CN116514558A - Ceramic room temperature flash firing system and method - Google Patents
Ceramic room temperature flash firing system and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN116514558A CN116514558A CN202310474860.8A CN202310474860A CN116514558A CN 116514558 A CN116514558 A CN 116514558A CN 202310474860 A CN202310474860 A CN 202310474860A CN 116514558 A CN116514558 A CN 116514558A
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K13/00—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/64—Burning or sintering processes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
Abstract
The invention discloses a ceramic room temperature flashing system and a method, wherein the flashing system comprises a power module, a switch module, a measuring module, a control module and a sample module, wherein the power module is connected to the sample module through the switch module, the measuring module is used for monitoring parameters of a sample in the sample module, and the control module receives the parameters monitored by the measuring module and further controls the switch module. The control module can realize orderly conduction of the first switch and the second switch, so that the first power supply or the second power supply in the power supply module is applied to the test article step by step, and room temperature flash of the test article is completed. According to the invention, through the use of the combined power supply and the step-by-step flash method, the power supply parameter requirements of ceramic flash are greatly reduced, and the room temperature flash of a ceramic sample is effectively realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ceramic sintering, and relates to a flash firing system and a flash firing method.
Background
The ceramic flash sintering technology is a ceramic sintering technology which is emerging in recent years, belongs to a field sintering technology, and has the advantages of high sintering speed, high controllability, low energy efficiency and the like. At present, the technology has been successfully applied to the sintering of various ceramics such as pressure sensitive ceramics, piezoceramics and the like, and has wide application prospect.
At present, a power supply used for ceramic flash firing needs to output high voltage to excite a porous air gap in the ceramic to generate discharge, and needs to output high current to ensure that grains of the ceramic are grown by utilizing the action of Joule heat in the later sintering process. Therefore, the conventional flash power supply has the characteristics of high voltage and high current output, and is a special power supply with extremely high power parameter requirements. When the ceramic material needs to be flash-burned at room temperature, higher requirements are put on the power parameters, and the conventional power supply is difficult to meet the requirements. The requirement of the power supply parameter is difficult to meet, and the further development, popularization and application of the ceramic flash burning technology are greatly limited.
The above information disclosed in the background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the problems, the inventor conducted intensive researches on a flash system and researches on a ceramic room temperature flash system and a method, wherein the flash system comprises a power module, a switch module, a measurement module, a control module and a sample module, the power module is connected to the sample module through the switch module, the measurement module is used for monitoring parameters of a sample in the sample module, and the control module receives the parameters monitored by the measurement module and further controls the switch module. The control module can realize orderly conduction of the first switch and the second switch, so that the first power supply or the second power supply in the power supply module is applied to the test article step by step, and room temperature flash of the test article is completed. The invention greatly reduces the power parameter requirements of ceramic flash by using a combined power supply and a step-by-step flash method, and effectively realizes the room temperature flash of ceramic samples, thereby completing the invention.
In particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide the following aspects:
in a first aspect, a ceramic room temperature flash firing system is provided, the system includes a power module and a sample module, the sample module is used for storing a ceramic sample, and the power module is excited step by step to perform room temperature flash firing on the ceramic sample, so that the flash firing is realized.
Optionally, the system further comprises a switch module, the switch module comprises a first switch and a second switch, the power module comprises a first power supply and a second power supply, the first switch is connected with the first power supply in series to form a first circuit, and the second switch is connected with the second power supply in series to form a second circuit.
Optionally, the first circuit and the second circuit are connected in parallel.
Alternatively, the voltage of the first power source or the voltage of the second power source is applied to the ceramic sample in the sample module (5) by closing the first switch or the second switch.
Optionally, a common terminal is formed between the first circuit and the second circuit, and the common terminal is connected to one end of the sample module.
Optionally, the system further comprises a measurement module for monitoring parameters of the ceramic test article in the test article module, the parameters including temperature, current and voltage.
Optionally, the measurement module includes a temperature measurement unit for monitoring the surface temperature of the test article, a current measurement unit for monitoring the current flowing through the test article, and a voltage measurement unit for monitoring the voltage applied to the test article by the power supply module.
Optionally, the system further comprises a control module, wherein the control module is used for receiving the parameters monitored by the measurement module and further controlling the switch module.
In a second aspect, a ceramic room temperature flash firing method is implemented by the system of the first aspect.
Optionally, the method comprises:
step 1, closing a first switch, regulating the voltage of a first power supply, and respectively monitoring the voltage, current and temperature of a sample in a sample module through a temperature measuring unit, a current measuring unit and a voltage measuring unit;
step 2, when the control module judges that the test article is in the critical state of impedance change according to the voltage, the current and the temperature, the second switch is closed, the first switch is opened, the current of the second power supply is regulated, and the voltage, the current and the temperature of the test article in the test article module are monitored respectively through the temperature measuring unit, the current measuring unit and the voltage measuring unit;
and step 3, the control module judges that the second switch is disconnected when the test sample is subjected to flash firing according to the voltage, the current and the temperature, and the flash firing is completed.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the room-temperature ceramic flashing system, the first power supply and the second power supply are combined to realize ceramic flashing at room temperature, so that the parameter requirements on required power supplies are greatly reduced.
Drawings
Various other advantages and benefits of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. It is evident that the figures described below are only some embodiments of the invention, from which other figures can be obtained without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic structural diagram of a ceramic room temperature flash system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a flash firing method of a ceramic room temperature flash firing system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to fig. 1 to 2. While specific embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the invention may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
It should be noted that certain terms are used throughout the description and claims to refer to particular components. Those of skill in the art will understand that a person may refer to the same component by different names. The description and claims do not identify differences in terms of components, but rather differences in terms of the functionality of the components. As used throughout the specification and claims, the terms "include" and "comprise" are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean "include, but not limited to. The description hereinafter sets forth a preferred embodiment for practicing the invention, but is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as the description proceeds with reference to the general principles of the description. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
For the purpose of facilitating an understanding of the embodiments of the present invention, reference will now be made to the drawings, by way of example, and specific examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
According to a first aspect, the ceramic room temperature flash firing system provided by the invention comprises a power module, a switch module, a measurement module, a control module 9 and a test article module 5, wherein the power module is connected to the test article module 5 through the switch module, the measurement module is used for monitoring parameters of a test article in the test article module 5, and the control module 9 receives the parameters monitored by the measurement module and further controls the switch module.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, the power supply module includes a first power supply 1 and a second power supply 2, the switch module includes a first switch 3 and a second switch 4, the first switch 3 is connected in series with the first power supply 1 to form a first circuit, the second switch 4 is connected in series with the second power supply 2 to form a second circuit, and the first circuit and the second circuit are connected in parallel.
Further, the ceramic sample is subjected to room temperature flash by exciting the power supply module step by step, so that the flash is realized, and the step excitation can be understood as follows: applying the voltage of the first power supply 1 or the voltage of the second power supply 2 to a ceramic sample in the sample module to perform room temperature flash on the ceramic sample, thereby realizing the flash; more specifically, by closing the first switch 3 or the second switch 4, the voltage of the first power source 1 or the voltage of the second power source 2 is applied to the ceramic sample in the sample module to perform room temperature flash firing on the ceramic sample, thereby achieving the flash firing.
In the invention, the first power supply 1 is an alternating current power supply and has adjustable output voltage, and the second power supply 2 is a direct current power supply and has adjustable output current; the first switch 3 and the second switch 4 are controllable switches, and can be closed and/or opened in a wireless mode and/or a wired mode.
According to the invention, the first power supply 1 has the characteristics of high voltage and low current, the maximum output voltage is (40-60) kV, and the maximum output current is (0.05-0.1) A; the second power supply 2 has the characteristics of low voltage and high current, the maximum output voltage is (300-500) V, and the maximum output current is (3.5-4) A; for example, the maximum output voltage of the first power supply 1 is 50kV, and the maximum output current is 0.1A; the maximum output voltage of the second power supply 2 is 400V, and the maximum output current is 3.75A.
According to the invention, under the action of the high voltage of the first power supply 1, the electronic activation energy is increased, weak current flows through the inside of the sample, and the temperature is slowly increased; when the temperature reaches the threshold value, the thermal runaway phenomenon of the sample occurs, the conductivity increases rapidly, and at this time, the conductivity of the sample such as a ceramic sample approaches the conductor, and the current flowing through the sample reaches the current limit value of the first power supply 1, that is, the maximum output current value from 0A.
Further, joule heat generated by high current required by room temperature flash firing rapidly densifies ceramics, and because the maximum output current of the first power supply 1 is 0.1A, the output current is insufficient for densifying a sample such as a ceramic sample, but after high-voltage treatment of the first power supply 1, a discharge channel is formed in the sample, and the impedance value of the sample is obviously reduced; then, the sample is connected into the second power supply 2, at the moment, the flash process can be triggered by the low voltage of the second power supply 2, the conductivity of the sample is rapidly increased during the flash process, the sample is rapidly heated by the high current of the second power supply 2 which is subsequently introduced into the sample, and the sample is rapidly contracted and densified under the action of the heating rate and the Joule heat.
By means of the first power supply 1 and the second power supply 2, a low requirement on the power supply capacity is achieved. If a single power supply is used, high voltage (40-60) kV and high current (2-4) A are needed to be provided for flash burning, and the requirements on the power supply capacity or the parameters of the power supply are high. In the present invention, the first circuit and the second circuit are connected in parallel, and form a common terminal, and the common terminal is connected to one end of the sample module 5.
Further, the sample module 5 is used for storing a ceramic sample, and the sample module 5 is a sealed cavity to shield the influence of environmental impurities on the sintering process of the ceramic sample; the sample module 5 can bear the surface flashover voltage, and is provided with a grounding point and an infrared-permeable observation window.
The surface flashover voltage is the maximum voltage of the surface flashover of the sample under the voltage provided by the first power supply 1. For example, the voltage provided by the first power supply 1 is 7kV, and the surface flashover voltage is (7.8-8.2) V.
In the invention, the measuring module comprises a temperature measuring unit 6, a current measuring unit 7 and a voltage measuring unit 8, wherein the temperature measuring unit 6 is used for monitoring the surface temperature of the test article, the current measuring unit 7 is used for monitoring the current flowing through the test article, and the voltage measuring unit 8 is used for monitoring the voltage applied to the test article by the power supply module.
The temperature measuring unit 6 adopts infrared temperature measurement, the surface temperature of the sample is monitored through an infrared-permeable observation window contained in the sample module 5, and one end of the temperature measuring unit 6 is connected to the control module 9;
one end of the current measuring unit 7 is connected to the sample module 5, specifically, one end of the current measuring unit 7 is connected to a grounding point contained in the sample module 5, the other end of the current measuring unit 7 is connected to the control module 9, and the current measuring unit 7 monitors the current flowing through the sample through the rogowski coil or the current divider principle;
the voltage measuring unit 8 is preferably a resistor-capacitor voltage divider, one end of which is connected to a common terminal formed by the first circuit and the second circuit, and the other end of which is connected to the control module 9, and the resistor-capacitor voltage divider is used for monitoring the voltage of the first power supply 1 or the second power supply 2.
According to the invention, the control module 9 receives the surface temperature of the sample, the current flowing through the sample and the voltage of the sample of the measuring module, and outputs a control signal according to the surface temperature of the sample, the current flowing through the sample and the voltage of the sample, so as to control the on or off of the first switch 3 or the second switch 4 in the switch module.
Further, the control module 9 is internally provided with an acquisition module and a data processing module, the acquisition module receives the surface temperature of the sample of the measurement module, the current flowing through the sample and the voltage of the sample, the data processing module obtains the current impedance of the sample according to the current flowing through the sample and the voltage of the sample, judges the impedance and the flash completion state of the sample according to the impedance and the surface temperature of the sample, and then outputs a control signal to the switch module to control the on or off of the first switch 3 or the second switch 4 in the switch module.
In a second aspect, according to the first aspect of the present invention, a method for firing a ceramic room temperature flash system includes:
step 1, closing a first switch 3, regulating the voltage of a first power supply 1, and respectively monitoring the voltage, the current and the temperature of a sample in a sample module 5 through a temperature measuring unit 6, a current measuring unit 7 and a voltage measuring unit 8;
step 2, when the control module 9 judges that the sample is in the critical state of impedance change according to the voltage, the current and the temperature, the second switch 4 is closed, the first switch 3 is opened, the current of the second power supply 2 is regulated, and the voltage, the current and the temperature of the sample in the sample module 5 are monitored respectively through the temperature measuring unit 6, the current measuring unit 7 and the voltage measuring unit 8;
and 3, the control module 9 judges that the second switch 4 is disconnected when the test sample is subjected to flash firing according to the voltage, the current and the temperature, and the flash firing is completed.
According to the invention, the flash-firing is carried out at room temperature, i.e. at room temperature, typically at a temperature of 0-40 ℃, preferably 15-35 ℃, e.g. 25 ℃.
Further, as shown in fig. 1 to 2, the flash firing method specifically includes the following steps:
the control module 9 and the second switch 4 are opened, the first switch 3 is closed, the voltage of the first power supply 1 is regulated, the voltage, the current and the temperature of the test article are monitored through the temperature measuring unit 6, the current measuring unit 7 and the voltage measuring unit 8 respectively, and the control module 9 judges that the test article is in the critical state of impedance change according to the voltage, the current and the temperature.
Further, determining that the sample reaches a critical state at the moment through characteristic parameter mutation, wherein the characteristic parameters comprise current, voltage and temperature: the current monitored by the current measuring unit 7 rises from zero to the current limit value of the first power supply 1, the voltage monitored by the voltage measuring unit 8 drops rapidly from the maximum value, and the temperature monitored by the temperature measuring unit 6 also rises.
Then, the second switch 4 is closed, the first switch 3 is opened, the current of the second power supply 2 is regulated, the voltage, the current and the temperature of the test article are monitored through the temperature measuring unit 6, the current measuring unit 7 and the voltage measuring unit 8 respectively, and the control module 9 obtains the impedance of the test article according to the voltage, the current and the temperature. At this time, when the impedance value of the sample drops rapidly under the action of the voltage, namely, the sign of occurrence of flash, the voltage value at both ends of the sample monitored by the voltage measuring unit 8 drops rapidly, the current value monitored by the current measuring unit 7 rises rapidly, and when the temperature of the sample monitored by the temperature measuring unit 6 reaches the flash temperature, the sample completes flash, and at this time, the sample shrinks rapidly and compactly and emits light as a whole.
Judging the flash completion state of the sample, and when the sample is sintered, turning off the second switch 4 to complete the flash.
The voltage of the first power supply 1 is set to be 0 by adopting a step-up method, and then is gradually increased by 1kV.
According to the invention, the current of the second power supply 2 is gradually increased, and the initial current is set to be 0 and gradually increased by 0.5A.
Normally, when the voltage of the first power supply 1 reaches (6-8) kV, for example, 7kV, the sample reaches a critical state, and at this time, the current monitored by the current measurement unit 7 rapidly rises from 0A to the maximum output current of the first power supply 1, for example, 0.1A; the flash-burning is realized when the current of the second power supply 2 reaches the limit output current, at which time the current monitored by the current measuring unit 7 rapidly rises from 0A to a limit current value, for example 1.4A.
According to the present invention, a limiting current value, that is, a limiting output current to which a current value rapidly rises when a flash occurs, can be obtained according to the cross-sectional area of the sample. For example, the cross-sectional area of the sample is 7.2mm 2 The current density commonly used for room temperature flash is 120-200 mA/mm 2 The output current is limited to 0.864A-1.44A. If the cross-sectional area of the sample increases, the limiting output current also increases.
According to a preferred embodiment, in order to further improve the density of the flash test product obtained after the completion of the flash, the second power supply is turned on again for 300 to 500 seconds after the flash occurs. The density of the flash test product can reach more than 97%, for example 98% through measurement.
Examples
The invention is further described below by means of specific examples, which are however only exemplary and do not constitute any limitation on the scope of protection of the invention.
Example 1
The flash firing was performed with a ceramic room temperature flash firing system as shown in fig. 1. Wherein, the maximum output voltage of the first power supply 1 is 50kV, the maximum output current is 0.1A, and the rated capacity is 5kVA; the maximum output voltage of the second power supply 2 is 400V, the maximum output current is 3.75A, and the rated power is 1500W; the test is a ceramic test product, the ceramic test product is formed by pressing a dog bone mold, electrodes are connected to two ends of the ceramic test product, a sintering area of the ceramic test product is a cuboid, the length of the cuboid is 16mm, the width of the cuboid is 3.6mm, and the height of the cuboid is 2mm.
The control module 9 and the second switch 4 are opened, the first switch 3 is closed, the initial voltage of the first power supply 1 is regulated to be 0V, then a step-up method is adopted, 1kV is increased each time until the voltage is increased to 7kV, the flash burning process is triggered when the surface temperature of the sample is observed through an infrared-permeable observation window contained in the sample module 5 and reaches 110 ℃, the surface temperature of the sample is rapidly increased to 350 ℃, the current monitored by the current measuring unit 7 is increased to 0.1A from 0A, and the voltage at two ends of the sample monitored by the resistor-capacitor voltage divider is reduced to 300V from 7 kV.
At this time, the second switch 4 is closed, the first switch 3 is opened, and the current of the second power supply 2 is regulated, so that the power can be directly supplied because the maximum output voltage of the second power supply 2 is 400V, and the current limiting resistor is connected in series in the loop to limit the output current to 1.4A (if the current is too large, the sample breaks because of the too high temperature). The temperature of the surface of the sample is observed to rise gradually from room temperature through an infrared-permeable observation window contained in the sample module 5, flash is triggered at 170 ℃, the temperature of the surface of the sample rises rapidly to 1112 ℃, the current monitored by the current measuring unit 7 rises from 0 to 1.4A, and the voltage monitored by the resistor-capacitor voltage divider falls from 400V to 37.6V. Under the action of 1.4A current, the test sample is rapidly and compactly contracted and emits light.
After the flash burn happens, the second power source 2400s is switched on again, so that the flash burn test product is ensured to reach higher density, and finally the density of the flash burn test product is measured to reach 98%.
Comparative example
Comparative example 1
The ceramic test article flash firing was completed in a similar manner to example 1, except that: only a high frequency test transformer was used as a power source, the rated capacity of the high frequency transformer was 100kVA, the maximum output voltage was 50kV, and the maximum output current was 2A.
And opening a switch for controlling the high-frequency test transformer, connecting the test sample into the loop, and connecting the test sample into the current limiting resistor in series to protect the high-frequency test transformer and prevent the excessive current at the moment of flash burning. At the beginning, the initial voltage is regulated to be 0V, then a step-up method is adopted, 1kV is added each time, when the voltage is increased to 7kV, the test sample is subjected to flash burning, the voltage is reduced to 600V, the current is increased from zero to 500mA, the test sample is contracted and compacted, the flash burning is completed, the flash burning test sample is obtained, and finally the density of the flash burning test sample is measured to be 96%.
The invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments and illustrative examples. It should be noted, however, that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the present invention and do not limit the scope of the present invention in any way. Various improvements, equivalent substitutions or modifications can be made to the technical content of the present invention and its embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which all fall within the scope of the present invention. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The ceramic room temperature flash firing system is characterized by comprising a power module and a sample module (5), wherein the sample module (5) is used for storing ceramic samples, and the power module is excited step by step to perform room temperature flash firing on the ceramic samples so as to realize the flash firing.
2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a switching module comprising a first switch (3) and a second switch (4), the power module comprising a first power source (1) and a second power source (2), the first switch (3) being connected in series with the first power source (1) forming a first circuit, the second switch (4) being connected in series with the second power source (2) forming a second circuit.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first circuit and the second circuit are connected in parallel.
4. A system according to claim 3, characterized in that the voltage of the first power supply (1) or the voltage of the second power supply (2) is applied to the ceramic sample in the sample module (5) by closing the first switch (3) or the second switch (4).
5. A system according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that a common terminal is formed between the first circuit and the second circuit, said common terminal being connected to one end of the sample module (5).
6. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a measurement module for monitoring parameters of the ceramic test article in the test article module (5), the parameters including temperature, current and voltage.
7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the measurement module comprises a temperature measurement unit (6), a current measurement unit (7) and a voltage measurement unit (8), the temperature measurement unit (6) being adapted to monitor the surface temperature of the test article, the current measurement unit (7) being adapted to monitor the current flowing through the test article, the voltage measurement unit (8) being adapted to monitor the voltage applied to the test article by the power supply module.
8. The system according to claim 7, further comprising a control module (9), the control module (9) being adapted to receive the parameter monitored by the measurement module and to control the switching module.
9. A ceramic room temperature flash firing method, implemented by the system of one of claims 1 to 8.
10. The method according to one of the claims 9, the method comprising:
step 1, closing a first switch (3), regulating the voltage of a first power supply (1), and respectively monitoring the voltage, the current and the temperature of a sample in a sample module (5) through a temperature measuring unit (6), a current measuring unit (7) and a voltage measuring unit (8);
step 2, when the control module (9) judges that the test article is in the critical state of impedance change according to the voltage, the current and the temperature, the second switch (4) is closed, the first switch (3) is opened, the current of the second power supply (2) is regulated, and the voltage, the current and the temperature of the test article in the test article module (5) are monitored respectively through the temperature measuring unit (6), the current measuring unit (7) and the voltage measuring unit (8);
and 3, the control module (9) judges that the second switch (4) is disconnected when the test sample is subjected to flash burning according to the voltage, the current and the temperature, and the flash burning is completed.
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| CN108947542A (en) * | 2018-08-21 | 2018-12-07 | 苏州山人纳米科技有限公司 | The direct flash burning molding method for preparing of ceramic powder stock |
| CN113307624A (en) * | 2021-05-13 | 2021-08-27 | 佛山华骏特瓷科技有限公司 | Method for sintering ceramic at room temperature |
| CN115974560A (en) * | 2022-10-10 | 2023-04-18 | 国网江西省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 | Method for sintering ceramic at room temperature |
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