CN117460619A - 具有声阻尼性质的可加热复合玻璃板 - Google Patents

具有声阻尼性质的可加热复合玻璃板 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN117460619A
CN117460619A CN202380010319.XA CN202380010319A CN117460619A CN 117460619 A CN117460619 A CN 117460619A CN 202380010319 A CN202380010319 A CN 202380010319A CN 117460619 A CN117460619 A CN 117460619A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
layer
composite glass
thicker
glass sheet
heating element
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Pending
Application number
CN202380010319.XA
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English (en)
Inventor
S·吉尔
A·威尔姆斯
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saint Gobain Glass France SAS filed Critical Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Publication of CN117460619A publication Critical patent/CN117460619A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • B32B7/022—Mechanical properties
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种复合玻璃板(100)，其包含：‑外玻璃板(1)，‑内玻璃板(2)，‑布置在内玻璃板(2)和外玻璃板(1)之间的声学中间层(3)，和‑加热元件(4)，其中声学中间层(3)以此顺序包含较厚层(3.1)、功能层(3.2)和较薄层(3.3)，并将加热元件(4)布置在较厚层(3.1)内，其中较厚层(3.1)的层厚度(a)比较薄层(3.3)的层厚度(c)大至少10％。

Description

具有声阻尼性质的可加热复合玻璃板
本发明涉及具有声阻尼性质的可加热复合玻璃板、其生产方法及其用途。
复合玻璃板目前用于许多场合，特别是在车辆行业。在此，术语“车辆”包括道路车辆、航空器、水运工具、农业机械或甚至施工设备等。
复合玻璃板也用于其它行业。这些包括例如建筑装配玻璃或信息显示器，例如在博物馆中或作为广告显示器。
复合玻璃板通常具有层压到中间层上的两个玻璃板。玻璃板本身可以是曲面的并通常具有恒定厚度。中间层通常包含具有预定厚度，例如0.76mm的热塑性材料，优选聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)。
特别在车辆中，以及在建筑物中，良好的隔音极大有助于物体的品质。通常，减弱人类可听到的外部环境的声音。以这种方式，例如，在车辆内部仅在降低的程度上感知到车辆本身的滚动噪音以及其它车辆的滚动噪音。在复合玻璃板的情况下，这种声阻尼通常通过所谓的“声学中间层”实现。声学中间层具有吸收或反射特定频率范围内的声音的功能层。
EP 1 800 855 A1描述了楔形多层中间层，其包含布置在两个保护层之间的声阻尼层，其中楔形可通过拉伸所述多层中间层获得。
WO 2018/081570 A1、US 2016/0341960 A1、EP 2 017 237 A1和WO 2020/007610A1公开了楔形多层中间层，其包含恒定厚度的层和具有楔形横截面的层，其中恒定厚度的层包括布置在两个保护层之间的声阻尼层。
WO 2021/127206 A1公开了一种多层声学中间层，其中两个外层是楔形的。此外，第一外层的层厚度比第二外层厚至少10％。因此，当在平视显示器中使用多层声学中间层时，改进光学性质而不降低噪音阻尼效果。
驾驶时的另一个主要挑战是加热挡风玻璃以便能够防止玻璃板结冰或起雾，这会妨碍能见度。通常通过经由入口吹到玻璃板上的热空气加热玻璃板。这种类型的加热被概括为暖通空调(HVAC)方法。除了巨大的能量消耗外，该入口——经其将热空气输送并吹到玻璃板上——还需要大量空间。此外，出口喷嘴必须相对于玻璃板以特定几何关系安装，这又显著限制设计自由度。
或者，玻璃板本身可具有电加热功能。例如从DE 10352464 A1中已知一种复合玻璃板，其中将电加热丝作为加热元件安置在两个玻璃板之间。可以通过金属丝的欧姆电阻调节比热输出。由于设计和安全方面的原因，金属丝的数量和金属丝的直径都必须保持尽可能小。金属丝在白天和夜晚在前灯照明下必须不可见或必须几乎无法察觉。
WO 2013/035778 A1公开了一种具有包含声学PVB膜和加热丝的中间层的复合玻璃板，其中将加热丝布置在复合玻璃板的玻璃表面上以及在中间层和玻璃板之间。
加热元件通常嵌在外玻璃板与内玻璃板之间的热塑性中间层内。但是，加热元件可能在视觉上明显，特别是当它们与同样布置在外玻璃板和内玻璃板之间的其它功能层接触时。以这种方式发生的光学畸变降低复合玻璃板的光学质量。光学畸变的原因通常是由于可见光在加热元件和功能层中的不同折射率。
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种改进的可加热复合玻璃板，其具有高光学质量并且基本没有光学畸变。
根据本发明通过根据权利要求1的复合玻璃板实现本发明的目的。本发明的有利实施方案由从属权利要求显而易见。
根据本发明的复合玻璃板包含外玻璃板、内玻璃板、声学中间层和加热元件。声学中间层布置在内玻璃板与外玻璃板之间。声学中间层以此顺序包含较厚层、功能层和较薄层。加热元件布置在较厚层内。较厚层的层厚度比较薄层的层厚度大至少10％。换言之，较厚层的层厚度为较薄层的层厚度的至少110％。优选地，较厚层布置得更靠近内玻璃板而非外玻璃板。但是，较厚层也可以布置得更靠近外玻璃板而非内玻璃板。声学中间层优选具有常规用于复合玻璃板的热塑性中间层的层厚度。热塑性中间层的常见层厚度通常是本领域技术人员已知的。无须说，“加热元件布置在较厚层内”意味着加热元件完全被较厚层包围。即加热元件不与功能层或内玻璃板或外玻璃板接触。
由于较厚层的层厚度大于较薄层的层厚度，加热元件更好地嵌在较厚层内。以这种方式，在很大程度上避免加热元件与布置在较厚层和较薄层之间的功能层接触。与具有对称声学中间层的普通复合玻璃板相比，由于加热元件与功能层的接触而发生的光学畸变减少且复合玻璃板的光学质量提高。表述“对称中间层”是指较厚层和较薄层的层厚度相同或相互偏差小于10％。
本发明的另一个优点在于，由于加热元件与内玻璃板或外玻璃板没有接触点，在层压过程中对复合玻璃板的损伤较少。加热元件与玻璃板的接触在层压过程中会产生额外的应力，这在最坏的情况下可导致复合玻璃板破裂。此外，当加热元件完全布置在较厚层内时，改善中间层的脱气，即避免中间层中的气体夹杂。
内玻璃板具有面向声学中间层的外侧表面和背向声学中间层的内侧表面。内玻璃板的内侧表面同时是复合玻璃板的内表面。外玻璃板具有背向声学中间层的外侧表面，其同时是复合玻璃板的外表面。外玻璃板还具有面向声学中间层的内侧表面。复合玻璃板旨在将外部环境与内部，优选车辆内部隔开。外玻璃板的外侧表面旨在面向外部环境，而内玻璃板的内侧表面旨在面向内部。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中，声学中间层的层厚度为0.2mm至2mm，优选0.4mm至1mm，特别优选0.5mm至0.85mm。“声学中间层的层厚度”是指较厚层、较薄层和功能层以及任何任选附加层的总层厚度。在对声学中间层描述的层厚度范围内，本发明的效果特别强。
在本发明的另一优选实施方案中，较厚层的层厚度为0.1mm至1mm，优选0.15mm至0.5mm，特别优选0.2mm至0.4mm。在所述层厚度范围内，有可能使加热元件特别好地嵌在较厚层中。
在本发明的另一优选实施方案中，功能层的层厚度为0.01mm至0.5mm，优选0.05mm至0.2mm，特别优选0.08mm至0.15mm。就材料消耗和所需空间而言，功能层的声阻尼性质在这种层厚度范围内特别有利。
特别优选地，较厚层的层厚度比较薄层的层厚度大至少15％，特别是至少25％。较厚层的层厚度因此为较薄层的层厚度的至少115％，优选至少125％。在这种层厚度范围内，可以进一步减小由加热元件和功能层引起的光学畸变。
加热元件可以是导电箔，例如金属箔。优选地，加热元件作为导电箔实现。导电箔含有金属或由金属组成，优选银、金、铜、镍和/或铬或金属合金。加热元件特别优选含有至少90重量％的金属，特别是至少99.9重量％的金属。该金属也可以作为涂层施加在导电箔上。在一个有利实施方案中，金属涂层是导电层或多个独立层的层结构，其总厚度小于或等于2μm，特别优选小于或等于1μm。
所有导电层的总层厚度优选为40nm至80nm，特别优选45nm至60nm。在所有导电层的总厚度的这一范围内，在车辆玻璃板，特别是挡风玻璃的两个母线之间的典型距离h和在12V至15V范围内的工作电压U下，有利地实现足够高的比加热功率P以及同时足够高的透射率。此外，在所有导电层的总厚度的这一范围内，加热元件对红外范围具有特别好的反射性质。所有导电层的总层厚度过低导致薄层电阻过高和因此比加热功率过低以及对红外范围的反射性质降低。所有导电层的总层厚度过大导致玻璃板的透光率降低太多，以致无法满足车窗透光率的要求。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中，加热元件以细金属丝的形式实现，其优选分布在复合玻璃板的大部分面积上。金属丝甚至可以重叠。金属丝的直径优选小于1mm，特别优选小于0.5mm，最特别优选小于100μm，特别在10μm至30μm的范围内。金属丝优选含有至少一种金属，优选银、金、铜、镍和/或铬或金属合金。最特别优选地，加热丝含有钨或由钨制成。加热丝特别优选含有至少90重量％的金属，特别是至少99.9重量％的金属。当使用加热丝时，特别大幅降低光学畸变效应。由于加热丝可以在复合玻璃板的许多不同区域与功能层发生局部接触，因此，可能发生光晕效应，这降低复合玻璃板的光学质量。由于根据本发明的解决方案，在很大程度上避免这个问题。
功能层优选具有比其周围的较厚层和较薄层高的塑性或弹性。功能层因此具有软核心，该层结构的刚度从功能层的核心向较厚层和较薄层的外表面递增。具有较高弹性的功能层主要对声阻尼负责，而具有较低弹性的较厚层和较薄层明显有助于稳定功能层。较厚层和较薄层还充当热塑性粘合材料以将外玻璃板牢固粘合到内玻璃板。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中，较厚层本身也可由多个层，优选两个层形成，以使这些多个层在层压过程中熔结形成较厚层。当加热元件作为导电箔实现时，这特别优选。导电箔因此可以布置在较厚层的所述至少两个层之间，以使导电层在根据本发明层压之后布置在较厚层内。
声学中间层的各个层，即较厚层、功能层和较薄层在一个实施方案中互相独立地含有至少热塑性材料，优选聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚氨酯(PU)、丙烯酸酯或其混合物或共聚物或衍生物，特别优选聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)，特别是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)和增塑剂。
在一个优选实施方案中，较厚层、功能层和/或较薄层含有聚乙烯醇缩丁醛和增塑剂。增塑剂的选择和聚乙烯醇缩丁醛的缩醛度使得能够以本领域技术人员已知的方式影响聚合物层的弹性。优选地，功能层含有比较厚层和/或较薄层高的增塑剂百分比。
较厚层、功能层和/或较薄层可以互相独立地为透明无色的，但也可以是染色的(tinted)、磨砂的或着色的。这些层可以是完全染色或着色的。或者，这些层也可具有颜色梯度或着色图案。对于配置为挡风玻璃的复合玻璃板，实施着色或染色以使复合玻璃板在380nm至780nm的光谱范围内具有大于70％的透光率。对于配置为顶板或后侧窗的复合玻璃板，着色或染色也可以更深，复合玻璃板因此在380nm至780nm的光谱范围内具有70％或更低的透光率。无须说，在挡风玻璃的实施方案中，在视觉区域之外，特别是邻近车顶边缘的区域中的透射率也可以小于70％。
增塑剂是使塑料更软、更韧、更光滑和/或更有弹性的化学化合物。它们使塑料的热弹性范围移向更低温度，以使塑料在使用温度范围内具有所需的更具弹性的性质。优选的增塑剂是羧酸酯，特别是低挥发性羧酸酯、脂肪、油、软树脂和樟脑。其它增塑剂优选是三乙二醇或四乙二醇的脂族二酯。特别优选用作增塑剂的是3G7、3G8或4G7，其中第一位数字表示乙二醇单元数，最后一位数字表示该化合物的羧酸部分中的碳原子数。因此，3G8代表三乙二醇双-(2-乙基己酸酯)，换言之，是式C4H9CH(CH2CH3)CO(OCH2CH2)3O2CCH(CH2CH3)C4H9的化合物。
优选地，基于PVB的功能层含有至少3重量％，优选至少5重量％，特别优选至少20重量％，再更优选至少30重量％，特别是至少35重量％的增塑剂。例如，增塑剂含有三乙二醇双-(2-乙基己酸酯)或由三乙二醇双-(2-乙基己酸酯)制成。
如果某物是“基于”聚合物材料形成的，其主要，即以至少50％的比率，优选以至少60％的比率，特别是以至少70％的比率由这种材料组成。其因此还可含有其它材料，如稳定剂或增塑剂。
声学中间层优选具有恒定层厚度。较厚层、较薄层和功能层优选具有恒定层厚度。但是，较厚层、功能层和/或较薄层也可以是楔形的。“楔形”意味着这些层在横截面视图中具有楔子形状。楔形层因此不具有恒定层厚度，而是具有较厚的第一端和较薄的第二端的可变层厚度。楔形层是优选的，特别是当复合玻璃板旨在作为投影装置(例如平视显示器)的组件时。借助声学中间层的楔形设计，可以减少复合玻璃板在光反射中的重像(“光”是指可见光)。
较厚层、功能层和/或较薄层可以是楔形挤出热塑性层或楔形拉伸热塑性层。可以通过楔形拉伸获得楔形拉伸层。较厚层、功能层和较薄层的楔角互相独立地为优选0.1mrad至1.0mrad，特别优选0.3mrad至0.7mrad。
在本发明中，在楔形层的情况下，用于计算根据本发明的较厚层和较薄层之间的层厚度差的各自层厚度始终基于较厚层的层厚度最薄的区域，并且始终基于较薄层的层厚度最厚的区域。换言之，如果较厚层是楔形的，而较薄层不是楔形的，则较厚层的较薄端的层厚度比较薄层大至少10％。另一方面，如果较厚层和较薄层都是楔形的，则较厚层的较薄端的层厚度比较薄层的较厚端大至少10％。如果只有较薄层厚度是楔形的，则较厚层的层厚度比较薄层的较厚端大至少10％。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中，加热元件分布在复合玻璃板的面积的至少10％，优选至少30％，特别优选至少80％，特别是至少90％上。由于加热元件分布在复合玻璃板的大部分上，可将其高效加热。
加热元件优选电连接到至少两个外部母线，所述母线用于连接到电压源。加热元件连接到母线，以在母线之间形成加热电流的电流路径。母线优选布置在加热元件的两个相对边缘区域上。由于通过加热元件加热复合玻璃板，当复合玻璃板安装在车辆中时通常用于车辆玻璃板的使用暖通空调(HVAC)方法的加热变体变得多余。这减少了车辆内的空间需求。借助HVAC加热需要供应管线以将通常在发动机舱中加热的空气引导至复合玻璃板。供应管线通常安装在车辆的仪表板中并且需要大量空间。但是，用加热元件对复合玻璃板的电加热对于在电动汽车中的使用也是有利的。在电动汽车中，与导向复合玻璃板的空气的电加热相比，借助加热元件加热挡风玻璃意味着节能。此外，拥有设计自由度，因为HVAC***的出风口必须相对于玻璃表面以限定的几何布置定位才能够实现吹风功能。
如果根据本发明的复合玻璃板的加热元件作为导电膜实现，其优选具有小于或等于1欧姆/平方，特别优选0.4欧姆/平方至0.9欧姆/平方，最特别优选0.5欧姆/平方至0.85欧姆/平方，例如大约0.7欧姆/平方的薄层电阻。在薄层电阻的这一范围内，有利地实现高比加热功率P。此外，在薄层电阻的这一范围内，加热元件当作为涂布的透明膜实现时，对红外范围具有特别好的反射性质。
在本发明的一个特定实施方案中，加热元件在外玻璃板或内玻璃板的边缘区域与两个母线相连，所述母线用于连接到电压源，以在母线之间形成加热电流的电流路径。在这种情况下，加热元件优选分布在复合玻璃板的80％以上，特别优选90％以上的表面上。这种布置能够高效加热大部分复合玻璃板。
母线可以作为印刷和烘烤的导电结构实现。印刷母线优选含有至少金属、金属合金、金属化合物和/或碳，特别优选贵金属，特别是银。印刷膏优选含有金属的粒子、金属粒子和/或碳，特别是贵金属粒子，如银粒子。导电性优选通过导电粒子实现。该粒子可以位于有机和/或无机基质中，如糊剂或墨水中，优选作为含有玻璃粉的印刷膏。
印刷母线的层厚度优选为5μm至40μm，特别优选8μm至20μm，最特别优选8μm至12μm。具有这些厚度的印刷母线在技术上易于实现，并具有有利的载流量(current carryingcapacity)。
母线的宽度优选为2mm至30mm，特别优选4mm至20mm，特别是10mm至20mm。更细的母线导致过高的电阻，和因此导致母线在运行过程中过热。此外，更细的母线难以通过印刷技术，如丝网印刷生产。更粗的母线需要使用过多的材料。
母线的比电阻ρa优选为0.8μohm·cm至7.0μohm·cm，特别优选1.0μohm·cm至2.5μohm·cm。具有在这一范围内的比电阻的母线在技术上易于实现，并具有有利的载流量。
或者，母线也可以作为导电箔条带实现。母线因此含有例如至少铝、铜、镀锡铜、金、银、锌、钨和/或锡或其合金。该条带优选具有10μm至500μm，特别优选30μm至300μm的厚度。由具有这些厚度的导电箔制成的母线在技术上易于实现，并具有有利的载流量。该条带可以例如通过焊料化合物、通过导电胶粘剂或通过直接放置而导电连接至导电结构。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中，将两个母线连接至电压源，以在这两个母线之间形成经过加热元件的加热电流的电流路径。
如窗玻璃板常见的那样，内玻璃板和外玻璃板优选由玻璃，特别优选钠钙玻璃制成。但是，内玻璃板和外玻璃板也可以由其它类型的玻璃，例如石英玻璃、硼硅玻璃或铝硅玻璃，或硬质透明塑料，例如聚碳酸酯或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯制成。
内玻璃板和/或外玻璃板可具有减反射涂层、防粘涂层、防刮涂层、光催化涂层、电加热涂层、遮阳涂层或低E涂层。
外玻璃板和内玻璃板的厚度可以变化很大并因此适应个例的要求。内玻璃板和外玻璃板优选具有0.5mm至5mm，特别优选1mm至3mm的厚度。例如，外玻璃板为2.1mm厚；内玻璃板为1.6mm厚。但是，外玻璃板或特别地，内玻璃板，也可以是厚度为例如0.55mm的薄玻璃。
优选地，内玻璃板和外玻璃板不具有楔角。但是，内玻璃板和/或外玻璃板也可能具有楔形横截面。复合玻璃板的楔角由声学中间层、内玻璃板和外玻璃板的楔角组成。
根据本发明的复合玻璃板可以是车辆玻璃板(vehicle pane)。车辆玻璃板旨在将车辆内部与外部环境隔开。车辆玻璃板因此是嵌入或设置在车身的窗口中的窗玻璃板。根据本发明的复合玻璃板特别是机动车的挡风玻璃。
内玻璃板和外玻璃板可以互相独立地为透明无色的，但也可以是染色的、磨砂的或着色的。透过复合玻璃板的总透射率在一个优选实施方案中大于70％，特别是当复合玻璃板是挡风玻璃时。术语“总透射率”基于ECE-R 43，Annex 3，§9.1规定的测试机动车窗的透光性的方法。内玻璃板和外玻璃板可以例如由非钢化、部分钢化或钢化玻璃制成。
根据本发明的复合玻璃板可以另外包括特别由深色，优选黑色搪瓷制成的遮蔽印记(masking print)。该遮蔽印记特别是外周(即框状)遮蔽印记。外周遮蔽印记主要充当复合玻璃板的安装胶粘剂的紫外线防护。遮蔽印记可以是不透明的并覆盖整个表面。遮蔽印记也可以至少分段设计为半透明的，例如作为点网格、条网格或方格网格。或者，遮蔽印记也可以具有例如从不透明覆盖到半透明覆盖的梯度。遮蔽印记通常施加在外玻璃板的内侧表面或内玻璃板的内侧表面上。
如机动车窗户的惯例，根据本发明的复合玻璃板优选在一个或多个空间方向上弯曲，其典型曲率半径在大约10cm至大约40m的范围内。但是，复合玻璃板也可以是平面的，例如，当其作为公共汽车、火车或拖拉机的玻璃板提供时。
根据本发明的复合玻璃板可以例如用作平视显示器(HUD)或另一用于显示信息的投影装置的组件。
本发明还涉及一种生产复合玻璃板的方法，其中
(A)提供具有外玻璃板、声学中间层、加热元件和内玻璃板的层堆叠体，
(B)将加热元件布置在较厚层内，优选通过压入，
(C)将所述层堆叠体层压以形成复合玻璃板。
在根据本发明的方法的一个优选实施方案中，声学中间层的较厚层包含第一层和第二层。在该方法的第二步骤中，将加热元件布置在第一层和第二层之间，以致在本发明中，加热元件布置在较厚层内。在第三步骤中，在层压过程中，第一层和第二层熔结形成较厚层；且较厚层、较薄层和功能层熔结形成声学中间层。加热元件由此布置在较厚层内并且完全被较厚层包围。当加热元件作为导电箔实现时，这一实施方案特别优选。
在本发明中，“压入”是指借助外加压力，优选在较厚层同时加热下，将加热元件压入较厚层中。
层堆叠体的层压可以借助常见层压法进行。例如，所谓的高压釜法可以在大约10巴至15巴的升高的压力和130℃至145℃的温度下进行大约2小时。或者，无高压釜法也是可能的。本身已知的真空袋或真空环法例如在大约200毫巴和80℃至110℃下运行。内玻璃板、声学中间层和外玻璃板也可以在压延机中在至少一对辊之间压制以形成复合玻璃板。这种类型的用于生产玻璃板的设备是已知的并且通常在压机上游具有至少一个加热隧道。压制操作过程中的温度为例如40℃至150℃。压延法和高压釜法的组合已经证明在实践中特别有用。或者，可以使用真空层压机。这些由一个或多个可加热且可抽空的室组成，其中内玻璃板和外玻璃板可以在0.01毫巴至800毫巴的减压和80℃至170℃的温度下在例如大约60分钟内层压。
如果复合玻璃板要弯曲，优选在层压之前对内玻璃板和外玻璃板施以弯曲工艺。优选地，内玻璃板和外玻璃板一起全等弯曲(即，同时并通过相同工具)，因为玻璃板的形状因此与后续层压最佳匹配。用于玻璃弯曲工艺的典型温度为例如500℃至700℃。
根据本发明的复合玻璃板可以是例如车辆的顶板、挡风玻璃、侧窗或后窗，或另一车辆装配玻璃(vehicle glazing)，例如，车辆，优选轨道车辆、轿车或公共汽车中的分隔玻璃。或者，复合玻璃板可以是建筑装配玻璃，例如在建筑物的外立面，或建筑物内部的分隔玻璃，或家具或家用电器中的内置组件。
下面参考附图使用示例性实施方案更详细解释本发明。它们以简化图示而非按比例描绘了：
图1根据本发明的复合玻璃板的一个实施方案的平面视图，
图2图1的实施方案的放大横截面视图，
图3普通复合玻璃板的放大横截面视图，和
图4-5根据本发明的复合玻璃板的进一步实施方案的放大横截面视图。
图1描绘根据本发明的复合玻璃板100的平面视图，特别是用作机动车的挡风玻璃。图2描绘沿图1中所示的截面线A-A‘的图1的复合玻璃板100的放大横截面视图。
复合玻璃板100具有加热元件4，其以加热丝的形式布置在外玻璃板1和内玻璃板2之间。加热元件4分布在复合玻璃板100的整个面积上，除了宽度例如1cm的外周薄边缘区域外，该区域用于将复合玻璃板100与外部环境电隔离。两个母线5在加热元件4的两个相对边缘区域导电连接到加热元件4。这两个母线5的第一母线平行于复合玻璃板100的左侧边缘布置。这两个母线5的第二母线平行于复合玻璃板100的右侧边缘布置。空间指示“左”和“右”在此是指看向已安装的复合玻璃板100的面向内部的表面时母线5的位置。母线5也可能平行于复合玻璃板100的上边缘和下边缘布置(在此未示出)。母线5用于连接至电压源，以使加热电流可以在母线5之间经过加热元件4流动。复合玻璃板100因此可以根据需要被加热元件4加热，借此可以除霜和除雾(冷凝)。
复合玻璃板100另外具有遮蔽印记6，例如深色搪瓷。遮蔽印记6以框状布置在复合玻璃板100的外周边缘区域中。外周遮蔽印记6例如充当复合玻璃板100的安装胶粘剂的紫外线防护。遮蔽印记6可以施加到内玻璃板2或外玻璃板1(在此未示出)。
图2描绘如图1中的截面线A-A‘所示，复合玻璃板100在上边缘区的放大横截面视图。复合玻璃板100包含外玻璃板1和内玻璃板2。声学中间层3布置在外玻璃板1和内玻璃板2之间。外玻璃板1具有背向声学中间层3的外侧表面I和面向声学中间层3的内侧表面II。内玻璃板2具有面向声学中间层3的外侧表面III和背向声学中间层3的内侧表面IV。外玻璃板1的外侧表面I同时也是复合玻璃板100的外表面，其在安装位置旨在面向外部环境。内玻璃板2的内侧表面IV同时也是复合玻璃板100的内表面，其在安装位置旨在面向内部。
外玻璃板1和内玻璃板2例如由透明钠钙玻璃制成。外玻璃板具有例如2.1mm的厚度。内玻璃板2具有例如1.6mm的厚度。
将遮蔽印记6施加到外玻璃板1的内侧表面II。声学中间层3以此顺序包含较厚层3.1、功能层3.2和较薄层3.3。较厚层3.1布置在内玻璃板2的外侧表面III上。相应地，较薄层3.3布置在外玻璃板1的内侧表面II上。借助压力和热将加热丝形式的加热元件4引入较厚层3.1内。较厚层3.1和较薄层3.3例如由热塑性材料制成。优选地，较厚层3.1和较薄层3.3基于PVB形成。功能层3.2例如由热塑性材料制成并优选含有PVB。功能层3.2具有例如比较厚层和较薄层3.1、3.3高的增塑剂比例。
较厚层3.1具有例如0.353mm的层厚度a。较薄层3.3具有例如0.307mm的层厚度c。功能层3.2的层厚度b为例如0.1mm。整个声学中间层3的层厚度为例如0.76mm。根据本发明，较厚层3.1的层厚度a大于较薄层3.3的层厚度c。较厚层3.1的层厚度a比较薄层3.3的层厚度c高大约15％。较厚层3.1的较大层厚度a使得加热元件4可以更好地嵌在较厚层3.1中。加热元件4与功能层3.2没有接触或至少基本没有接触。这带来复合玻璃板100的更好光学质量。由于更好地嵌在较厚层3.1中，加热元件4在视觉上不太显眼。
图3描绘了普通复合玻璃板100，其基本对应于图1和2的变体，因此在此仅讨论区别，其它方面参考关于图1和2的描述。不同于图2中描绘的复合玻璃板100，较厚层和较薄层3.1、3.3具有相同的层厚度，例如0.33mm。这意味着：层厚度a＝层厚度C。声学中间层3的总层厚度为0.76mm。由于与根据本发明的复合玻璃板100的层厚度a相比，该较厚层3.1的层厚度a较低，加热丝4不太好地嵌在层3.1中。由于加热元件4在较厚层3.1中的嵌入较差，发生加热元件4与功能层3.2的接触。这导致功能层4不平整，并且这种不平整变成可见的光学畸变。对于加热元件4的加热丝，这意味着它们更加可见，因为在加热丝的边缘可以看到某种光晕。这不利地影响复合玻璃板100的光学质量。
图4和5中描绘的根据本发明的变体基本对应于图1和2的变体，因此在此仅讨论区别，其它方面参考关于图1和2的描述。
不同于图2中所示，图4中的较厚层3.1不具有均等层厚度a，而是楔形的。可以看出，较厚层3.1具有楔形横截面，其具有较厚的第一端和较薄的第二端。在图4中描绘的实施方案中，较厚层3.1的较薄的第二端的厚度为例如0.353mm。较厚层3.1的楔角为例如0.55mrad。较薄层3.3具有例如0.307mm的层厚度c。较厚层3.1的厚度a在较薄的第二端比较薄层3.3的层厚度c高大约15％。这至少在很大程度上防止加热元件4与功能层3.2接触。
在图5中描绘的变体中，较厚层3.1、功能层3.2和较薄层3.3不具有均等层厚度a、b、c，而是楔形的。较厚层3.1、功能层3.2和较薄层3.3因此在所描绘的横截面中在每种情况下具有第一较厚端和第二较薄端。较厚层3.1的第二较薄端为例如0.353mm且较厚层3.1的楔角为例如0.4mrad。较薄层3.3的第二较薄端为例如0.307mm且较薄层3.3的楔角为例如0.1mrad。功能层3.2的第二较薄端为例如0.09mm且功能层3.2的楔角为例如0.1mrad。这至少在很大程度上防止加热元件4与功能层3.2接触。
实施例
在根据本发明的实施例和普通对比例中，改变较厚层3.1、功能层3.2和较薄层3.3的层厚度。在各实施例中，显示复合玻璃板100，其中根据本发明的实施例基于图2的结构建模，对比例基于图3的结构建模。
表1.
“光学缺陷”是指由于加热元件4与功能层3.2的接触而发生的增加的光学畸变或光晕效应。通过较厚层3.1的层厚度a与较薄层3.3的层厚度c相比较厚，可以确实地至少在很大程度上避免发生与加热元件4和功能层3.2相关的光学缺陷。
附图标记名单
1 外玻璃板
2 内玻璃板
3 声学中间层
3.1 较厚层
3.2 功能层
3.3 较薄层
4 加热元件
5 母线
6 遮蔽印记
100 复合玻璃板
I 外玻璃板1的外侧表面
II 外玻璃板1的内侧表面
III 内玻璃板2的外侧表面
IV 内玻璃板2的内侧表面
a 较厚层3.1的层厚度
b 功能层3.2的层厚度
c 较薄层3.3的层厚度
A-A‘ 截面线

Claims (15)

1.复合玻璃板(100)，其包含：
-外玻璃板(1)，
-内玻璃板(2)，
-布置在内玻璃板(2)和外玻璃板(1)之间的声学中间层(3)，和
-加热元件(4)，
其中声学中间层(3)以此顺序包含较厚层(3.1)、功能层(3.2)和较薄层(3.3)，并将加热元件(4)布置在较厚层(3.1)内，
其中较厚层(3.1)的层厚度(a)比较薄层(3.3)的层厚度(c)大至少10％。
2.根据权利要求1的复合玻璃板(100)，其中声学中间层(3)的层厚度为0.2mm至2mm，优选0.4mm至1mm，特别优选0.5mm至0.85mm。
3.根据权利要求1或2的复合玻璃板(100)，其中较厚层(3.1)的层厚度(a)为0.1mm至1mm，优选0.15mm至0.5mm，特别优选0.2mm至0.4mm。
4.根据权利要求1至3之一的复合玻璃板(100)，其中功能层(3.2)的层厚度(b)为0.01mm至0.5mm，优选0.05mm至0.2mm，特别优选0.08mm至0.15mm。
5.根据权利要求1至4之一的复合玻璃板(100)，其中较厚层(3.1)的层厚度(a)比较薄层(3.3)的层厚度(c)大至少15％，优选至少25％。
6.根据权利要求1至5之一的复合玻璃板(100)，其中加热元件(4)以导电箔的形式实现。
7.根据权利要求1至5之一的复合玻璃板(100)，其中加热元件(4)以金属丝的形式实现。
8.根据权利要求1至7之一的复合玻璃板(100)，其中较厚层(3.1)和/或较薄层(3.3)含有或由聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙酸乙烯酯和/或聚氨酯组成。
9.根据权利要求1至8之一的复合玻璃板(100)，其中功能层(3.2)具有比较厚层和较薄层(3.1、3.3)高的增塑剂比例。
10.根据权利要求1至9之一的复合玻璃板(100)，其中较厚层(3.1)和/或较薄层(3.3)是楔形的。
11.根据权利要求1至10之一的复合玻璃板(100)，其中加热元件(4)分布在复合玻璃板(100)的面积的至少80％上。
12.根据权利要求1至11之一的复合玻璃板(100)，其中加热元件(4)在两个相对边缘区域导电连接到至少两个母线(5)。
13.根据权利要求12的复合玻璃板(100)，其中将两个母线(5)连接至电压源，以在这两个母线(5)之间形成经过加热元件(4)的加热电流的电流路径。
14.生产根据权利要求1至13之一的复合玻璃板(100)的方法，其中
(A)提供具有外玻璃板(1)、声学中间层(3)、加热元件(4)和内玻璃板(2)的层堆叠体，
(B)将加热元件(4)布置在较厚层(3.1)内，优选通过压入，和
(C)将所述层堆叠体层压以形成复合玻璃板(100)。
15.根据权利要求1至13之一的复合玻璃板(100)在陆地、空中或水上交通工具中，优选在机动车中，例如作为挡风玻璃、后窗、侧窗和/或顶板，特别优选作为顶板，或作为功能性和/或装饰性独立件，和作为家具、家用电器和建筑物中的内置组件的用途。
CN202380010319.XA 2022-05-24 2023-05-17 具有声阻尼性质的可加热复合玻璃板 Pending CN117460619A (zh)

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WO2007132777A1 (ja) 2006-05-12 2007-11-22 Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. 合わせガラス用中間膜及び合わせガラス
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WO2018081570A1 (en) 2016-10-28 2018-05-03 Kuraray America, Inc. Wedge-shaped multilayer interlayer and glass laminate
CN110876263A (zh) 2018-07-02 2020-03-10 法国圣戈班玻璃厂 具有声阻尼性能的楔形多层中间层
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