CN116987217A - 聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法、聚丙烯酰胺及应用 - Google Patents
聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法、聚丙烯酰胺及应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法、聚丙烯酰胺及应用,聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法,包括:单体生产技术:丙烯酰胺单体的生产时以丙烯腈为原料,在催化剂作用下水合生成丙烯酰胺单体的粗产品,经闪蒸、精制后得精丙烯酰胺单体,此单体即为聚丙烯酰胺的生产原料;聚合技术:以丙烯酰胺水溶液为原料,在引发剂的作用下,进行聚合反应,在反应完成后生成的聚丙烯酰胺胶块经切切割、造粒、干燥、粉碎,最终制得聚丙烯酰胺产品。通过本方法制备的聚丙烯酰胺广泛应用于污水处理、油田开采、造纸技术、医学等领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及化工技术领域,更具体的说是涉及聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法、聚丙烯酰胺及应用。
背景技术
聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是丙烯酰胺均聚物或与其他单体共聚而得聚合物的统称,是水溶性高分子中应用最广泛的品种之一。由于聚丙烯酰胺结构单元中含有酰胺基、易形成氢键、使其具有良好的水溶性和很高的化学活性,易通过接枝或交联得到支链或网状结构的多种改性物,在石油开采、水处理、纺织、造纸、选矿、医药、农业等行业中具有广泛的应用,有“百业助剂”之称。国外主要应用领域为水处理、造纸、矿山、冶金等;国内目前用量最大的是采油领域,用量增长最快的是水处理领域和造纸领域。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明提供了一种聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法、聚丙烯酰胺及应用。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法,包括:
单体生产技术:丙烯酰胺单体的生产时以丙烯腈为原料,在催化剂作用下水合生成丙烯酰胺单体的粗产品,经闪蒸、精制后得精丙烯酰胺单体,此单体即为聚丙烯酰胺的生产原料;聚合技术:以丙烯酰胺水溶液为原料,在引发剂的作用下,进行聚合反应,在反应完成后生成的聚丙烯酰胺胶块经切切割、造粒、干燥、粉碎,最终制得聚丙烯酰胺产品。
进一步地,所述引发剂包括:无机引发剂、有机引发剂和无机—有机混合体三种类型。
进一步地,所述聚合技术为反向悬浮聚合法。
进一步地,采用强烈搅拌将单体或单体混合物分散在介质(介质为有机溶剂)中,成为细小颗粒再进行单体、引发剂、有机溶剂和分散稳定剂的聚合,当聚合完成后,经过沸脱水、分离、干燥可以得到微粒状产品。
一种聚丙烯酰胺,采用上述聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法制备所得。
一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,采用上述聚丙烯酰胺作为污水处理中的助凝剂。
一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,采用上述聚丙烯酰胺作为油田开采中的油田化学处理剂。
一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,采用上述聚丙烯酰胺作为造纸技术中的助留剂、助滤剂、均度剂。
一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,采用上述聚丙烯酰胺作为非凝血酶原粒化剂。
本发明的有益技术效果在具体实施方式中体现。
具体实施方式
现在对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
聚丙烯酰胺是由丙烯酰胺(AM)单体经自由基引发聚合而成的水溶性线性高分子聚合物,具有良好的絮凝性,可以降低液体之间的摩擦阻力,按离子特性分可分为非离子、阴离子、阳离子和两性型四种类型。聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)不溶于大多数有机溶剂,如甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、***、脂肪烃和芳香烃,有少数极性有机溶剂除外,如乙酸、丙烯酸、氯乙酸、乙二醇、甘油、熔融尿素和甲酰胺。但这些有机溶剂的溶解性有限,往往需要加热,否则无多大应用价值。能以任意比例溶于水,水溶液为均匀透明的液体。分子量的大小对溶解度影响很小,但当溶液浓度高于10%时,对于高分子量的聚合物因分子间氢原子的键合作用,可呈现出类似凝胶状的结构。高分子量溶液为假塑性流体。
在适宜的低浓度下,聚丙烯酰胺溶液可视为网状结构,链间机械的缠结和氢键共同形成网状节点;浓度较高时,由于溶液含有许多链一链接触点,使得PAM溶液呈凝胶状。PAM水溶液与许多能和水互溶的有机物有很好的相容性,对电解质有很好的相容性,对氯化铵、硫酸钙、硫酸铜、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠、硼酸钠、硝酸钠、磷酸钠、硫酸钠、氯化锌、硼酸及磷酸等物质不敏感。
聚丙烯酰胺为白色粉末或者小颗粒状物,密度为1.302g/cm3(23℃),玻璃化温度为153℃,软化温度210℃,一般方法干燥时含有少量的水,干时又会很快从环境中吸取水分,用冷冻干燥法分离的均聚物是白色松软的非结晶固体,但是当从溶液中沉淀并干燥后则为玻璃状部分透明的固体,完全干燥的聚丙烯酰胺PAM是脆性的白色固体,商品聚丙烯酰胺通常是在适度的条件下干燥的,一般含水量为5%~15%,浇铸在玻璃板上制备的高分子膜,则是透明、坚硬、易碎的固体。
在缺氧条件下,加热至210℃因失水而减重;继续加热到210~300℃时酰胺基分解生成氨和水;当温度升至500℃时则形成只有原重量40%的黑色薄片。
聚丙烯酰胺生产步骤一共两步:
单体生产技术:丙烯酰胺单体的生产时以丙烯腈为原料,在催化剂作用下水合生成丙烯酰胺单体的粗产品,经闪蒸、精制后得精丙烯酰胺单体,此单体即为聚丙烯酰胺的生产原料。
丙烯腈+(水催化剂/水)→合→丙烯酰胺粗品→闪蒸→精制→精丙烯酰胺。
按催化剂的发展历史来分,单体技术已经历了三代:
第一代为硫酸催化水合技术,此技术的缺点是丙烯腈转化率低,丙稀酰胺产品收率低、副产品低,给精制带来很大负担,此外由于催化剂硫酸的强腐蚀性,使设备造价高,增加了生产成本;第二代为二元或三元骨架铜催化生产技术,该技术的缺点是在最终产品中引入了影响聚合的金属铜离子,从而增加了后处理精制的成本;第三代为微生物腈水合酶催化生产技术,此技术反应条件温和,常温常压下进行,具有高选择性、高收率和高活性的特点,丙烯腈的转化率可达到100%,反应完全,无副产物和杂质。产品丙烯酰胺中不含金属铜离子,不需进行离子交换来出去生产过程中所产生的铜离子,简化了工艺流程,此外,气相色谱分析表明丙烯酰胺产品中几乎不含游离的丙烯腈,具有高纯性,特别适合制备超高相对分子质量的聚丙烯酰胺及食品工业所需的无毒聚丙烯酰胺。
微生物催化丙烯酰胺单体生产技术,首先由日本在1985年建立了6000t/a的丙烯酰胺装置,其后俄罗斯也掌握了此项技术,20世纪90年代时日本和俄罗斯相继建立了万吨级微生物催化丙烯酰胺装置。我国是继日本、俄罗斯之后,世界上第三个拥有此技术的国家。微生物催化剂活性为2857国际生化单位,已经达到了国际水平。我国微生物催化丙烯酰胺单体生产技术是由上海市农药所经过“七五”“八五”和“九五”等3个五年计划开发完成的,微生物催化剂腈水合酶是在1990年筛选出的,是由泰山山脚土壤中分离出163菌株和无锡土壤中分离出145菌株,经种子培养得到的腈水合酶,代号为Norcardia-163。该技术现已在江苏如皋、江西南昌、胜利油田及河北万全先后投产,质量上乘,达到了生产超高相对分子质量聚丙烯酰胺的质量指标。标志着我国微生物催化丙烯酰胺技术已经达到了国际先进水平。
聚合技术:聚丙烯酰胺生产是以丙烯酰胺水溶液为原料,在引发剂的作用下,进行聚合反应,在反应完成后生成的聚丙烯酰胺胶块经切切割、造粒、干燥、粉碎,最终制得聚丙烯酰胺产品。关键工艺是聚合反应,在其后的处理过程中要注意机械降温、热降解和交联,从而保证聚丙烯酰胺的相对分子质量和水溶解性。
丙烯酰胺+水(引发剂/聚合)→聚丙烯酰胺胶块→造粒→干燥→粉碎→聚丙烯酰胺产品
我国聚丙烯酰胺生产技术大概也经历了3个阶段:
第一阶段是最早采用盘式聚合,即将混合好的聚合反应液放在不锈钢盘中,再将这些不锈钢盘推至保温烘房中,聚合数小时后,从烘房中推出,用铡刀把聚丙烯酰胺切成条状,进绞肉机造粒,烘房干燥,粉碎制得成品。这种工艺完全是手工作坊式。
第二阶段是采用捏合机,即将混合好的聚合反应液放在捏合机中加热,聚合开始后,开始捏合机,一边聚合一边捏合,聚合完后,造粒也基本完成,倒出物料经干燥、粉碎得成品。
第三阶段是,20世纪80年代后期,开发了锥形釜聚合工艺,由核工业部五所在江苏江都化工厂试车成功。该工艺在锥形釜下部带有造料旋转刀,聚合物在压出的同时,即成粒状,经转鼓干燥机干燥,粉碎得产品。
为了避免聚丙烯酰胺胶块黏附在聚合釜釜壁上,有的技术采用氟或硅的高分子化合物涂覆在聚合釜的内壁上,但此涂覆层在上产过程中易脱落而污染聚丙烯酰胺产品。
也有可旋转的锥形釜,聚合反应完成后,聚合釜倒转将聚丙烯酰胺胶块倒出、造粒方式(有机械造粒、切割造粒,也有湿式造粒即分散液中造粒)、干燥方式(有采用穿流回转干燥,也有用振动流化床干燥)及粉碎方式。这些不同中有些是设备质量上有差异,有些是采用的具体方式上的油差异,但总的来看,聚合技术趋向于固定锥形釜聚合,振动流化床干燥技术。
聚丙烯酰胺生产技术除了上述的单元操作外,在工艺配方上还有较明显的差别,引发就有前加碱共水解工艺和后加碱后水解工艺之分,两种方法各有利弊,前加碱共水解工艺过程简单,但存在水解传热易产生交联和相对分子质量损失大的问题,后加碱后水解虽然工艺过程增加了,但水解均匀不易产生交联,对产品相对分子质量损失也不大。
进一步地,所述引发剂包括:无机引发剂、有机引发剂和无机—有机混合体三种类型。
(1)过氧化物
过氧化物大致分为无机过氧化物和有机过氧化物。无机过氧化物如过硫酸钾,过硫酸铵、过溴酸钠和过氧化氢等。有机过氧化物如过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化月桂酰和叔丁羟基过氧化物等。它们配用的还原剂有硫酸亚铁、氯化亚铁、偏亚硫酸钠和硫代硫酸钠等。
(2)偶氮化合物类
如偶氮二异丁腈、偶氮双二甲基戊腈、偶氮双氰基戊酸钠和20世纪80年代开发的偶氮脒盐系列,如偶氮N-取代脒丙烷盐酸盐是一类竞相开发的产品,它们的加入浓度为万分之0.005-1,催化效率很高,有助于生产相对分子质量高的产品,且溶于水,便于使用。
反相悬浮聚合法:聚丙烯酰胺是工业上最重要的有机高分子絮凝剂之一,在工业上通常采用水溶液法,反向悬浮聚合法来生产聚丙烯酰胺。下面来介绍一下反向悬浮聚合法生产聚丙烯酰胺的工艺。
进一步地,所述聚合技术可以为反向悬浮聚合法。
反向悬浮聚合法是制作聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)微球的如今使用最广泛、技术相对成熟的方法。采用强烈搅拌将单体或单体混合物分散在介质(介质为有机溶剂)中,成为细小颗粒再进行单体、引发剂、有机溶剂和分散稳定剂的聚合。当聚合完成后,经过沸脱水、分离、干燥可以得到微粒状产品。反向悬浮聚合法得到的产品,固体质量分数>90%,聚合率>95%,单体残留量<0.5%,产品粒径在10-500微米之间,产品的水溶性良好。
该方法因为工艺简单,操作控制方便,聚合热易于去除,聚合物易于分离、洗涤、干燥,产品纯净、均匀、稳定,容易实现工业化。但是反向悬浮聚合法在工业生产中也存在着问题,首先受搅拌转速的影响很大,容易聚结,发生凝胶,共沸时体系不稳定,出水时间长等缺点。还有出品粒径分布较宽,大量的有机溶剂使用,生产操作的安全,聚合成本太高等一系列原因导致反向悬浮聚合法在很少在国内用于生产聚丙烯酰胺。
在制备聚丙烯酰胺时,有以下影响因素:
聚丙烯酰胺溶液的粘度主要反映了液体分子之间因流动或相对运动所产生的内摩擦阻力。内摩擦阻力与聚合物的结构、溶剂的性质、溶液的浓度及温度和压力等因素有关,它的数值越大,表明溶液的粘度越大。
1、温度对聚丙烯酰胺粘度的影响
温度是分子无规则热运动激烈程度的反映,分子的运动必须克服分子间的相互作用力,而分子间的相互作用,如分子间氢键、内摩擦、扩散、分子链取向、缠结等,直接影响粘度的大小,故高聚物溶液的粘度会随温度发生变化。温度改变对高聚物溶液粘度的影响是显著的。聚丙烯酰胺溶液的粘度随温度的升高而降低,其原因是高分子溶液的分散相粒子彼此纠缠形成网状结构的聚合体,温度越高时,网状结构越容易破坏,故其粘度下降。
2、水解时间对聚丙烯酰胺粘度的影响
聚丙烯酰胺溶液粘度随水解时间的延长而改变,水解时间短,粘度较小,这可能是由于高聚物还来不及形成网状结构所致;水解时间过长,粘度下降,这是聚丙烯酰胺在溶液中结构发生松解所致。部分水解聚丙烯酰胺溶于水后离解成带负电荷的大分子,分子间静电排斥作用以及同一分子上不同链节之间的阴离子排斥力导致分子在溶液中伸展并能使分子之间相互缠绕,这就是部分水解聚丙烯酰胺能使其溶液粘度明显增加的原因。
3、矿化度对聚丙烯酰胺粘度的影响
聚丙烯酰胺分子链中阳离子基团相对于阴离子基团数目较多,净电荷较多,极性较大,而H2O是极性分子,根据相似相溶原理,聚合物水溶性较好,特性黏度较大;随着矿物质含量的增加,正的静电荷部分被阴离子包围形成离子氛,从而与周围正的静电荷结合,聚合物溶液极性减小,黏度减小;矿物质浓度继续增加,正、负离子基团形成分子内或分子间氢键的缔合作用(导致聚合物在水中的溶解性下降),同时加入的盐离子通过屏蔽正、负电荷,拆散正、负离子间缔合而使已形成的盐键受到破坏(导致聚合物在水中的溶解性增大),这两种作用相互竞争,使得聚合物溶液在较高的盐浓度(>0.06mol/L)下粘度保持较小。
4、分子量对聚丙烯酰胺粘度的影响
聚丙烯酰胺溶液的粘度随高聚物分子量的增大而增大,这是由于高分子溶液的粘度由分子运动时分子间的相互作用产生。当聚合物相对分子质量约为106时,高分子线团开始相互渗透,足以影响对光的散射。含量稍高时机械缠结足以影响粘度。含量相当低时,聚合物溶液可视为网状结构,链间机械缠结和氢键共同形成网的节点。含量较高时,溶液含有许多链-链接触点,使高聚物溶液呈凝胶状。因此,高聚物相对分子质量越大,分子间越易形成链缠结,溶液的粘度越大。
通过上述方案制备的聚丙烯酰胺具有以下特性:
1、絮凝性:PAM能使悬浮物质通过电中和,架桥吸附作用,起絮凝作用。
2、粘合性:能通过机械的、物理的、化学的作用,起粘合作用。
3、降阻性:PAM能有效地降低流体的摩擦阻力,水中加入微量PAM就能降阻50-80%。
4、增稠性:PAM在中性和酸条件下均有增稠作用,当PH值在10以上PAM易水解。呈半网状结构时,增稠将更明显。
聚丙烯酰胺的使用要遵循如下原则:
1、颗粒状聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂不能直接投加到污水中。使用前必须先将它溶解于水,用其水溶液去处理污水。
2、溶解颗粒状聚合物的水应该是干净(如自来水),不能是污水。常温的水即可,一般不需要加温。水温低于5℃时溶解很慢。水温提高溶解速度加快,但40℃以上会使聚合物加快降解,影响使用效果。一般自来水都适合于配制聚合物溶液。强酸、强碱、高含盐的水不适于用来配制。
3、聚合物溶液浓度的选择,建议为0.1%-0.3%,即1升水中加1g-3g聚合物粉剂。
阳离子聚丙烯酰胺使用注意事项
1、絮团的大小:絮团太小会影响排水的速度,絮团太大会使絮团约束较多水而降低泥饼干度。经过选择聚丙烯酰胺的分子量能够调整絮团的大小。
2、污泥特性:第一点理解污泥的来源,特性以及成分,所占比重。依据性质的不同,污泥可分为有机和无机污泥两种。阳离子聚丙烯酰胺用于处置有机污泥,相对的阴离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂用于无机污泥,碱性很强时用阴离子聚丙烯酰胺,而酸性很强时不宜用阴离子聚丙烯酰胺,固体含量高时污泥通常聚丙烯酰胺的用量也大。
3、絮团强度:絮团在剪切作用下应坚持稳定而不破碎。进步聚丙烯酰胺分子量或者选择适宜的分子构造有助于进步絮团稳定性。
4、聚丙烯酰胺的离子度:针对脱水的污泥,可用不同离子度的絮凝剂经过先做小试进行挑选,选出最佳适宜的聚丙烯酰胺,这样即能够获得最佳絮凝剂效果,又可使加药量最少,节约本钱。
5、聚丙烯酰胺的溶解:溶解良好才能充分发挥絮凝作用。有时需求加快溶解速度,这时可思索进步聚丙烯酰胺溶液的浓度。
其实在平时处理污水的时候,有些污水,使用单一的一种絮凝剂是达不到效果的,必须两种结合使用,在使用无机絮凝剂PAC和聚丙烯酰胺复合絮凝剂处理污水会达到更好的效果,但是添加药剂的时候要注意顺序,顺序不正确,也是达不到效果.
聚丙烯酰胺和其它絮凝剂混合使用添加的顺序方法:
在使用复合絮凝剂的时候必须注意添加的先后顺序和投加时间间隔。PAC与PAM联合使用就是让PAC先完成中和电荷/胶体脱稳形成细小絮体之后,进一步加大絮体体积有利于充分沉淀。由于聚合氯化铝PAC反应时间很短,所以加入后需要强烈的混合,PAM作用时间要长,混合注意先强后弱——先强是为了混合均匀后弱是为了避免破坏絮体。聚丙烯酰胺属于絮凝剂,聚合氯化铝属于混凝剂,一般情况下是先加混凝剂再加聚丙烯酰胺,但为了保险起见,还是建议大家通过实验效果来确定添加的顺序。加药点、加药量、加药时间以及混合强度需要实验确定,切记千万不能把他们两种药剂放在一起使用,否则会影响效果,增大使用成本。
聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂失效的判断方法:
经常遇到很多污水处理厂,特别是南方地区,由于气候潮湿,一些污水厂的聚丙烯酰胺因堆放久了或者是包装口没有扎紧导致吸潮结块,针对聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂结块情况,很多人有疑问,是不是失效了,还可不可以再用,其实像这种情况只要你能把它溶开,水溶液有粘度,是没有失效,但结块后的聚丙烯酰胺是很难溶解开的,其实也意味着资源的浪费。实不同种类的聚丙烯酰胺的保质期是有很大的区别的,这个和其结构有关联,相对来说阴离子聚丙烯酰胺的有效期时间要长点,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺一般我们国家规定保质期为1年。超出这个期限,均视为超过保质期。就有失效的风险,聚丙烯酰胺失效可以从两个方面来判断,一个是粘度降低,二是絮凝效果变差。
一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,所述的聚丙烯酰胺作为污水处理中的助凝剂。
水处理领域
水处理包括原水处理、污水处理和工业水处理等。在原水处理中与活性炭等配合使用,可用于生活水中悬浮颗粒的凝聚、澄清。用有机絮凝剂丙烯酰胺代替无机絮凝剂,即使不改造沉降池,净水能力也可提高20%以上;在污水处理中,采用聚丙烯酰胺可以增加水回用循环的使用率,还可用作污泥脱水;工业水处理中用作一种重要的配方药剂。聚丙烯酰胺在国外应用最大的领域是水处理,国内在此领域的应用正在推广。聚丙烯酰胺在水处理中的主要作用:
(1)减少絮凝剂的用量。在达到同等水质的前提下,聚丙烯酰胺作为助凝剂与其它絮凝剂配合使用,可以大大降低絮凝剂的使用量;(2)改善水质。在饮用水处理与工业废水处理中,聚丙烯酰胺与无机絮凝剂配合使用,可明显改善水质;(3)提高絮体强度与沉降速度。聚丙烯酰胺形成的絮体强度高,沉降性能好,从而提高固液分离速度,有利于污泥脱水;(4)循环冷却***的防腐与防垢。聚丙烯酰胺的使用可大大减少无机絮凝剂的用量,从而避免无机物质在设备表面的沉积,减缓设备的腐蚀与结垢。
一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,所述的聚丙烯酰胺作为油田开采中的油田化学处理剂。
聚丙烯酰胺是一类多功能的油田化学处理剂,广泛用于石油开采的钻井、固井、完井、修井、压裂、酸化、注水、堵水调剖、三次采油作业过程中,特别是在钻井、堵水调剖和三次采油领域。聚丙烯酰胺水溶液具有较高的粘度,有较好的增稠、絮凝和流变调节作用,在石油开采中用作驱油剂和钻井泥浆调节剂。在石油开采的中后期,为提高原油采收率,我国目前主要推广聚合物驱油和三元复合驱油技术。通过注入聚丙烯酰胺水溶液,改善油水流速比,使采出物中原油含量提高。在三次采油中加入聚丙烯酰胺,可增加驱油能力,避免击穿油层,提高油床开采收率。中国石油工业是聚丙烯酰胺的最大用户,聚丙烯酰胺的科技进步促进了中国石油工业的发展,石油工业的需求又加速了聚丙烯酰胺的科技创新步伐与行业的发展。
一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,所述的聚丙烯酰胺作为造纸技术中的助留剂、助滤剂、均度剂。
聚丙烯酰胺在造纸领域广泛用作助留剂、助滤剂、均度剂等以提高纸张的质量、料浆脱水性能、细小纤维及填料的留着率,减少原材料消耗及对环境的污染,用作分散剂,可改善纸的均匀度。聚丙烯酰胺在造纸工业中主要应用在两个方面,一是提高填料、颜料等的存留率以降低原材料的流失和对环境的污染;二是提高纸张的强度。在纸料中加入聚丙烯酰胺,能提高细小纤维和填料粒子在网上的留着率,加速纸料的脱水。聚丙烯酰胺的作用机理是浆料中的颗粒靠电中和或架桥而絮凝得以在滤布上保留下来。絮块的形成也能使浆料中的水更易滤出,减少了纤维在白水中的流失量,减少环境污染,又有利于提高过滤和沉淀等设备的效率。
一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,所述的聚丙烯酰胺作为非凝血酶原粒化剂。
聚丙烯酰胺凝胶可用作非凝血酶原粒化剂,外科,隐形眼镜原料,微胶囊的外层包复料,并用作制造高质量的止血拴,妇女卫生巾及小儿尿布等。粒度几百微米到几十微米的聚丙烯酰胺可用于色谱填料(例如凝胶色谱柱填料)),可有效地分离细胞色素等球形蛋白质。并能进一步对蛋白质脱盐、浓缩等。聚丙烯酰胺树脂经Mannich反应,在酰胺基侧链上经亚甲基桥引入L-脯氨酸或L-羟脯氨酸,在与铜离子配位,得到手性配体树脂,它对一系列DL-氨基酸进行有效拆分。经Hofmann降解得到的聚乙烯胺树脂上手性氨基酸再与铜离子络合,作为配体交换色谱的固定相,可对一系列氨基酸进行拆分,对芳香氨基酸的拆分效果尤佳,由于骨架的亲水性较强,大大缩短了拆分时间。
另外,聚丙烯酰胺还可以应用在其他领域。
食品行业,用于甘蔗糖、甜菜糖生产中蔗汁澄清及糖浆磷浮法提取。酶制剂发酵液絮凝澄清工业,还用于饲料蛋白的回收、质量稳定、性能好,回收的蛋白粉对鸡的成活率提高和增重、产蛋无不良影响,合成树脂涂料,土建灌浆材料堵水,建材工业、提高水泥质量、建筑业胶粘剂,填缝修复及堵水剂,土壤改良、电镀工业、印染工业等。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。
Claims (9)
1.聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于:包括:
单体生产技术:丙烯酰胺单体的生产时以丙烯腈为原料,在催化剂作用下水合生成丙烯酰胺单体的粗产品,经闪蒸、精制后得精丙烯酰胺单体,此单体即为聚丙烯酰胺的生产原料;聚合技术:以丙烯酰胺水溶液为原料,在引发剂的作用下,进行聚合反应,在反应完成后生成的聚丙烯酰胺胶块经切切割、造粒、干燥、粉碎,最终制得聚丙烯酰胺产品。
2.根据权利要求1所述的聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于:所述引发剂包括:无机引发剂、有机引发剂和无机—有机混合体三种类型。
3.根据权利要求1所述的聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于:所述聚合技术为反向悬浮聚合法。
4.根据权利要求3所述的聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于:采用强烈搅拌将单体或单体混合物分散在介质(介质为有机溶剂)中,成为细小颗粒再进行单体、引发剂、有机溶剂和分散稳定剂的聚合,当聚合完成后,经过沸脱水、分离、干燥可以得到微粒状产品。
5.一种聚丙烯酰胺,其特征在于:根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的聚丙烯酰胺的制备方法制备所得。
6.一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,其特征在于:采用权利要求5所述的聚丙烯酰胺作为污水处理中的助凝剂。
7.一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,其特征在于:采用权利要求5所述的聚丙烯酰胺作为油田开采中的油田化学处理剂。
8.一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,其特征在于:采用权利要求5所述的聚丙烯酰胺作为造纸技术中的助留剂、助滤剂、均度剂。
9.一种聚丙烯酰胺的应用,其特征在于:采用权利要求5所述的聚丙烯酰胺作为非凝血酶原粒化剂。
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