CN117426262B - Low-disturbance quick production method of feeding oat suitable for natural grasslands - Google Patents
Low-disturbance quick production method of feeding oat suitable for natural grasslands Download PDFInfo
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 241000209763 Avena sativa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000003971 tillage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 59
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000209761 Avena Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000007558 Avena sp Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004016 soil organic matter Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000007320 Avena fatua Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 241000005601 Trisetum Species 0.000 description 15
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001932 seasonal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000380130 Ehrharta erecta Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009328 dry farming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a low-disturbance quick production method of feeding oat suitable for natural grasslands, which comprises the following steps: natural grasslands with good natural precipitation, good fertility, deep soil layer and flat topography are selected; selecting short-period oat varieties with the growth period of 65-70 days; sowing in a no-tillage supplementary sowing technology for 3-4 days before rain according to weather forecast in a period of 6 months 15-6 months 30 days, wherein the water content of soil is 3-6%, sowing is drill sowing, and sowing fertilizer diammonium phosphate and oat seeds into a kerf for one time after uniformly mixing the fertilizer diammonium phosphate and the oat seeds according to a weight ratio of 2:1, and compacting by a compacting machine after sowing; the sowing row spacing is 30-40cm; the sowing quantity of oat seeds is 8-10 kg/mu; according to weather forecast, topdressing 8-10 kg/mu is adopted in rainfall days; 8 months during the heading period of the oat, the oat and the natural grassland original forage grass are harvested together. Under the condition of not damaging the original vegetation of the natural grassland, the high-efficiency production of the oat forage grass is realized rapidly in a short period.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of pasture planting and cultivation, and particularly relates to a low-disturbance rapid production method of feeding oat suitable for natural grasslands.
Background
The farmland is the root of agriculture, the farmland protection system implemented in recent years strictly controls the farmland to be converted into other types of agricultural lands such as forest lands, garden lands and the like, and defines the farmland utilization priority, and the permanent basic farmland is mainly used for developing grain production, in particular to ensure the planting area of three grains of rice, wheat and corn. At present, the land used for producing the high-quality forage grass in China is mainly cultivated land and feed land, and the land resources make great contribution to meeting the high-quality forage grass supply in China. Under the condition that cultivated land resources are gradually and gradually reduced, the development of land resources available for oat forage grass production and the increase of forage grass supply are particularly important.
Oat for feedingAvena sativa) Also called as skin oat, is an excellent annual gramineous oat plant with dual purposes of grain and feed, is barren-resistant, salt-tolerant, drought-resistant and cold-resistant, has the characteristics of high nutritional value, extremely strong adaptability and the like, and is one of three forage grass in China. The traditional production of the feeding oat mainly adopts intensive management measures such as soil tillage, fertilization, irrigation, weeding and the like, and plays an important role in the development of animal husbandry in China.
The natural grasslands of approximately 40 hundred million mu are available in China, and the natural grasslands have the characteristics of low precipitation, abundant seasonal light, water and heat resources and the like. The no-tillage complementary planting is widely applied to the aspect of natural grassland vegetation restoration as an important technical measure for ecologically restoring the degraded grassland. By adopting measures such as no-tillage complementary sowing of dry farming and the like, the oat grass is produced by utilizing natural grassland resources with relatively good hydrothermal resources under the condition of not damaging natural grassland original vegetation, and the method can make an important contribution to the feed grain safety of China. At present, the prior art focuses on the aspect of no-tillage complementary planting of perennial homeland pastures on degraded natural grasslands so as to increase the species diversity of the degraded natural grasslands, increase the vegetation coverage and restore the degraded grasslands. The technical measure is that no-tillage complementary planting of perennial grasses is used for recovering degraded grassland vegetation. However, the technical solution for how to better utilize natural grassland resources to rapidly produce high quality annual forage oats is still very lacking.
Thus, there is a need to develop a method that does not affect native grassland native vegetation and that can produce forage oats quickly.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provides a low-disturbance rapid production method of feeding oat suitable for natural grasslands.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a low-disturbance quick production method of feeding oat suitable for natural grasslands comprises the following steps:
(1) Optionally: natural grasslands with natural precipitation more than 300mm, soil organic matter content more than 1.5%, soil layer depth more than 30cm and flat topography are selected.
The natural grassland precipitation difference is large, irrigation cannot be realized, so that the technology is suitable for natural grassland with good precipitation, and the natural grassland is guaranteed to be sufficiently naturally precipitation for 7-8 months and two months, so that water required by growth of feeding oat and natural forage grass is provided, and therefore, the natural grassland with natural precipitation amount of about 300mm is selected, has flat topography, and is suitable for mechanized operation. Meanwhile, compared with cultivated land and grass, the natural grassland does not allow cultivation and cannot use base fertilizer, so the technology is suitable for being implemented in the area with the soil organic matter content of more than 1.5% and the soil layer depth of more than 30cm, the soil condition has strong water-retaining property, natural precipitation of the natural grassland can be sufficiently held, and the water utilization efficiency can be effectively improved.
(2) Variety selection: short-period oat varieties with a growth period of 65-70 days are selected.
The natural grassland is not suitable for supplementing oat too early or too late. The early sowing is carried out, so that the rainfall is less and the rainfall frequency is lower because the rainy season is not reached, and the drought death risk of oat in the seedling stage is increased; the natural grassland original vegetation and the complementary oat can not be harvested at the same time and the oat grass and the original vegetation can not reach the maximum biomass and the optimal quality. Therefore, in order to realize sowing in rainy season and synchronous harvest of natural grassland original vegetation and supplementary oat, oat varieties with short growth period are selected, the growth period is preferably 65-70 days generally, the natural grassland original pasture and the supplementary oat for feeding achieve optimal quality and yield, the production effect of the forage grass can be improved to the greatest extent, and the quality and the yield of the forage grass are improved.
(3) Sowing: sowing for 6 months 15-6 months 30 days by adopting a no-tillage supplementary sowing technology 3-4 days before rain according to weather forecast, wherein the sowing mode is drill sowing, cutting a 1cm kerf on the grassland by using a low-disturbance disc cutter, the kerf depth is 2-3cm, uniformly mixing fertilizer diammonium phosphate and oat seeds according to the weight ratio of 2:1, sowing the mixture into the kerf for one time, and compacting the mixture by using a compacting machine after sowing, wherein the compacting width is 3-5cm; the sowing row spacing is 30-40cm; the sowing quantity of the oat seeds is 8-10 kg/mu.
The dry soil with the water content of 3-6% is more suitable for no-tillage supplementary seeding. The dry soil is relatively dispersed, and the cutting seam and the soil at the cutting seam edge are easier to flow back into the cutting seam in the compacting process, so that a loose seed bed is formed, and relatively good conditions are provided for the germination fixed value and root growth of oat seeds; after compacting, the seeds are in close contact with the soil, so that the soil moisture is kept and the seeds germinate after natural precipitation is facilitated.
The sowing line spacing is 30-40cm, and the sowing line spacing is wider to realize alternate arrangement of one row of oat and one row of original vegetation grass belt, so that the influence of oat complementary sowing on the growth of the original vegetation in the natural grassland is reduced to the greatest extent. The sowing line spacing cannot be too narrow or too wide, and the line spacing cannot be too wide, so that the land resources and the water and fertilizer resources of the natural grasslands are not fully utilized, and the maximum economic benefit cannot be achieved. Under the sowing row spacing of 30-40cm, the competition between natural grassland original vegetation and oat is weaker, and the land resource can be fully utilized, so that the maximum forage grass production effect is achieved, and win-win ecological benefit and production benefit are realized.
Different from a farmland fertilization mode, natural grasslands cannot be ploughed, a traditional fertilization mode cannot be adopted, and fertilizer is required to be supplied to the production of the reseeding oat to the greatest extent, so that the technology adopts a mode of combining fertilization and planting, after the fertilizer and oat seeds are uniformly mixed, the oat and the fertilizer enter a kerf together, and the fertilizer is applied while sowing, so that the fertilizer is supplied to the production of the oat to the greatest extent, the fertilizer use efficiency is improved, and the maximum production effect is achieved.
(4) Topdressing: according to weather forecast, topdressing 8-10 kg/mu is adopted in rainfall days;
the method is characterized in that oat is produced in cultivated land, the additional fertilizer adopts a mode of integrating water and fertilizer or irrigating after fertilizing, and is different from a cultivated land production system, and natural grasslands have no irrigation condition, so that great difficulty is brought to the additional fertilizer production of forage grass, and therefore, in order to achieve the best water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, manual or mechanical additional fertilizer is adopted in rainfall days according to weather forecast, so that fertilizer enters soil along with natural rainfall, and the aim of fertilizing is achieved.
(5) Harvesting; according to the growth condition of the pasture, harvesting the oat and the natural grassland original pasture together in the heading period of the oat in 8 months, 20 days to 8 months and 30 days.
In this technique, the forage grass consists of the complemented oat grass and natural grassland original forage grass, so that the two parts of forage grass are required to achieve the best yield and the best quality, and then are harvested. In order to facilitate harvesting and reduce production cost, the oat and the natural grassland original pasture are harvested together, so that the yield and quality of the pasture harvested in 8 months and 20 days to 8 months and 30 days are optimal.
In the step (5), the oat and natural grassland original pasture are dried for 3-4 days after being harvested, and the moisture content of the forage grass is lower than 14 percent for bundling.
Oat planting management in the next year: the sowing direction of the second year is perpendicular to the first year, and other measures are the same as the first year.
After the first year of planting, the cultivation management of soil is performed. Different from a farmland grass planting management mode, after natural grassland oat is harvested, measures such as soil cultivation cannot be carried out, a compact root system is formed in a planting row of the oat root system planted in the first year in the grassland, and original vegetation needs to be restored in the second year within the range of 2-3cm of kerf, so that degradation of the original vegetation caused by overlapping of kerf and first sowing kerf or increase of damaged surface of the grassland due to operation within the range of 2-3cm of kerf due to the fact that the kerf is sowed in the same direction in the second year is avoided. Therefore, the planting strategy that the sowing direction of the second year is perpendicular to the sowing direction of the first year is adopted, the overlapping area of the planting strategy and the first year lancing can be reduced to the maximum extent, the damage to the native vegetation of the natural grassland is reduced, and the production effect of forage grass of the second year is ensured.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: 1. compared with the traditional cultivation of oat for farmland feeding, the technology has the advantages of low investment, extensive management, less required labor force, grass mowing together with the original pasture after the oat is planted in the natural grassland, avoiding a plurality of agricultural production measures such as soil tillage, weed control, pest control, irrigation and the like, saving labor force and saving capital investment.
2. After the technology is implemented, the yield of natural grassland forage grass is greatly increased, the yield of high-quality forage grass oat accounts for more than 63% of the total yield, the purpose of double-improvement of the yield and the quality of the natural grassland forage grass is realized, and the technology has obvious economic benefit.
3. The natural grass is 40 hundred million mu, and oat grass is planted in the area which is suitable for the supplementary seeding of oat in which precipitation is relatively good, so that important guarantee can be provided for the safety of forage grass in China. The technology improves the utilization efficiency of natural grassland and the utilization rate of resources such as seasonal light, temperature, water and the like, rapidly realizes the production of natural grassland forage grass in a short period, expands the planting space of forage oat, saves precious cultivated land resources in China, and achieves the purpose that the forage grass production does not fight against grain.
4. The technology is different from the existing method for recovering the ecology of the degraded grassland by using planted oat, the technology is carried out on the natural grassland with relatively good natural precipitation, good fertility and deep soil layer, the original vegetation of the natural grassland is protected, the annual plants grow fast, the natural grassland is rapidly grown after precipitation, the natural grassland land resources and the natural grassland season hydrothermal resources are sufficient, the feeding oat is rapidly produced, the high-yield production of oat grass is achieved, and the land and resource utilization efficiency is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a plot of the field effect of forage oats planted by the method of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the sowing directions in the first year and the second year.
In fig. 2: 1. sowing in the first year; 2. sowing in the next year.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
In the Bai Yinxi Xilin Haote, the yellow tree characteristic field (116.6245 degrees, 43.8958 degrees, 1175 degrees, m) of the pasture is characterized in that the natural precipitation amount of the pasture is 310mm, the organic matter content of soil is 2.1 percent, the soil layer depth is 40cm, the topography is flat, two adjacent large grasslands with areas and the like are selected, one large grassland serves as a test land, and the other large grassland serves as a control land (without any operation).
In a test field, according to weather forecast, sowing in 2022 years and 25 months before rain by adopting a no-tillage complementary sowing technology, wherein the water content of soil is 4.1%, sowing modes are drill sowing, a cutting seam with the depth of 2-3cm is cut on a grassland by using a low-disturbance disc cutter, and after 16 kg of fertilizer diammonium phosphate and 8kg of oat seeds (Meng Siyan No. 6) are uniformly mixed, sowing into the cutting seam for one time, and compacting by using a compacting machine after sowing, wherein the compacting width is 4cm; the sowing row spacing is 30cm; urea 8 kg/mu is topdressed in rainfall days;
recording at different times, see fig. 1, 25 th year 2022, 14 th year 2022, 12 th year 2022, 8 th year 2022, and 25 th year 2022, shows that the rise of the oat forage for the test lands is better, and the short-term growth height of the oat for feeding can exceed the production height of the natural grassland forage.
Grass was mowed on the test and control plots at 25 days 2022, 8, using a mower. And (5) airing for 3 days after grass mowing, and bundling.
Grass yield was measured at day 8 and 30 of 2022 and compared to the control land without the supplementation, see table 1.
Table 1 comparative analysis of the effects of natural grassland on the production of additional oat forage
As shown in the table, with the method of the invention, the yield of the hay of the oat grass in the test land reaches 134.7 kg/mu, and after the produced oat grass is removed, the yield of the forage grass in the natural grassland is 85.6 kg/mu, and the yield of the oat grass accounts for 61% of the total forage grass. The total yield of forage grass in the control land without the additional sowing of oat is 70.7 kg/mu. The total yield of natural grasslands of the supplemented oat grass is 220.3 kg/mu, and the yield is increased by 3.1 times compared with the grasslands without the supplemented oat grass, so that the method has remarkable yield increasing effect.
Example 2
In 2023, the same test land and control land as in experimental example 1 were selected, and example 2 differs from example 1 in that, referring to fig. 2, in the test land, the sowing direction 2 of the second year is perpendicular to the sowing direction 1 of the first year, and other works are the same as the first year.
Grass yield was measured at 2023, 8 and 30 and compared to the control land without the supplementation, see table 2.
TABLE 2
As shown in the table, the yield of the hay of the oat grass in the test land reaches 150.4 kg/mu, the yield of the forage grass in the natural grassland is 82.3 kg/mu after the produced oat grass is removed, and the yield of the oat grass accounts for 64.6% of the total forage grass. The total yield of forage grass in the control land without the additional sowing of oat is 76.4 kg/mu. The total yield of the natural grassland of the supplemented oat grass is 232.7 kg/mu, and the yield is increased by 3 times compared with the grassland without the supplemented oat grass, thereby having remarkable yield increasing effect. Compared with the first year, the natural forage grass yield of the test land is basically unaffected in the second year, the method has less damage to the native vegetation of the natural grassland, and the forage grass yield is still better in the second year.
Finally, it should be noted that the above description is only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and not for limiting the scope of the present invention, and that the simple modification and equivalent substitution of the technical solution of the present invention can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. The low-disturbance quick production method of the feeding oat suitable for the natural grasslands is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Optionally: selecting a natural grassland with natural precipitation more than 300mm, soil organic matter content more than 1.5%, soil layer depth more than 30cm and flat topography;
(2) Variety selection: selecting short-period oat varieties with the growth period of 65-70 days;
(3) Sowing: sowing for 6 months 15-6 months 30 days by adopting a no-tillage supplementary sowing technology 3-4 days before rain according to weather forecast, wherein the sowing mode is drill sowing, cutting a 1cm kerf on the grassland by using a low-disturbance disc cutter, the kerf depth is 2-3cm, uniformly mixing fertilizer diammonium phosphate and oat seeds according to the weight ratio of 2:1, sowing the mixture into the kerf for one time, and compacting the mixture by using a compacting machine after sowing, wherein the compacting width is 3-5cm; the sowing row spacing is 30-40cm; the sowing quantity of oat seeds is 8-10 kg/mu;
(4) Topdressing: according to weather forecast, topdressing 8-10 kg/mu is adopted in rainfall days;
(5) Harvesting; according to the growth condition of the pasture, the oat is harvested together with the natural grassland original pasture in the heading period of 8 months, 20 days, 8 months and 30 days.
2. The method for low-disturbance rapid production of forage oats suitable for natural grasslands according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (5), the oat and natural grassland original pasture are dried for 3-4 days after being harvested, and the moisture content of the forage grass is lower than 14 percent for bundling.
3. The method for low-disturbance rapid production of forage oats suitable for natural grasslands according to claim 2, wherein: oat planting management in the next year: the sowing direction of the second year is perpendicular to the first year, and other measures are the same as the first year.
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| CN113016521A (en) * | 2021-03-12 | 2021-06-25 | 内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院 | Method for planting oat for feeding on northern foot of mountain |
| CN113519361A (en) * | 2021-07-15 | 2021-10-22 | 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所 | Oat planting method for improving crude protein content in Tibet plateau area |
| CN116138117A (en) * | 2022-12-26 | 2023-05-23 | 中国农业科学院草原研究所 | Cultivation method of oat forage grass |
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