ在800nm~1600nm波长范围内。所述前挡玻璃包括外层玻璃、内层玻璃和中间粘接膜,所述中间粘接膜位于所述外层玻璃和所述内层玻璃之间。 所述前挡玻璃具有信号透过区域,所述P偏振光以0.942rad~1.222rad的入射角θ入射至所述信号透过区域,所述信号透过区域对入射的所述P偏振光具有大于或等于83%的透过率,所述信号透过区域对以入射角θ入射的所述P偏振光具有小于或等于0.06的相对着色系数α
(λ),其中,α
(λ)=(TL
(380nm-780nm)-TL
(λ))/TL
(380nm-780nm)。
TL
(380nm-780nm)为所述信号透过区域对380nm-780nm波长范围内的P偏振光的透过率,TL
(λ)为所述信号透过区域对波长λ的P偏振光的透过率。
一种实施方式中,所述信号透过区域对以0rad的入射角入射的P偏振光具有小于或等于0.04的相对着色系数。
一种实施方式中,所述P偏振光的波长λ=905nm,所述相对着色系数α
(905nm)小于或等于0.028。
一种实施方式中,所述相对着色系数α
(905nm)的最大变化率K
1与所述入射角θ满足:K
1=0.006*θ+0.008。
一种实施方式中,所述P偏振光的波长λ=1550nm,所述相对着色系数α
(1550nm)小于或等于0.035。
一种实施方式中,所述相对着色系数α
(1550nm)的最大变化率K
2与所述入射角θ满足:K
2=0.02*θ+0.002。
一种实施方式中,所述前挡玻璃还包括隔热膜或电加热膜,所述隔热膜或所述电加热膜位于所述外层玻璃和所述内层玻璃之间,所述信号透过区域不设置所述隔热膜或所述电加热膜。
一种实施方式中,包括所述隔热膜的所述前挡玻璃具有小于或等于50%的总太阳能透过率,包括所述电加热膜的所述前挡玻璃具有大于或等于400W/m
2的加热功率密度。
一种实施方式中,所述中间粘接膜包括聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物和离子性中间膜中的至少一种。
一种实施方式中,所述外层玻璃和所述内层玻璃均为超透明玻璃,所述超透明玻璃的总铁含量小于或等于0.015%wt,所述超透明玻璃的可见光透过率大于或等于91%。
一种实施方式中,所述中间粘接膜设有与所述信号透过区域对应的第一通孔,所述第一通孔内不填充其他材料或填充红外高透材料,所述红外高透材料包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚烯烃热塑性弹性体、聚碳酸酯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的至少一种。
一种实施方式中,所述信号透过区域对以0rad的入射角入射的P偏振光具有小于或等于0.02的相对着色系数。
一种实施方式中,所述外层玻璃为透明玻璃或超透明玻璃,所述内层玻璃为透明玻璃或着色玻璃,所述内层玻璃设有与所述信号透过区域对应的第二通孔;所述透明玻璃的总铁含量小于或等于0.08%,所述透明玻璃的可见光透过率大于或等于88%;所述超透明玻璃的总铁含量小于或等于0.015%wt,所述超透明玻璃的可见光透过率大于或等于91%;所述着色玻璃的总铁含量大于或等于0.5%wt,所述着色玻璃的可见光透过率大于70%。
一种实施方式中,所述中间粘接膜设有与所述信号透过区域对应的第一通孔,所述第一通孔内不填充其他材料或填充红外高透材料,所述红外高透材料包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚烯烃热塑性弹性体、聚碳酸酯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的至少一种。
一种实施方式中,所述第一通孔和所述第二通孔的中心轴重合,所述第二通孔的孔壁与所述第一通孔的孔壁之间的距离为b,-1mm≤b≤2mm。
一种实施方式中,所述P偏振光的波长λ=905nm,所述相对着色系数α
(905nm)小于或等于0.05。
一种实施方式中,所述相对着色系数α
(905nm)的最大变化率K
3与所述入射角θ满足:K
3=0.015*θ+0.0035。
一种实施方式中,所述P偏振光的波长λ=1550nm,所述相对着色系数α
(1550nm)小于或等于0.06。
一种实施方式中,所述相对着色系数α
(1550nm)的最大变化率为K
4与所述入射角θ满足:K
4=0.028*θ-0.001。
本申请还提供一种汽车,包括激光雷达***和上述任一种所述的前挡玻璃,所述激光雷达***位于所述汽车内部,用于向所述前挡玻璃发射所述P偏振光。
本申请实施例所示汽车中,将激光雷达***安装于汽车的内部,通过对前挡玻璃的结构和材料进行设计,减少前挡玻璃对P偏振光的吸收和反射衰减,保证前挡玻璃对P偏振光的高透过率,避免影响激光雷达***的工作效率,不仅可以保证激光雷达***的探测范围,保证激光雷达的正常工作,提高激光雷达***的探测精度,还可以保证车辆美观性。此外,还可以借助汽车固有的雨刮***辅助清洁前挡玻璃,提高激光雷达***探测光路的通透性。
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1是本申请实施例提供的一种汽车的结构示意图;
图2是图1所示汽车中激光雷达***工作时P偏振光的路径示意图;
图3是图1所示前挡玻璃在一种实施例下的剖面结构示意图;
图4是实施例1所采用的前挡玻璃中信号透过区域在不同入射角度下的P偏振光透过率光谱曲线,P偏振光的波长在380nm~780nm范围内;
图5是实施例1所采用的前挡玻璃中信号透过区域在不同入射角度下的P偏振光透过率光谱曲线,P偏振光的波长在800nm~1600nm范围内;
图6是图1所示前挡玻璃在另一种实施例下的剖面结构示意图;
图7是实施例4和实施例6所采用的前挡玻璃中信号透过区域在不同入射角度下的P偏振光透过率光谱曲线,P偏振光的波长在380nm~780nm范围内;
图8是实施例4和实施例6所采用的前挡玻璃中信号透过区域在不同入射角度下的P偏振光透过率光谱曲线,P偏振光的波长在800nm~1600nm范围内。
下面将结合本申请实施例中的附图对本申请实施例进行描述。
请参阅图1,图1是本申请实施例提供的一种汽车的结构示意图。
本申请实施例提供一种汽车100,汽车100包括前挡玻璃110和激光雷达***120,激光雷达***120位于汽车100内部。具体的,激光雷达***120安装于汽车120内部。例如,激光雷达***120可安装于汽车100的内后视镜(图未示)的附近,可以安装在前挡玻璃110的车内表面上,也可以安装在车身框架上。激光雷达***120包括激光发射器和接收器,激光发射器用于向前挡玻璃110的方向发射用于探测的激光,所述激光穿过前挡玻璃110对目标物体进行探测,目标物体能够反射部分激光,经目标物体反射的部分激光再穿过前挡玻璃100由接收器接收。其中,激光发射器发射的激光为经过极化处理的P偏振光,P偏振光为近红外光,P偏振光的波长在800nm~1600nm之间。例如,P偏振光的波长可为850nm、905nm、1060nm或1550nm等。
此外,激光发射器发射激光的视场角在水平方向上的范围在-60度~60度之间,在垂直方向上的范围在-15度~10度之间。激光发射器的中心发射激光与水平面的夹角范围在0度~30度之间。
请参阅图2,图2是图1所示汽车中激光雷达***120工作时P偏振光的路径示意图。其中,图2中带实心箭头的直线为P偏振光的路径。
激光雷达***120中激光发射器发射的P偏振光穿过前挡玻璃110后,到达目标物体200,目标物体将P偏振光部分反射,反射后的P偏振光穿过前挡玻璃110后,返回激光雷达***120,由接收器接收,激光雷达***120由此获知 目标物体200与汽车100之间的距离和方位等空间信息,以有效辅助驾驶员安全驾驶车辆。
本实施例中,前挡玻璃110呈圆弧板状,前挡玻璃110具有倾斜角α。P偏振光的入射角(angle of incident,AOI)θ的角度在54度~70度之间,即P偏振光的入射角θ的角度在0.942rad~1.222rad之间。其中,P偏振光的入射角θ为P偏振光与入射点的法线O之间的夹角。示例性的,前挡玻璃110的倾斜角α与入射角θ之间大致呈互余关系,即α与θ之和大致呈90度,也即α与θ之和大致为1.57rad。
请参阅图3,图3是图1所示前挡玻璃110在一种实施例下的剖面结构示意图。
前挡玻璃110具有信号透过区域111,P偏振光经信号透光区域111穿过前挡玻璃110。本实施例中,信号透过区域111对P偏振光的透过率大于或等于83%。信号透过区域111对以入射角θ入射的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(λ)小于或等于0.06。其中,α
(λ)=(TL
(380nm~780nm)-TL
(λ))/TL
(380nm~780nm)。λ为P偏振光的波长,TL
(λ)为信号透过区域111对波长为λ的P偏振光的透过率,TL
(380nm-780nm)为信号透过区域111对波长在380nm~780nm范围内的P偏振光的可见光透过率,TL
(380nm-780nm)可按ISO9050标准计算。此外,信号透过区域111对以0rad的入射角入射的P偏振光的相对着色系数小于或等于0.04。
本实施例中,前挡玻璃110包括外层玻璃10、内层玻璃20、隔热膜30和中间粘接膜40,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20相对且间隔设置,隔热膜30和中间粘接膜40均位于外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20之间,隔热膜30位于外层玻璃10朝向内层玻璃20的表面,中间粘接膜40覆盖隔热膜30。其中,外层玻璃10是前挡玻璃110朝向汽车100外部的部件,内层玻璃20是前挡玻璃110朝向汽车100内部的部件。
外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20均为超透明玻璃。超透明玻璃的总铁含量(以 Fe
2O
3计)小于或等于0.015%wt,超透明玻璃的可见光透过率大于或等于91%,以保证前挡玻璃110的可见光透光率。需要说明的是,超透明玻璃的铁离子是以三氧化二铁(Fe
2O
3)和氧化铁(FeO)的形式存在。其中,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20的厚度均小于或等于2.3mm,以在不增加汽车100的重量的同时,保证前挡玻璃110的整体强度。此外,外层玻璃10的厚度可大于或等于内层玻璃20的厚度,以保证前挡玻璃110的外侧强度。
隔热膜30采用低辐射率的材料制成。比如,隔热膜30可采用氟掺杂氧化锡(F-doped tin oxide,FTO)制成,此时隔热膜30可通过在线沉积氟掺杂氧化锡的方式在外层玻璃10的表面形成。或者,隔热膜30可采用氧化铟锡(Indium tin oxide,ITO)制成,此时隔热膜30可通过离线沉积氧化铟锡的方式在外层玻璃10的表面形成。或者,隔热膜可采用银基的低辐射率(LOW-E)的材料制成,此时隔热膜30可通过离线沉积银基的低辐射率的材料的方式在外层玻璃10的表面形成。
隔热膜30的厚度在100nm~500nm之间。隔热膜30的总太阳能透过率(total transition solar,TTS)小于或等于50%,以减小汽车100内部和外部之间的热量传递,保证前挡玻璃110的隔热效果。可见光透光率大于或等于70%,以保证前挡玻璃110的可见光透光率。
本实施例中,信号透过区域111不设置隔热膜30。具体的,隔热膜30设有与信号透过区域111对应的通光孔301,通光孔301沿隔热膜30的厚度方向贯穿隔热膜30。示例性的,在沉积形成隔热膜30后,可通过激光雕刻的方式去除隔热膜30中与信号透过区域111相对应的部分,或者,可通过遮蔽掩膜的方式沉积形成隔热膜30,以在形成隔热膜30的同时形成通光孔301。其中,通光孔101的直径可等于或大于信号透过区域111的直径。可以理解的是,由于隔热膜30的厚度在纳米级别,通光孔301可能无法通过肉眼观察看到。
在其他一些实施例中,前挡玻璃110包括电加热膜(图未示),信号透过区 域111不设置电加热膜。此时,包括电加热膜的前挡玻璃110具有大于或等于400W/m
2的加热功率密度。
中间粘接膜40粘接于外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20之间,以实现外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20之间的装配。示例性的,中间粘接膜40可填充于通光孔301内。本实施例中,中间粘接膜40的厚度在0.38mm~1.52mm之间。
本实施例中,中间粘接膜40包括聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物和离子型中间膜中的至少一种。具体的,中间粘接膜40设有与信号透过区域111相对应的第一通孔(图未标),第一通孔内可以填充红外高透材料。其中,红外高透材料包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)、聚烯烃热塑性弹性体(POE)、聚碳酸酯(PC)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)中的至少一种。在其他一些实施例中,第一通孔内也可以不填充其他材料。
一种实施方式中,中间粘接膜40包括通光部分41和粘接部分42。通光部分41与信号透过区域111和通光孔301相对应,通光部分41采用上文所述红外高透材料制成。其中,粘接部分42的材料包括聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚烯烃热塑性弹性体、聚碳酸酯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的至少一种。需要说明的是,通光部分41与通光孔301相对应是指,通光部分41在隔热膜30上的正投影覆盖通光孔301。
激光雷达***120的激光发射器向前挡玻璃110发射P偏振光时,P偏振光穿过信号透过区域111射入外部环境,即P偏振光自内层玻璃20入射,依次穿过中间粘接膜40的通光部分41和隔热膜30的通光孔301后,自外层玻璃10出射。由此可知,中间粘接膜40的通光部分41的材料可对前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对P偏振光的透过率产生影响。
一种实施方式中,激光雷达***120的激光发射器发射的P偏振光的波长为905nm。通光部分41采用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛制成。通光部分41与粘接部分42可一体成型。本实施方式中,在P偏振光的入射角θ的角度在0.942rad~1.222rad 下,信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数为α
(905nm),α
(905nm)小于或等于0.028。在P偏振光的入射角θ的角度为0rad下,即在P偏振光垂直入射下,信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)小于或等于0.02。
由此可知,信号透过区域111对波长为λ的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(λ)越小,信号透过区域111对波长为λ的P偏振光的透过率越高。本实施方式中,在不同入射角度下,信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)均较小,因此信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的透过率均较高,可满足激光雷达***120工作和探测距离要求。
此外,信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)相对不同入射角θ的最大变化率为K
1,K
1=0.006*θ+0.008。其中,入射角θ的角度在0.942rad~1.222rad之间。由此可知,K
1小于或等于0.0153。换言之,信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)相对不同入射角θ的变化率较小,P偏振光对入射角θ的依赖性较小,有利于提高P偏振光在预定角度范围内的入射角适应性,进而有助于提高激光雷达***110的探测精准度。
接下来,以对比例1和实施例1为例,对本实施方式所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的透过率进行测试,测试结果如下表1所示。
对比例1所采用的前挡玻璃110中,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20均为普通透明玻璃原片,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20的厚度均为2.1mm,中间粘接层40采用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛制成,中间粘接层40的厚度为0.76mm。其中,在P偏振光垂直入射下,对比例1所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)为0.1421。
实施例1所采用的前挡玻璃110中,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20均为超透 明玻璃原片,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20的厚度均为2.1mm,中间粘接层40采用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛制成,中间粘接层40的厚度为0.76mm。其中,在P偏振光垂直入射下,实施例1所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)为0.0152。
表1:对比例1和实施例1所采用的前挡玻璃的信号透过区域对波长为905nm的P偏振光的透过率
上表1中,以P偏振光的透过率小于83%为差(negative,NG)、P偏振光的透过率大于或等于83%且小于90%为好(OK),P偏振光的透过率大于或等于90%为优(GOOD)为评价标准。应当理解的是,传统的激光雷达***对P偏振光的透过率要求至少为83%,甚至在90%。
由表1可知,实施例1所采用的前挡玻璃110对波长为905nm的P偏振光的透过率优于对比例1所采用的前挡玻璃100。换言之,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20均采用超透明玻璃原片更有利于提高前挡玻璃110对波长为905nm的P偏振光的透过率。
请参阅图4和图5,图4是实施例1所采用的前挡玻璃中信号透过区域在不同入射角度下的P偏振光透过率光谱曲线,P偏振光的波长在380nm~780nm范围内。图5是实施例1所采用的前挡玻璃中信号透过区域在不同入射角度下的P偏振光透过率光谱曲线,P偏振光的波长在800nm~1600nm范围内。图4和图5中,横坐标为P偏振光的波长,纵坐标为P偏振光的透过率,入射角度分别为 0rad、0.942rad、1.047rad和1.222rad。
从图5可知,在P偏振光的波长为800nm~1600nm范围内,在对比例1所采用的前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对P偏振光的透过率基本上都在80%以下,而实施例1所采用的前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对P偏振光的透过率基本上都在83%以上,而且部分波段的透过率在90%~95%之间。优选地,所述相对着色系数α
(905nm)小于或等于0.025,所述相对着色系数的最大变化率K
1小于或等于0.012。由此可知,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20均采用超透明玻璃原片更有利于提高前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对P偏振光的透过率。
另一种实施方式中,激光雷达***120的激光发射器发射的P偏振光的波长为1550nm。通光部分41采用的红外高透材料包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚烯烃热塑性弹性体、聚碳酸酯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的至少一种。在其他一些实施方式中,粘接部分42也可以采用与通光部分41相同的材料制成,粘接部分42与通光部分41一体成型。本实施方式中,在P偏振光的入射角θ的角度在0.942rad~1.222rad下,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数为α
(1550nm),α
(1550nm)小于或等于0.035。在P偏振光的入射角θ的角度为0rad下,即在P偏振光垂直入射下,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(1550nm)小于或等于0.02。
本实施方式下,在不同入射角度下,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数为α
(1550nm)均较小,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的透过率均较高,可满足激光雷达***120工作和探测距离要求。
此外,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(1550)相对不同入射角θ的最大变化率为K
2,K
2=0.02*θ+0.002。其中,入射角θ的角度在0.942rad~1.222rad之间。由此可知,K
2小于或等于0.0264。换言之,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(1550nm)相对不同角度的入射角θ的变化率较小,P偏振光对入射角θ的角度的依赖性较小,有利于 提高P偏振光在预定角度范围内的入射角适应性,进而有助于提高激光雷达***110的探测精准度。
接下来,以对比例2和实施例2为例,对本实施方式所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的透过率进行测试,测试结果如下表2所示。
对比例2所采用的前挡玻璃110中,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20均为普通透明玻璃原片,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20的厚度均为2.1mm,中间粘接层40采用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛制成,中间粘接层40的厚度为0.76mm。其中,在P偏振光垂直入射下,对比例2所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(1550nm)为0.1361。
实施例2所采用的前挡玻璃110中,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20均为超透明玻璃原片,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20的厚度均为2.1mm,中间粘接层40中通光部分41采用乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物制成,中间粘接层40的厚度为0.76mm。其中,在P偏振光垂直入射下,实施例2所采用的前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(1550nm)为0.0178。
表2:对比例2和实施例2所采用的前挡玻璃的信号透过区域对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的透过率
上表2中,以P偏振光的透过率小于83%为差(negative,NG)、P偏振光的透过率大于或等于83%且小于90%为好(OK),P偏振光的透过率大于或等于 90%为优(GOOD)为评价标准。
由表2可知,实施例2所采用的前挡玻璃110对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的透过率优于对比例2所采用的前挡玻璃100。换言之,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20均采用超透明玻璃原片、且中间粘接膜40中通光部分41采用乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物制成更有利于提高前挡玻璃110对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的透过率。
由表2可知,在P偏振光的波长为1550nm时,在对比例2所采用的前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对P偏振光的透过率基本上都在80%以下,而实施例2所采用的前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对P偏振光的透过率基本上都在83%以上,而且部分波段的透过率在90%~95%之间。优选地,所述相对着色系数α
(1550nm)小于或等于0.026,所述相对着色系数的最大变化率K
2小于或等于0.022。由此可知,外层玻璃10和内层玻璃20均采用超透明玻璃原片且中间粘接膜40中通光部分41采用乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物更有利于提高前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对P偏振光的透过率。
请参阅图6,图6是图1所示前挡玻璃110在另一种实施例下的剖面结构示意图。
本实施例所示前挡玻璃110与上述实施例所示前挡玻璃110的不同之处在于,外层玻璃10可为透明玻璃或超透明玻璃,内层玻璃20可为透明玻璃或着色玻璃。其中,透明玻璃的总铁含量小于或等于0.08%wt,透明玻璃的可见光透过率大于或等于88%,以保证前挡玻璃110的可见光透光率。超透明玻璃的总铁含量小于或等于0.015%wt,超透明玻璃的可见光透光率大于或等于91%。着色玻璃的总铁含量大于或等于0.5%wt。着色玻璃的可见光透过率大于70%。
此外,中间粘接膜40设有第一通孔401,第一通孔401与信号透过区域111相对应,且与通光孔301连通。其中,第一通孔401内不填充其他材料。第一通孔401的内径比通光孔301的内径小,以防止隔热膜30暴露于空气中,保护 隔热膜30,避免隔热膜30中的银离子与空气反应,保证隔热膜30的隔热效果。其中,第一通孔401的中心轴与通光孔301的中心轴重合。第一通孔401的孔壁与通光孔301的孔壁之间的距离为a,a大于或等于3mm。
在其他一些实施例中,第一通孔401也可以填充红外高透材料,所述红外高透材料包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚烯烃热塑性弹性体、聚碳酸酯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的至少一种。
内层玻璃20设有第二通孔201,第二通孔201与第一通孔401连通。其中,第二通孔201的中心轴与第一通孔401的中心轴重合。第二通孔201的孔壁与第一通孔401的孔壁之间的距离为b,b大于或等于-1mm且小于或等于2mm,且a与b的和大于或等于3mm。
激光雷达***120的激光发射器向前挡玻璃110发射P偏振光时,P偏振光自内层玻璃20的第二通孔201入射,依次穿过中间粘接膜40的第一通孔401和隔热膜30的通光孔301后,自外层玻璃10出射。由此可知,外层玻璃10的材料可对前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对P偏振光的透过率产生影响。
一种实施方式中,激光雷达***120的激光发射器发射的P偏振光的波长为905nm。本实施方式中,在P偏振光的入射角度θ在0.942rad~1.222rad下,信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)小于或等于0.05。在P偏振光的入射角度θ为0rad下,即在P偏振光垂直入射下,信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)小于或等于0.04。由此可知,本实施方式中,在不同入射角度下,信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)均较小,因此信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的透过率均较高,可满足激光雷达***120工作和探测距离要求。
此外,信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)相对不同入射角θ的最大变化率为K
3,K
3=0.015*θ+0.0035。其中,入射角度θ 在0.942rad~1.222rad之间。由此可知,K
3小于或等于0.0218。换言之,信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)相对不同入射角度θ的变化率较小,P偏振光对入射角度的依赖性较小,有利于提高P偏振光在预定角度范围内的入射角适应性。
接下来,以实施例3和实施例4为例,对本实施方式所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的透过率进行测试,测试结果如下表3所示。
实施例3所采用的前挡玻璃110中,外层玻璃10为透明玻璃。实施例4所采用的前挡玻璃110中,外层玻璃10为超透明玻璃,外层玻璃10的厚度为2.1mm。其中,在P偏振光垂直入射下,实施例3所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)为0.0369。其中,在P偏振光垂直入射下,实施例4所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为905nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(905nm)为0.0045。
表3:实施例3和实施例4所采用的前挡玻璃的信号透过区域对波长为905nm的P偏振光的透过率
上表3中,以P偏振光的透过率小于83%为差(negative,NG)、P偏振光的透过率大于或等于83%且小于90%为好(OK),P偏振光的透过率大于或等于90%为优(GOOD)为评价标准。
由表3可知,实施例3和实施例4所采用的前挡玻璃110对波长为905nm 的P偏振光的透过率均在85%以上,甚至在95%以上。优选地,所述相对着色系数α
(905nm)小于或等于0.049,所述相对着色系数的最大变化率K
3小于或等于0.018。更优选地,所述相对着色系数α
(905nm)小于或等于0.01,所述相对着色系数的最大变化率K
3小于或等于0.015。相比于对比例2,实施例3和实施例4中第一通孔401和第二通孔201的设计有利于提高前挡玻璃110对波长为905nm的P偏振光的透过率。
另一种实施方式中,激光雷达***120的激光发射器发射的P偏振光的波长为1550nm。在P偏振光的入射角度θ在0.942rad~1.222rad下,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数为α
(1550nm),α
(1550nm)小于或等于0.06。在P偏振光的入射角度θ为0rad下,即在P偏振光垂直入射下,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(1550nm)小于或等于0.04。
本实施方式中,在不同入射角度下,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数为α
(1550nm)均较小,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的透过率均较高,可满足激光雷达***120工作和探测距离要求。
此外,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(1550nm)相对不同入射角θ的最大变化率为K
4,K
4=0.028*θ-0.001。其中,入射角度θ在0.942rad~1.222rad之间。由此可知,K
4小于或等于0.0332。换言之,信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(1550nm)相对不同入射角度θ的变化率较小,P偏振光对入射角度的依赖性较小,有利于提高P偏振光在预定角度范围内的入射角适应性,进而有助于提高激光雷达***110的探测精准度。
接下来,以实施例5和实施例6为例,对本实施方式所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的透过率进行测试,测试结果如下表4所示。其中,实施例5的外层玻璃10为透明玻璃,实施例6的外层玻璃 10为超透明玻璃。在P偏振光垂直入射下,实施例5所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(1550nm)为0.0383。在P偏振光垂直入射下,实施例6所示前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的相对着色系数α
(1550nm)为0.0006。
表4:实施例5和实施例6所采用的前挡玻璃的信号透过区域对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的透过率
上表4中,以P偏振光的透过率小于83%为差(negative,NG)、P偏振光的透过率大于或等于83%且小于90%为好(OK),P偏振光的透过率大于或等于90%为优(GOOD)为评价标准。
由表4可知,实施例5和实施例6所采用的前挡玻璃110对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的透过率均在83%以上,甚至在95%以上。优选地,所述相对着色系数α
(1550nm)小于或等于0.055,所述相对着色系数的最大变化率K
4小于或等于0.03。更优选地,所述相对着色系数α
(1550nm)小于或等于0.01,所述相对着色系数的最大变化率K
4小于或等于0.022。相比于对比例2,实施例5和实施例6中第一通孔401和第二通孔201的设计有利于提高前挡玻璃110对波长为1550nm的P偏振光的透过率。
请参阅图7和图8,图7是实施例4和实施例6所采用的前挡玻璃中信号透过区域在不同入射角度下的P偏振光透过率光谱曲线,P偏振光的波长在380nm~780nm范围内。图8是实施例4和实施例6所采用的前挡玻璃中信号透 过区域在不同入射角度下的P偏振光透过率光谱曲线,P偏振光的波长在800nm~1600nm范围内。其中,横坐标为P偏振光的波长,纵坐标为P偏振光的透过率,入射角度分别为0rad、0.942rad、1.047rad和1.222rad。
从图8可知,在P偏振光的波长为800nm~1600nm范围内,实施例4和实施例6所采用的前挡玻璃110中信号透过区域111对P偏振光的透过率基本上都在88%以上,甚至在95%以上。由此可知,在入射角度为0rad、0.942rad、1.047rad和1.222rad下,前挡玻璃110中第一通孔401和第二通孔201的设计有利于提高前挡玻璃110对波长为905nm和1550nm的P偏振光的透过率。
本申请实施例所示汽车100中,将激光雷达***120安装于汽车100的内部,通过对前挡玻璃110的结构和材料进行设计,减少前挡玻璃110对P偏振光的吸收和反射衰减,保证前挡玻璃110对P偏振光的高透过率,避免影响激光雷达***120的工作效率,不仅可以保证激光雷达***120的探测范围,还可以保证车辆美观性。此外,还可以借助汽车100固有的雨刮***辅助清洁前挡玻璃110,提高激光雷达***120探测光路的通透性。
以上所述,仅为本申请的具体实施方式,但本申请的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本申请揭露的技术范围内,可轻易想到变化或替换,都应涵盖在本申请的保护范围之内。因此,本申请的保护范围应以所述权利要求的保护范围为准。
Claims (20)
- 一种前挡玻璃,安装在汽车上,与位于所述汽车内部的激光雷达***配合使用,所述前挡玻璃包括外层玻璃、内层玻璃和中间粘接膜,所述中间粘接膜位于所述外层玻璃和所述内层玻璃之间,其特征在于,所述激光雷达***用于发射和/或接收P偏振光,所述P偏振光的波长λ在800nm~1600nm波长范围内;所述前挡玻璃具有信号透过区域,所述P偏振光以0.942rad~1.222rad的入射角θ入射至所述信号透过区域,所述信号透过区域对入射的所述P偏振光具有大于或等于83%的透过率,所述信号透过区域对以入射角θ入射的所述P偏振光具有小于或等于0.06的相对着色系数α (λ),其中,α (λ)=(TL (380nm-780nm)-TL (λ))/TL (380nm-780nm);TL (380nm-780nm)为所述信号透过区域对380nm-780nm波长范围内的P偏振光的透过率,TL (λ)为所述信号透过区域对波长λ的P偏振光的透过率。
- 根据权利要求1所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述信号透过区域对以0rad的入射角入射的P偏振光具有小于或等于0.04的相对着色系数。
- 根据权利要求1所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述P偏振光的波长λ=905nm,所述相对着色系数α (905nm)小于或等于0.028。
- 根据权利要求3所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述相对着色系数α (905nm)的最大变化率K 1与所述入射角θ满足:K 1=0.006*θ+0.008。
- 根据权利要求1所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述P偏振光的波长λ=1550nm,所述相对着色系数α (1550nm)小于或等于0.035。
- 根据权利要求5所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述相对着色系数α (1550nm)的最大变化率K 2与所述入射角θ满足:K 2=0.02*θ+0.002。
- 根据权利要求1所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述前挡玻璃还包括隔热膜或电加热膜,所述隔热膜或所述电加热膜位于所述外层玻璃和所述内层玻 璃之间,所述信号透过区域不设置所述隔热膜或所述电加热膜。
- 根据权利要求7所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,包括所述隔热膜的所述前挡玻璃具有小于或等于50%的总太阳能透过率,包括所述电加热膜的所述前挡玻璃具有大于或等于400W/m 2的加热功率密度。
- 根据权利要求1所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述中间粘结膜包括聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物和离子性中间膜中的至少一种。
- 根据权利要求1-9任意一项所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述外层玻璃和所述内层玻璃均为超透明玻璃,所述超透明玻璃的总铁含量小于或等于0.015%wt,所述超透明玻璃的可见光透过率大于或等于91%。
- 根据权利要求10所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述中间粘结膜设有与所述信号透过区域对应的第一通孔,所述第一通孔内不填充其他材料或填充红外高透材料,所述红外高透材料包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚烯烃热塑性弹性体、聚碳酸酯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的至少一种。
- 根据权利要求10所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述信号透过区域对以0rad的入射角入射的P偏振光具有小于或等于0.02的相对着色系数。
- 根据权利要求1-9任意一项所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述外层玻璃为透明玻璃或超透明玻璃,所述内层玻璃为透明玻璃或着色玻璃,所述内层玻璃设有与所述信号透过区域对应的第二通孔;所述透明玻璃的总铁含量小于或等于0.08%,所述透明玻璃的可见光透过率大于或等于88%;所述超透明玻璃的总铁含量小于或等于0.015%wt,所述超透明玻璃的可见光透过率大于或等于91%;所述着色玻璃的总铁含量大于或等于0.5%wt,所述着色玻璃的可见光透过率大于70%。
- 根据权利要求13所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述中间粘结膜设有与所述信号透过区域对应的第一通孔,所述第一通孔内不填充其他材料或填充红外高透材料,所述红外高透材料包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚烯烃热塑性弹 性体、聚碳酸酯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的至少一种。
- 根据权利要求14所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述第一通孔和所述第二通孔的中心轴重合,所述第二通孔的孔壁与所述第一通孔的孔壁之间的距离为b,-1mm≤b≤2mm。
- 根据权利要求13所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述P偏振光的波长λ=905nm,所述相对着色系数α (905nm)小于或等于0.05。
- 根据权利要求16所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述相对着色系数α (905nm)的最大变化率K 3与所述入射角θ满足:K 3=0.015*θ+0.0035。
- 根据权利要求13所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述P偏振光的波长λ=1550nm,所述相对着色系数α (1550nm)小于或等于0.06。
- 根据权利要求18所述的前挡玻璃,其特征在于,所述相对着色系数α (1550)的最大变化率K 4与所述入射角θ满足:K 4=0.028*θ-0.001。
- 一种汽车,其特征在于,包括激光雷达***和如权利要求1至19中任一项所述的前挡玻璃,所述激光雷达***位于所述汽车内部,用于发射和/或接收所述P偏振光。
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