CN1163420C - Method and equipment for treating waste water contg. phosphate radical ion - Google Patents
Method and equipment for treating waste water contg. phosphate radical ion Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1163420C CN1163420C CNB991259203A CN99125920A CN1163420C CN 1163420 C CN1163420 C CN 1163420C CN B991259203 A CNB991259203 A CN B991259203A CN 99125920 A CN99125920 A CN 99125920A CN 1163420 C CN1163420 C CN 1163420C
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- Prior art keywords
- pair
- electrodes
- energising
- mentioned
- electrode
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-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/58—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by removing specified dissolved compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/463—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrocoagulation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/4612—Controlling or monitoring
- C02F2201/4615—Time
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/4616—Power supply
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Purification Treatments By Anaerobic Or Anaerobic And Aerobic Bacteria Or Animals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a treatment device for phosphate ion-containing water capable of stably maintaining phosphoric acid removing performance. In the treating device 1 constituted with at least a pair of electrodes 5 arranged opposite to each other so that at least one part thereof may be immersed in the water to be treated containing phosphate ion in an electrolytically treating cell 4 and whose at least one side contains iron and/or aluminum, a power source 6 for supplying power to the electrodes 5 and an aeration means 7 for aerating the inside of the treating cell 4, a power supply changeover means 8 for interrupting the power supply to the pair of electrodes 5 for a prescribed time is provided.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to that a kind of draining that is used for domestic waste water or condominium etc. contains the sanitary wastewater of phosphate anion or in the treatment unit and the treatment process of tropical fish tank round-robin water.
Background technology
From a long time ago, one of reason of known rivers and creeks of people or lake eutrophication is because the existence of phosphorus compound.In the sanitary wastewater of general family, many these phosphorus compounds are arranged, but this phosphorus compound is a kind of material that is difficult to purifying treatment, makes until still there is not effective treatment now.
Treatment unit about phosphorus compound once had all motions, wherein the then known electrolysis stripping method (three photograph Japanese kokai publication hei 3-89998 communique, spy open flat 10-43781 communique, and C02F 3/12) that iron is arranged aspect domestic waste water.This technology is a kind of with phosphate anion in the waste water and the water-insoluble salt of iron ion reaction formation, for example becomes FePO
4Or Fe (OH)
x(PO
4)
y, so that its coagulative precipitation and the technology of removing wherein to being located at the iron electrifying electrodes in the electrolyzer, makes the iron ion stripping in draining.In addition, this kind adopts the treatment unit of electrolysis stripping method, be for example by anaerobic air tank, aerobic groove and handle tank and constitute, and the sewage that will handle tank will be circulated in the waste disposal plant of anaerobic air tank with the electrolyzer of the iron ion of phosphatase reaction via being used for stripping.
According to the dephosphorization apparatus of above-mentioned electrolysis stripping method,, phosphorus removal property is significantly reduced if long-time the use then can produce the passive state film at electrode surface.Therefore, for example open the device of flat 10-43781 communique record in above-mentioned spy, then utilize the clean effect of the hydrogen that produces in negative electrode because of polarity of electrode counter-rotating and the mobilization force of aeration, the corrosion product (α FeOOH) that generates on the anode is come off, with the increase that prevents the corrosion product film thickness with to scales (Fe
3O
4) variation, prevent that thus the stripping quantity of iron from reducing.
Yet the film of corrosion product still can be subjected to handled waste water condition effect and growth at leisure, even is varied to more firm scales (Fe
3O
4) film, the stripping of iron is reduced, make to be difficult to keep stable phosphorus removal property.
Summary of the invention
In view of as above-mentioned problem, the object of the present invention is to provide and a kind ofly can stably keep treatment unit and treatment process phosphorus removal property, that be used to handle the water that contains phosphate anion.
The treatment unit that is used to handle the water that contains phosphate anion of the present invention, comprise: at least one pair of electrode, dispose relatively in the mode that its part be impregnated in the pending water that contains phosphate anion in the electrolysis treatment groove, at least one side of this pair of electrodes is contained iron and/or aluminium; Be used for power supply to this electrifying electrodes; And be used for aerating apparatus with the inner aeration of above-mentioned treatment trough, this treatment unit is characterised in that to possess anode terminal and cathode terminal that is connected to this power supply and the energising transfer equipment with timing function, utilize this energising transfer equipment, can carry out the control of blocking on schedule above-mentioned pair of electrodes energising.
In addition, the present invention also provides a kind of treatment process that is used to handle the water that contains phosphate anion, wherein use at least one pair of electrode that contains iron and/or aluminium with electrochemical means with iron ion and/or aluminum ion stripping in the pending water that contains phosphate anion, phosphate anion and iron ion and/or aluminum ion are reacted, become the form of insoluble salt and coagulative precipitation, this treatment process is characterised in that blocks on schedule to above-mentioned pair of electrodes energising.
Description of drawings
Below, the present invention's treatment unit that is used to handle the water that contains phosphate anion and treatment process are described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is the explanatory view of an embodiment of expression the present invention's the treatment unit that is used to handle the water that contains phosphate anion.
Fig. 2 is the enlarged view of the treatment unit of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is that expression is to pair of electrodes energising and the explanatory view that blocks this energising.
Fig. 4 is illustrated under the situation that the polarity of pair of electrodes is reversed pair of electrodes energising and the explanatory view that blocks this energising.
Fig. 5 is the explanatory view that is illustrated in the pilot circuit under the situation that connects control part.
Fig. 6 is the explanatory view of other embodiments of expression the present invention's the treatment unit that is used to handle the water that contains phosphate anion.
Embodiment
Treatment unit of the present invention can be used for for example merging in the drain treatment apparatus of purification tank etc.As shown in Figure 1, merging purification tank is made of first aerobic groove, processing tank D and the disinfection trough E that is sick of filter bed groove A, the second lonely filter bed groove B, biofiltration groove etc., with after flowing into aforementioned first waste water of being sick of filter bed groove A and being handled, discharge from disinfection trough E via each groove.Wherein treatment unit 1 is arranged on air pump F and will returns to the circulating path L of the first lonely filter bed groove A from the water that aforementioned treating water groove D draw up.
As shown in Figure 2, aforementioned processing device 1 comprises: electrolysis treatment groove 4, this electrolysis treatment groove 4 have the draining influx 2 and spout 3 of pending water; At least one pair of electrode 5, this electrode is so that its at least a portion impregnated in the mode of the draining in this electrolysis treatment groove 4 disposes relatively; Be used for power supply 6 to 5 energisings of this electrode; Be used for the draining air supply in the aforementioned electrolysis treatment trough 4 and carry out the aerating apparatus 7 of aeration; And the energising transfer equipment 8 of above-mentioned pair of electrodes 5.Wherein, this energising transfer equipment 8 is anode terminal 6a and the cathode terminal 6b that are connected to power supply 6.In addition, this energising rotary device 8 has timing function, can carry out the control of blocking on schedule for above-mentioned pair of electrodes 5 energisings.
Above-mentioned electrode 5 can be made by the iron ion and/or the aluminum ion generation source of iron, iron alloy, aluminium, aluminium alloy or iron-aluminium alloy etc.Above-mentioned power supply 6 can use constant current power supply.Use such constant current power supply, the electric current that circulates in electrode 5 is become necessarily.In addition, above-mentioned aerating apparatus 7 is by the porous diffuser 10 or the diffusing gas plate of the bottom center that is arranged at electrolysis treatment groove 4 and be used for the compressed-air actuated air pump 11 of this diffuser 10 inputs is constituted, and above-mentioned diffuser 10 is connected by pipe 12 with air pump 11.
In the present embodiment, owing to disposed three counter electrode 5, as shown in Figure 3, so for each counter electrode 5, for example respectively with 24 hours periods apply voltage V1 during, then by above-mentioned energising transfer equipment 8 so that each counter electrode 5 is blocked the mode that time of energising can not overlap each other, only for example will block from voltage V1 for the energising of electrode 5 in 6 hours on schedule is zero.Because the time to chopping of this voltage is arranged, promptly electrode 5 has or not exist conduction time with the electrode that is disconnected that is connected between the power supply 6, and therefore, electrode 5 can not take place can attraction iron and/or aluminum ions electric attraction or iron and/or aluminum ions stripping phenomenon.Therefore, the oxygen supply that is produced by aeration can be the scales (Fe that is generated on the electrode 5
3O
4) restore to as the bulk state (porous matter state) that waits of corrosion products such as red rust (α FeOOH), make oxygen supply with or mobile can carrying out through this hole.Thus, the corrosion product on the electrode 5 just can peel off easily because of aeration flows.In addition, at present embodiment, because staggered the no conduction time of the voltage V1 of each counter electrode 5, make the no conduction time of each electrode 5 can be not overlapping, therefore, when blocking the energising of pair of electrodes 5, can pass to the identical electric current of electric current that is circulated with three counter electrode 5, then can make phosphorus removal functional keep constant as if other two counter electrode 5 are set for.
Therefore, in the present embodiment, waste water enters electrolysis treatment groove 4, and electrode 5 is when being iron, is about to and phosphate anion generation aggregation by the iron ion of the anode side stripping of this electrode 5, generates insoluble tertiary iron phosphate.Then, this tertiary iron phosphate promptly flows into the first lonely filter bed groove A, and its condensation product then by first, second lonely filter bed groove A and B and aerobic groove C seizure, can be removed phosphorus from liquid.
Moreover as shown in Figure 2, above-mentioned treatment unit 1 then can obtain the even consumption of electrode 5 and the cleaning effect of surperficial hydrogen by the reversal of poles of electrode 5 if possess the reversal of poles device 13 that can be reversed the polarity of each counter electrode 5 termly.And, above-mentioned pair of electrodes 5 carry out regular reversal of poles during, from energising is converted to and blocks this energising to above-mentioned pair of electrodes.For example, as shown in Figure 4, the voltage V2 that puts on electrode 5 is to be that one-period changes with 48 hours, and the polarity of being located at electrode 5 no conduction time by positive and negative transfer to bear or reverse counter-rotating during.Thus, just can similarly remove corrosion product on the electrode 5, and can prevent terminating in and be about to that the iron ion and/or the aluminum ion of institute's stripping held before the counter-rotating again with said circumstances.
Secondly, the pilot circuit when being illustrated in control parts such as micro computer is set in the above-mentioned treatment unit 1.In the present embodiment, as shown in Figure 5, be by the setting on the operation board 20, with signal control power supply 6 and energising transfer equipment 8 for self-acting control portion 21, the magnitude of current or the voltage of control power supply 6 apply pattern.In addition, the treatment unit 1 in the present embodiment also can connect display part 22, changes period so that be shown in the unusual or electrode of above-mentioned control part 21 generations.
The electrolysis stripping method of the iron in the present embodiment (aluminium) can adopt known method.Step mode for electrode can be intermittent type or is pulsed.The energising amount is different according to iron concentration, wastewater flow etc., but with iron ion and/or aluminum ion the ratio (hereinafter referred to as " Fe/P ") of the concentration/phosphorus concentration in waste water be adjusted to 0.8 to 3.0, more satisfactory be 1.0 to 2.5 to get final product.
As above-mentioned, the treatment unit of the present embodiment can be used for general domestic waste water especially effectively.Therefore, can use separately, but also can arrange in pairs or groups in other purification systems, for example, activated sludge process, membrane separation process, the good gas circulation method of being sick of etc. are with as the comprehensive wastewater purification system home-use, that condominium is used.Also can be used in extensive treatment system (dung urine is handled the field) in addition.
The treatment unit that is used for handling the water that contains phosphate anion that the present invention then is described is applicable to other embodiments of carrying out the water-purification plant of dephosphorization from above-mentioned waste water pending water in addition.This water-purification plant is to be used to remove the dung urine of the biology (tropical fish or other fish and shellfish, tortoise or aquatic insect etc.) of raising in tank or to remain organism such as bait and purify the device of the water of tank.
As shown in Figure 6, water-purification plant is made of tank 50 and the strainer 51 of mounting in the top of this tank 50, and this strainer 51 has: between bottom container 51a and lid 51b as the filter vat 52 of filter house, be located at the treatment unit 53 in the downstream side of this filter vat 52, be located at the decolouring groove 54 in the downstream side of this treatment unit 53 as decolouring portion, as transfer device and have strainer 55a and the lift pump 55 of drinking-water pipe 55b and as the return line 56 of send-back device.Above-mentioned treatment unit 53 be make with Fig. 2 to the identical formation of treatment unit shown in Figure 51, its electrode 5 is contained in electrode holder 5a and inserts in the electrode retaining plate 58 and impregnated in the water.
Water flows into electrolysis treatment groove 4 via the influx 2 of the bottom that is formed at above-mentioned treatment unit 53.If above-mentioned electrode 5 is by iron, then from the iron ion of the anode side stripping of this electrode 5 will with phosphate anion generation aggregation, form insoluble tertiary iron phosphate.Then, this tertiary iron phosphate will float up because of aerating apparatus 7, and discharge in decolouring groove 54 via relief outlet 3.In the present embodiment, by energising transfer equipment 8, can by fix time and block energising pair of electrodes 5, therefore can keep stable phosphorus removal property.
Above-mentioned filter vat 52, inside are equipped with and are used for the dung of fish and shellfish urine or remain organism such as bait and the water seston strainer 52a of physical filtering or biofiltration in addition.Strainer 52a is to be that (for example, unit weight is 400g/m for the needle-penetrating sheet non-woven fabrics of raw material with the polypropylene by the lamination multilayer
2, thickness is that 4.0mm, air flow are 160cc/cm
2/ sec) form.Water in the tank 50 draws up in filter vat 52 via drinking-water pipe 55b, accepts physical filtering and the biofiltration effect of this strainer 52a, to catch and to remove the middle seston of anhydrating.
Above-mentioned decolouring groove 54 is used for removing and swims in water and from the relief outlet 3 effusive tertiary iron phosphates of electrolysis treatment groove 4, and it is adjacent to electrolysis treatment groove 4 and establishes, and inside is equipped with and is used to the strainer 54a that removes this tertiary iron phosphate and carry out biofiltration.This strainer 54a is contained in the hollow circuit cylinder about numerous length 10mm by the acrylic resin manufacturing, about external diameter 6mm, about internal diameter 3mm in the sack to form.
In addition, in the present embodiment, though the decolouring groove is located at electrolysis treatment groove downstream side, water-purification plant of the present invention is not to be defined in this, and it is also available not possess decolouring groove person.Again in the present embodiment, be that the mode that filter vat (filter house) is disposed at the tank top is illustrated, but this filter house also might as well adopt by being disposed in the tank and can carrying out the strainer institute constitutor of physical filtering and/or biofiltration.
Present embodiment is to be applied to water purifying means again, but also can be applicable to the refining plant in plant or aquarium.
As above illustrated, according to the present invention, owing to set the no conduction time of electrode by the energising transfer equipment, therefore can be under the oxidation that electrochemistry does not take place or reduction or ionic dissolving, the state that moves, make be attached to electrode surface corrosion product (α FeOOH etc.) in addition aeration and make because of anoxic just at passivation (Fe
3O
4) electrode near interface again the row restore in bulk (α FeOOH) state, so, can peel off corrosion product by the aeration mobilization.Therefore, can stably keep phosphorus removal property.
Again staggered the no conduction time of a plurality of electrode pairs and be connected to a constant current power supply, even so there is pair of electrodes to become no switch-on regime, as long as make the electrode integral body in the electrolyzer still can pass to a certain amount of electric current, even then set the reduction that also can not cause the dephosphorization amount no conduction time.Consequently, can stably keep phosphorus removal property.
Claims (6)
1, a kind of treatment unit that is used to contain the water of phosphate anion, it comprises: at least one pair of electrode, at least one side of this electrode is contained iron and/or aluminium, and disposes relatively in the mode that its part be impregnated in the pending water that contains phosphate anion in the electrolysis treatment groove; Be used for power supply to this electrifying electrodes; And the aerating apparatus that is used for the above-mentioned treatment trough of aeration; Described treatment unit is characterised in that to possess anode terminal and cathode terminal that is connected to this power supply and the energising transfer equipment with timing function, utilizes this energising transfer equipment, can carry out the control of blocking on schedule above-mentioned pair of electrodes energising.
2, treatment unit as claimed in claim 1 wherein, is connected between the transfer equipment in above-mentioned power supply and energising and is used to carry out by the control part of above-mentioned power supply for the reversal of poles of the electric current supply of pair of electrodes and this pair of electrodes.
3, a kind of treatment process that is used to handle the water that contains phosphate anion, wherein use at least one pair of electrode that contains iron and/or aluminium to make iron ion and/or aluminum ion stripping in containing the pending water of phosphate anion with electrochemical means, phosphate anion and iron ion and/or aluminum ion are reacted becomes the form of insoluble salt and coagulative precipitation, and described treatment process is characterised in that the energising of blocking on schedule above-mentioned pair of electrodes.
4, treatment process as claimed in claim 3 wherein, disposes manyly during to above-mentioned a pair of electrode, and the time set that makes each counter electrode not have energising becomes to stagger mutually.
5, treatment process as claimed in claim 4 wherein, during the polar of the above-mentioned pair of electrodes of reversing termly, is blocked this energising from above-mentioned pair of electrodes energising is converted to.
6, treatment process as claimed in claim 5 wherein, is carried out from above-mentioned power supply for the electric current supply of pair of electrodes and the reversal of poles of this pair of electrodes by control part.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP357863/1998 | 1998-12-16 | ||
JP10357863A JP2000176455A (en) | 1998-12-16 | 1998-12-16 | Treatment device and method for phosphate ion- containing water |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1259489A CN1259489A (en) | 2000-07-12 |
CN1163420C true CN1163420C (en) | 2004-08-25 |
Family
ID=18456327
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNB991259203A Expired - Fee Related CN1163420C (en) | 1998-12-16 | 1999-12-09 | Method and equipment for treating waste water contg. phosphate radical ion |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP2000176455A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100345955B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1163420C (en) |
TW (1) | TW585840B (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3953724B2 (en) * | 2000-09-13 | 2007-08-08 | 有限会社水辺環境研究所 | How to remove phosphorus |
KR100395796B1 (en) * | 2002-11-29 | 2003-08-25 | 이진영 | The wastewater electrolysis processor that heat exchange orders and air agitation are possible |
KR100928790B1 (en) * | 2002-12-24 | 2009-11-25 | 주식회사 포스코 | Wastewater treatment method using electrolysis of iron |
JP4546148B2 (en) * | 2004-05-21 | 2010-09-15 | フジクリーン工業株式会社 | Water treatment equipment |
WO2007126189A1 (en) * | 2006-04-28 | 2007-11-08 | Dolki Korea, Ltd | Apparatus for removing red tide and apparatus for preventing water in pool from decaying |
TW200840120A (en) * | 2007-03-20 | 2008-10-01 | Industrie De Nora Spa | Electrochemical cell and method for operating the same |
AU2010265836A1 (en) * | 2009-06-24 | 2012-02-09 | Aquatech Water Purification Systems Pty Ltd | Water treatment method and system |
WO2010148436A1 (en) * | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-29 | Aquatech Water Purification Systems Pty Ltd | Water treatment method and system |
CN103601270A (en) * | 2013-11-22 | 2014-02-26 | 苏州优德通力电气有限公司 | Electrolysis phosphorus removal device capable of reducing anode passivation |
CN103613170A (en) * | 2013-11-22 | 2014-03-05 | 苏州优德通力电气有限公司 | Double-aluminum-electrode electrolytic phosphorous removing device and using method thereof |
US10301199B2 (en) | 2013-12-19 | 2019-05-28 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Method for selective electrochemical removal of ions in water/wastewater |
TWI547444B (en) | 2013-12-19 | 2016-09-01 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | Electrode for electrochemical removal of phosphorus and apparatus, and method using the electrode |
CN104891610B (en) * | 2015-05-25 | 2017-05-17 | 中大立信(北京)技术发展有限公司 | Heterotopic electro-flocculation device and method |
CN105384222B (en) * | 2015-12-15 | 2019-03-22 | 苏州依斯倍环保装备科技有限公司 | The electric flocculation processing equipment of waste water |
CN109607983A (en) * | 2019-01-31 | 2019-04-12 | 四川美富特水务有限责任公司 | Aeration tank, sewage disposal system and sewage water treatment method |
CN113044837B (en) * | 2021-02-04 | 2022-06-24 | 东华理工大学 | Magnetic phosphoric acid activated bamboo charcoal composite material and preparation process thereof |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0389998A (en) * | 1989-06-06 | 1991-04-15 | Inax Corp | Method for removing phosphorus |
JP3691165B2 (en) * | 1996-08-08 | 2005-08-31 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Sewage treatment equipment |
-
1998
- 1998-12-16 JP JP10357863A patent/JP2000176455A/en active Pending
-
1999
- 1999-10-28 KR KR1019990047228A patent/KR100345955B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-11-11 TW TW088119691A patent/TW585840B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-09 CN CNB991259203A patent/CN1163420C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TW585840B (en) | 2004-05-01 |
JP2000176455A (en) | 2000-06-27 |
KR100345955B1 (en) | 2002-08-01 |
CN1259489A (en) | 2000-07-12 |
KR20000047563A (en) | 2000-07-25 |
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