CN1164642A

CN1164642A - Wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning device

Info

Publication number: CN1164642A
Application number: CN 96104868
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王玉西
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1996-05-06
Filing date: 1996-05-06
Publication date: 1997-11-12

Abstract

The wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning device formed from a transducer mounted on the tyre valve rod, a transmitting circuit connected with the transducer, and a receiving circuit mounted in driver's cab. The transducer consists of base and sealing strip, pushing bar and spring, pressure-regulating bar and screw sleeve in the case shell. The transmitting circuit is composed of power supply, indication circuit, guider, current-limiting circuit, filter circuit, oscillating, shaping and frequency-dividing circuit and transmitting circuit, and the receiving circuit is formed from power supply, voltage-stabilizing filter circuit, super-regenerative detector, low pass filter, operational amplifier circuit, audio-frequency phase-lock, phase inversion circuit, speech trigger and power amplifier circuit.

Description

Wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning device

When the present invention relates to doughnut and lacking air pressure, send the alarm device of signal to the driver.

Automobile is one of topmost vehicles.Tire damages when running car easily, causes that owing to air pressure lacks it is common phenomenon that doughnut damages especially.But under-inflation, the driver generally is difficult for realizing therefore, how to make the driver can find tire deflation in time, is the optimum method of avoiding damaged tyres, at present, goes back the alarm instrument of neither one practicality.Existing as Chinese patent CN93206186.9, name is called " automobile tyre low pressure autoalarm ", when this patent has proposed automobile tyre low pressure, send warning to the driver, but because structurally there is defective in this device, and electronic circuit adopts wired conduction, is not suitable for being installed on the tire, so lack practicality.

The objective of the invention is to design a kind of sensor-based system that is installed on the doughnut valve stem, the receiving circuit etc. that connects the radiating circuit of sensor-based system and be installed in pilothouse is formed, have the reliable effect and the low pressure warning device of suitable doughnut working environment.

The technical scheme of wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor of the present invention is: a base that is connected with tire valve stem is arranged, base links to each other with shell, install in shell and the base and changed and the sensing mechanism of break-make by tire pressure, it is characterized in that so-called sensing mechanism is to have sealing together, the one side of diaphragm seal links to each other with push rod, push rod other end mounting spring, the other end of spring withstand on the pressure regulation bar, and the pressure regulation bar matches with swivel nut.

Wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor of the present invention has protruding dish on push rod, on the edge of diaphragm seal block seat is installed, and constitutes the stroke spacing of the protruding dish of push rod between block seat and the shell step.

Wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor of the present invention has insulation sleeve outside the bottom of push rod.

Wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor of the present invention is installed overhead-valve in base, overhead-valve matches with the thimble of doughnut valve stem.

Wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor of the present invention, its shell is to be made by insulating material, and nut is installed at the top, and nut matches with swivel nut, and the radiating circuit contact is installed on the nut, and swivel nut is arranged outside base, and swivel nut connects the radiating circuit contact.

The technical scheme of wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning device circuit of the present invention is: be made up of radiating circuit and receiving circuit, its radiating circuit is that indicating circuit, guiding, current-limiting circuit, filtering circuit, vibration, shaping, frequency dividing circuit and the radiating circuit of joining power formed; Its so-called receiving circuit is that power supply, filter circuit of pressure-stabilizing, superregenerative detector, low-pass filter, discharge circuit, audio frequency are phase-locked, phase inverter, language trigger and power amplifier are formed.

The invention discloses a kind of doughnut and lacking air pressure, the alarm device when comprising gas leakage or low pressure is made up of the sensor and the radio remote control circuit that are installed on the tire valve stem.Sensor can match with various wireless remote control warning circuits or wired warning circuit, has independence, and order wire circuit is played conducting or disconnection effect.Installing, when this sensor base cooperates with valve stem, the thimble on the valve overhead-valve unseat the valve fuse, gas in the valve inside enters air storage chamber by the air valve endoporus, need not extract the valve fuse in the valve stem, easy for installation, cause artificial deflation in the time of can not installing again.Diaphragm seal in the sensor is shut air storage chamber and the external world, and the activity of composition such as push rod and spring reaches the on-off of sensing along with air pressure moves the pressure reduction of diaphragm seal, and reliable for effect, pressure limiting is accurate, the break-make sensitivity.So-called radio remote control circuit is made up of radiating portion and acceptance division branch, radiating portion connects the sensor contact, be installed on the tyre rim, when that tire pressure low, sensor conducts, corresponding luminotron is just bright in the radiating circuit, radiowave is sent to receiver, it is strong to have antijamming capability, and effectively transmitting range is far away, launches, receives not the recipient to restriction.And after receiver received signal wave, red light was at once bright, and 2-3 is after second in time-delay, can send alarm call and " sneer! The tire deficency please notes! " in time remind the driver, avoid economic loss.

Fig. 1 is a wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor construction synoptic diagram of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning device radiating circuit synoptic diagram of the present invention;

Fig. 3 is a wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning device receiving circuit synoptic diagram of the present invention.

Below in conjunction with Fig. 1-Fig. 3 embodiments of the invention are done detailed explanation.

The present invention relates to wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre and when low pressure, send alarm,, reach the purpose of avoiding various losses so that please the driver in time take measures.This alarm device can be divided into three parts, and one is mounted in the sensor on the tire valve stem, belongs to physical construction, and this sensor can match with various wireless or wired warning circuits, plays the effect of conducting or disconnecting circuit.One and the joining base 13 of tire valve stem are arranged, the plunger of the overhead-valve 6 compression valve in-cores during installation in the base 13, gas in the tire flows to air storage chamber 17 by valve inside through valve port 18, be consistent with the air pressure in the tire, when the air pressure in the air storage chamber 17 when regulating limit value, diaphragm seal 11 is inflated, jack-up push rod 10, spring 9 is compressed, and is for the stroke that makes push rod is determined, that protruding dish 15 limits of push rod 10 are mobile in the stroke spacing 14 that is constituted of block seat 3 and shell step 19, shell 1 is an insulating material, insulation sleeve 16 is arranged at the bottom of push rod, is installed on base 13 or block seat or the base swivel nut 12 if will launch contact, as long as the protruding dish 15 of push rod separates with block seat 3, circuit disconnects, on the contrary, if both contact, circuit turn-on.Connection place O-ring seal 4,5.Spring 9 other ends head on pressure regulation bar 2, and pressure regulation bar regulating spring pressure limits tire internal gas pressure warning value, and pressure regulation bar 2 connects swivel nut 8, and nut 7 is arranged on the swivel nut, can join another contact of circuit on the nut.Second portion is a radiating circuit, power supply E is arranged, K switch ₁, K ₂Be respectively the contact on the sensor, indicating circuit, guiding, current-limiting circuit, filtering circuit, vibration, shaping, frequency dividing circuit and radiating circuit are formed.Indicating circuit is a LED ₁, LED ₂And resistance R ₁Form LED ₁, LED ₂Parallel connection, the one end joins K switch separately ₁, K ₂, the other end closes back and resistance R ₁Join R ₁Other end ground connection.Tire lacks presses, corresponding LED ₁Bright or LED ₂Bright, in K switch ₁And LED ₁Between meet diode D ₁Positive pole, in K switch ₂And LED ₂Between meet diode D ₂An anodal end, D ₁, D ₂Negative pole converge and current-limiting resistance R ₂Join, utilize the unilateral conduction of diode, make LED ₁, LED ₂Two indicating circuits are separate.Filter capacitor C ₁One terminating resistor R ₂After, other end ground connection, C ₁Make transmitted wave reduce the influence of ripple.R ₂Be again protective resistance, as fuse, prevention man-made fault and cause IC ₁Damage Deng element.By not gate FF ₁, FF ₂, resistance R ₃, crystal CY, capacitor C ₂, C ₃Constitute the high-precision crystal oscillator, FF ₁, R ₃, three parallel connections of CY, meet FF after the one end converges ₂, C ₃, the other end meets C respectively ₂, C ₂And C ₃Other end ground connection, FF ₂Another termination frequency divider, IC ₁Pin16 connect power supply, Pin8,12 ground connection, C ₂, C ₃Be building-out capacitor, make the nominal frequency of oscillation frequency and CY approaching substantially, FF ₂Play shaping operation, IC ₁Be 14 binary string linage-counter/frequency dividers and oscillator integrated circuit, FF ₁, FF ₂Be IC ₁A part, after shaping, carry out frequency division again, by selecting suitable frequency, the frequency division ripple is through resistance R ₄Current limliting enters radiating circuit.Radiating circuit is by capacitor C ₄, C ₅, C ₆, C ₈, telefault L ₁, L ₂, resistance R ₅, triode BG ₁Form capacitor C ₄One termination power, other end connecting resistance R ₄With triode BG ₁Emitter, resistance R ₄Other end choosing connects frequency divider, output terminal, resistance R ₅One termination power, another termination BG ₁Base stage and C ₈, capacitor C ₅, C ₆Series connection is again with telefault L ₂Parallel connection converges back one termination BG ₁Collector, another termination L ₁And C ₈, L ₁Another termination power.Radiating circuit produces the higher-order of oscillation on the one hand, forms carrier signal; Controlled by modulating wave, because modulating wave is a rect.p., when high level occurring, BG ₁End, the high-frequency circuit failure of oscillation, when low level occurring, BG ₁Conducting, high-frequency circuit recovers vibration, like this, BG ₁C utmost point waveform in fact comprise carrier wave and modulating wave composition, promptly transmitted wave is the superposition of modulating wave and carrier wave, carrier wave is as delivery vehicle, modulating wave from L ₂The place launches.Third part is a receiving circuit, and, paraphase phase-locked by power supply, voltage regulation filtering, superregenerative detector, low-pass filter, amplifier, audio frequency, language triggering, power amplifier etc. are formed.Power supply can be provided by the 12V accumulator, by K switch ₃The control on/off.Mu balanced circuit is by ic chip ₂, capacitor C ₇, C ₈, C ₉, C ₁₀Form capacitor C ₇, C ₈Parallel connection, C ₉With C ₁₀Parallel connection, ic chip ₂Input termination C ₇, C ₈, output termination C ₉, C ₁₀, common end grounding, diode D ₃Play protection IC ₂Effect.Superregenerative detector is by triode BG ₂, resistance R ₇, R ₈, R ₉, R ₁₀, R ₁₁, capacitor C ₁₁, C ₁₂, C ₁₃, C ₁₄, C ₁₅, C ₁₆, telefault L ₃, L ₄, L ₅Form resistance R ₁₁One termination power, other end connection R ₁₀, C ₁₇, C ₁₈, at R ₁₀With R ₇Indirect L ₅An end, L ₅With L ₄, C ₄, C ₁₅Link C ₁₄, L ₄Parallel connection, L ₃One termination C ₁₁And C ₁₂Between, C ₁₂And C ₁₃Series connection, C ₁₁One termination R ₇And R ₈Between, another termination L ₃And C ₁₂Between, triode BG ₂Collector meets C ₁₃, L ₃, L ₄, C ₁₄, BG ₂Base stage meets R ₇And R ₈Between, BG ₂Emitter connects capacitor C ₁₆, C ₁₅And resistance R ₉, R ₉And C ₁₆Parallel connection, the other end is ground connection respectively, C ₁₅Another termination C ₁₄And meet L ₅And L ₄Between, C ₁₄Another termination L ₃And L ₄Between.Superregenerative detector will produce the higher-order of oscillation on the one hand, this on the other hand higher-order of oscillation is controlled by extinction voltage, be in intermittently state, and it is very responsive to the voltage fluctuation in the circuit, when external carrier signal, the amplitude of the higher-order of oscillation is subjected to the control of strength of carrier, during no extraneous signal, its amplitude is subjected to the control of irregular random noise voltage in the circuit, during no extraneous signal, its amplitude is subjected to the control of irregular random noise voltage in the circuit, improves the detection quality, will accomplish that signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) is big.Waveform after detection is through telefault L ₅, resistance R ₁₀, capacitor C ₁₇The low-pass filtering of forming, C ₁₇One end ground connection, another termination R ₁₁And R ₁₀Between, C ₁₈Be coupling capacitance.Discharge circuit is by ic chip ₃, resistance R ₆, R ₁₂, R ₁₃, R ₁₄, R ₁₅, R ₁₆, capacitor C ₁₉, C ₂₀Form, waveform is amplified its enlargement factor and R ₁₅, R ₁₆Relevant, capacitor C ₂₆Be to make the amplifier working stability, be not subjected to the influence of power amplifier work, come out from amplifier, through capacitor C ₂₁Coupling enters the audio phase locking ring circuit.Resistance R ₆One termination power, another termination IC ₃Pin4, IC ₃Pin5 meet coupling capacitance C ₁₈And R ₁₃, C ₁₉With R ₁₄Back in parallel minus earth, IC ₃Pin6 connecting resistance R ₁₅, R ₁₆, R ₁₅Series capacitance C ₂₀Ground connection, R ₁₆Another termination IC ₃Pin7.The audio phase locking ring circuit is by ic chip ₄, capacitor C ₂₂, C ₂₃, C ₂₄, C ₂₅, resistance R ₁₇, R ₁₈, R ₁₉, R ₂₀, R ₂₁Form ic chip ₄Pin1 connect capacitor C ₂₃Back ground connection, IC ₄Pin2 connect capacitor C ₂₄Back ground connection, IC ₄Pin6 meet C ₂₅Back ground connection, IC ₄Pin5 and Pin6 between meet resistance in series R ₁₉, R ₂₀, R ₂₁, IC ₄Pin8 meet R ₁₇After connect power supply, sending and receiving optical diode LED again ₃After meet R ₁₈Connect power supply again.Pin4 connects power supply, Pin7 ground connection, and Pin3 is a signal input part.Phase inverter is by triode BG ₃, resistance R ₂₂, R ₂₃Form triode BG ₃Base stage meets R ₂₂, BG ₃Grounded emitter, BG ₃Collector meets R ₂₃And R ₂₄, R ₂₃Another termination power, R ₂₄Another termination language trigger circuit.The language trigger circuit are by ic chip ₅, resistance R ₂₄, R ₂₅, R ₂₇, capacitor C ₃₃, diode D ₄, D ₅, D ₆, D ₇, D ₈, LED ₄Form ic chip ₅The R pin meet the D of series connection ₄, D ₅, D ₆, D ₇Back ground connection meets C again ₃₃Back ground connection, resistance R ₂₅Another termination of one termination power IC ₅V ₊Pin also meets D ₈, LED ₄Back ground connection, R ₂₇Meet IC ₅OSC ₁And OSC ₂Pin.BG in phase inverter ₃C very during high level, through R ₂₄To C ₃₃Charging just triggers IC when voltage is charged to critical value ₅Work is from V ₀Export specific voice signal.Power amplifier is by ic chip ₆, resistance R ₂₆, capacitor C ₂₇, C ₂₈, C ₂₉, C ₃₀, C ₃₁, C ₃₂Form ic chip ₆Pin1 and Pin8 meet C ₃₂, IC ₆Pin5 meet C ₃₀Back ground connection, IC ₆Pin7 meet C ₂₉Back ground connection, IC ₆Pin3 meet C ₂₈, C ₂₈Positive pole meets IC ₅V ₀And R ₂₆, C ₂₇, R ₂₆, C ₂₇Back in parallel ground connection.Through power amplifier, voice signal is amplified, from C ₃₁Output to loudspeaker Y, loudspeaker will send chimes of doom.

Claims

1, a kind of wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor, one and the joining base of tire valve stem are arranged, base links to each other with shell, install in shell and the base and changed and the sensing mechanism of break-make by tire pressure, it is characterized in that so-called sensing mechanism is that sealing together (11) are arranged, the one side of diaphragm seal links to each other with push rod (10), push rod other end mounting spring (9), the other end of spring withstands on the pressure regulation bar (2), and the pressure regulation bar matches with swivel nut (8).

2, wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that protruding dish (15) is arranged on the push rod (10), block seat (3) is installed on the edge of diaphragm seal (11), is constituted the stroke spacing (14) of the protruding dish of push rod (15) between block seat and the shell step (19).

3, wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that insulation sleeve (16) is arranged at the bottom of push rod (10).

4, wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that overhead-valve (6) is installed in the base (13), and overhead-valve matches with the thimble of doughnut valve stem.

5, wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning sensor as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that shell (1) is that insulating material is made, nut (7) is installed at the top, nut (7) matches with swivel nut (8), the radiating circuit contact is installed on the nut, swivel nut (12) is arranged on base (13), and swivel nut connects the radiating circuit contact.

6, wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning device circuit, formed by radiating circuit and receiving circuit, be it is characterized in that radiating circuit is that indicating circuit, guiding, current-limiting circuit, filtering circuit, vibration, shaping, frequency dividing circuit and the radiating circuit of joining power formed; So-called receiving circuit is by power supply, filter circuit of pressure-stabilizing, superregenerative detector, low-pass filter, discharge circuit, phase-locked, the phase inverter of audio frequency, and language trigger and power amplifier are formed.

7, wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning device circuit as claimed in claim 6, the indicating circuit that it is characterized in that radiating circuit is light emitting diode (LED ₁, LED ₂) and resistance (R ₁) form light emitting diode (LED ₁, LED ₂) parallel connection, its positive pole joins switch (K separately ₁, K ₂), negative pole converges back and resistance (R ₁) join (R ₁) other end ground connection; Guiding, current-limiting circuit are by diode (D ₁, D ₂) and resistance (R ₂) form, at switch (K ₁) and light emitting diode (LED ₁) between meet diode (D ₁) positive pole, at switch (K ₂) and light emitting diode (LED ₂) between meet diode (D ₂) positive pole, (D ₁, D ₂) negative pole converge with current-limiting resistance (R ₂) join; Behind the anodal connecting resistance of filter capacitor (C1) (R2), minus earth; Vibration, shaping, frequency dividing circuit are by resistance (R ₃), crystal (CY), electric capacity (C ₂, C ₃) and integrated package (IC ₁) form (FF ₁), (R ₃), (CY) three parallel connections, meet (FF after the one end converges ₂) and C ₃, another termination (C ₂), (C ₂) and (C ₃) other end ground connection, (IC ₁) in addition tripod connect power supply and ground connection; Radiating circuit is by electric capacity (C ₄, C ₅, C ₆, C ₈), telefault (L ₁, L ₂), resistance (R ₅), triode (BG ₁) form electric capacity (C ₄) termination power, other end connecting resistance (R ₄) and triode (BG ₁) emitter, resistance (R ₄) choosing of the other end and frequency divider output terminal meets resistance (R ₅) termination power, another termination (BG ₁) base stage and (C ₈), electric capacity (C ₅, C ₆) series connection, again with telefault (L ₂) parallel connection, converge back one termination (BG ₁) collector, another termination telefault (L ₁) and (C ₈), (L ₁) another termination power.

8, wireless telecontrolled automobile tyre low pressure warning device circuit as claimed in claim 6, is characterized in that the mu balanced circuit of receiving circuit is by integrated package (IC₂) and electric capacity (C₇、C ₈、C ₉、C ₁₀) and diode (D₃) form electric capacity (C₇)、(C ₈) parallel connection, (C₉、C ₁₀) parallel connection, integrated package (IC₂) input termination power and (C₇、C ₃) and (D₃) negative pole, output termination (C₉、C ₁₀) and (D₃) positive pole, also have common end grounding; Superregenerative detector is by triode (BG₂), resistance (R₇、R ₈、R ₉、 R ₁₀、R ₁₁), electric capacity (C₁₁、C ₁₂、C ₁₃、C ₁₄、C ₁₅、C ₁₆), inductance coil (L₃、L ₄、L ₅) form resistance (R₁₁) termination power, another termination (R₁₀、C ₁₈、C ₁₇), at (R₁₀) and (R₇) indirect (L₅) an end, (L₄、C ₁₄) parallel connection, (L₅) and (L₄) and (L₃) link, (L₃) a termination (C₁₁) and (C₁₂) between, (C₁₂) and (C₁₃) series connection, (C₁₁) a termination (R₇) and (BG₂) base stage, another termination (L₃) and (C₁₂), triode (BG₂) colelctor electrode meets (C₁₃、L ₃、L ₄、C ₁₄)，(BG ₂) emitter stage meets electric capacity (C₁₆)、(C ₁₅) and resistance (R₉)，(R ₉) and (C₁₆) parallel connection, the other end is ground connection respectively, (C₁₅) another termination (C₁₄、L ₅) and (L₄); Inductance coil (L₅), resistance (R₁₀) and electric capacity (C₁₇) be low pass filter, (C₁₇) an end ground connection, another termination (R₁₁) and (R₁₀) between; Discharge circuit is by integrated package (IC₃), resistance (R₆、R ₁₂、R ₁₃、R ₁₄、R ₁₅、R ₁₆), electric capacity (C₁₉、C ₂₀) form resistance (R₆) termination power, another termination (IC₃) (Pin4), (IC₃) (Pin5) meet coupling capacitance (C₁₈) and (R₁₃)，(R ₁₃) and (R₁₄、R ₁₂、C ₁₉) join, (C₁₉) and (R₁₄) parallel connection, their other end ground connection, (IC₃) (Pin6) connecting resistance (R₁₅、 R ₁₆)，(R ₁₅) series capacitance (C₂₀)，(C ₂₀) minus earth, (R₁₆) another termination (C₂₁) and (IC₃) (Pin7); The audio phase locking ring circuit is by integrated package (IC₄), electric capacity (C₂₂、C ₂₃、C ₂₄、 C ₂₅), resistance (R₁₇、R ₁₈、R ₁₉、R ₂₀、R ₂₁) form integrated package (IC₄) (Pin1) meet electric capacity (C₂₃)，(C ₂₃) minus earth, (IC₄) (Pin2) meet electric capacity (C₂₄)、(C ₂₄) minus earth, (IC₄) (Pin6) meet (C₂₅) rear ground connection, (IC₄) (Pin5) and (Pin6) meet series resistance (R₁₉、R ₂₀、R ₂₁)，(IC ₄) (Pin8) meet (R₁₇) after connect power supply, sending and receiving optical diode (LED again₃) after meet (R₁₈) connect again power supply; (Pin4) connect power supply, (Pin3) meet (C₂₁), phase inverter is by triode (BG₃), resistance (R₂₂、R ₂₃) form triode (BG₃) base stage meets (R₂₂)， (BG ₃) grounded emitter, (BG₃) colelctor electrode meets (R₂₃) and (R₂₄)，(R ₂₃) another termination power, (R₂₄) another termination language circuits for triggering; The language circuits for triggering are by integrated package (IC₅), resistance (R₂₅、R ₂₇), electric capacity (C₃₃); Diode (D₄、D ₅、D ₆、D ₇、D ₈、LED ₄) form integrated package (IC₅) (R) pin meet the (D of series connection₄、D ₅、D ₆、D ₇) rear ground connection, meet again (C₃₃) rear ground connection, resistance (R₂₅) a termination power (V_DD), another termination (IC₅) (V₊) pin and meet (D₈、 LED ₄) rear ground connection, (R₂₇) meet (IC₅) (OSC₁) and (OSC₂) pin; Power amplifier is by integrated package (IC₆), resistance (R₂₆), electric capacity (C₂₇、C ₂₈、C ₂₉、C ₃₀、C ₃₁、C ₃₂) form integrated package (IC₆) (Pin1) and (Pin8) meet (C₃₂)，(IC ₆) (Pin5) meet (C₃₀) rear ground connection, meet (C₃₁) after meet (Y), (IC₆) Pin7 meet (C₂₉) rear ground connection, (IC₆) (Pin3) meet (C₂₈) negative pole, (C₂₈) positive pole and (R₂₆)、(C ₂₇) join, (R₂₆) and (C₂₇) parallel connection, (C₂₇) minus earth.