CN115918466A - Rice planting method for returning all straws to field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer - Google Patents
Rice planting method for returning all straws to field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural fertilizers, in particular to a rice planting method for returning all straws to a field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer. The method specifically comprises the following steps: crushing straws and then returning the straws to the field; (2) Respectively applying a base fertilizer and a tillering fertilizer before and after the rice is planted; the base fertilizer and the tillering fertilizer are NPK acidic compound fertilizer or biogas slurry fertilizer accounting for 15% -15%. Compared with the whole fertilizer treatment, the invention applies the straw with the biogas liquid fertilizer or the chemical fertilizer to achieve the effect of keeping the rice yield. Meanwhile, the treatment of returning the whole amount of straws to the field is beneficial to improving the structure richness and diversity of soil bacterial communities, and the result can provide theoretical scientific basis for locally establishing scientific straw returning and fertilizer distribution.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural fertilizers, in particular to a rice planting method for returning all straws to a field and applying a biogas liquid fertilizer or a chemical fertilizer.
Background
China only has 10% of cultivated land area all over the world but inefficiently applies a large amount of chemical fertilizers, the utilization efficiency of nitrogen (N) element in the production of main grain crops in China is only 26% -28% during 2001-2005, and the utilization efficiency of N element in the United states and Europe is 52% and 40% respectively. The straw is a main byproduct of agricultural production, not only contains rich organic carbon, but also contains a large amount of nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, silicon and the like which are necessary for the growth of crops, and can be used as an initial nitrogen source of soil microorganisms and crops. Meanwhile, the amount of the straw produced in China is about 8 hundred million tons every year, but the average utilization rate of the straw is only 32 percent, which is far lower than the straw returning amount of 68 percent in the United states and 73 percent in the United kingdom. The previous researches find that the straw returning can improve the soil structure, keep the soil moisture, promote the mineralization of nitrogen and improve the utilization efficiency of nitrogen, and has certain potential of improving the grain yield. However, excessive straw returning or deep straw burying can also cause loss of soil moisture and nitrogen, which is not beneficial to rice growth. The biogas slurry is one of end products produced by anaerobic fermentation of livestock and poultry manure, crop straws, industrial garbage, municipal garbage, energy plants and the like, is rich in available nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, humic acid, amino acid, vitamin, protein and the like which are easily absorbed and utilized by plants, and is a liquid organic fertilizer with slow speed and compatibility. The biogas slurry can obviously reduce environmental pollution and fertilizer cost by replacing fertilizers, but harmful substances in the biogas slurry, such as heavy metals, antibiotics, harmful pathogenic bacteria and the like, can also have adverse effects on crops, soil environment, product quality and the like.
As one of the most important grain crops in China, the rice is important to explore straw returning and organic fertilizer such as biogas slurry application to replace part of chemical fertilizers on the premise of maintaining and promoting high quality and high yield of the rice and ensuring soil health.
Therefore, a rice planting method for returning all straws to the field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer is needed to solve the technical problems of environmental pollution caused by chemical fertilizer and quality reduction of crop products in the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a rice planting method for returning the total amount of straws to the field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer. Compared with the treatment of the whole fertilizer, the straw-applied biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer of the invention can also achieve the effect of keeping the rice yield. Meanwhile, the treatment of returning the total amount of the straws to the field is beneficial to improving the richness and diversity of the structure of the soil bacterial community, and the result can provide theoretical scientific basis for establishing scientific straw returning and fertilizer distribution.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a rice planting method for returning all straws to a field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer in a matched manner, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing the straws and then returning the straws to the field;
(2) Respectively applying a base fertilizer and a tillering fertilizer before and after the rice is planted;
the base fertilizer and the tillering fertilizer are both 15% -15% of NPK acidic compound fertilizer or biogas slurry fertilizer.
Preferably, the returning amount of the straws in the step (1) is 7000-8000 kg-hm -2 。
Preferably, the straw in the step (1) is one of wheat straw, rice straw and corn straw.
Preferably, the total nitrogen application amount in the rice planting process in the step (2) is 270-320 kg hm -2 。
Preferably, the fertilizer operation proportion in the fertilization process in the step (2) is base fertilizer: the tillering fertilizer = 1-2.
Preferably, the physical and chemical properties of the biogas slurry fertilizer are as follows: organic matter 36.51 +/-3.14 g.Kg -1 0.84 plus or minus 0.49 g/Kg of total nitrogen -1 0.60 +/-0.14 g.Kg of ammonia nitrogen -1 1.42 plus or minus 0.28 g/Kg of total phosphorus -1 1.68 plus or minus 0.34 g.Kg of available potassium -1 The pH value is 8.00 +/-0.24.
Preferably, before the rice is planted in the step (2), the soil is ground to the particle size of less than or equal to 1.5cm 3 。
Preferably, the rice variety in the step (2) is Huaixiangjing 15.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. compared with the treatment of the whole fertilizer, the straw-applied biogas liquid fertilizer or the chemical fertilizer can also achieve the effect of keeping the yield of the rice. Meanwhile, the treatment of returning the whole amount of straws to the field is beneficial to improving the structure richness and diversity of soil bacterial communities, and the result can provide theoretical scientific basis for locally establishing scientific straw returning and fertilizer distribution.
2. According to the invention, different treatments (except blank groups) of equal nitrogen are set, namely the combination of wheat straws and chemical fertilizer, wheat straws and biogas slurry fertilizer, and the combination of full chemical fertilizer and full biogas slurry, so that the influence of the distribution of different types of fertilizers on the yield of rice and the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities by straws is analyzed, a theoretical basis is provided for the technical integration specification of agricultural measures such as straw returning to fields, biogas slurry application and fertilizer reduction, and a scientific basis is provided for realizing the sustainable development of a rice farmland ecosystem.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a graph of the OTU dilutability of soil bacteria for different fertilization treatments;
FIG. 2 is a Venn diagram of soil bacteria;
FIG. 3 is a horizontal distribution plot of bacterial phyla in a soil sample;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the horizontal distribution of bacterial flora in a soil sample;
FIG. 5 is a PCoA coordinate analysis chart of a bacterial community in a soil sample;
FIG. 6 is UPGMA clustering tree analysis of bacterial communities in soil samples;
FIG. 7 shows the composition ratio of dominant species in soil samples and the difference in their distribution ratio among samples.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a rice planting method for returning all straws to a field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer in a matched manner, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing the straws and then returning the straws to the field;
(2) Respectively applying a base fertilizer and a tillering fertilizer before and after the rice is planted;
the base fertilizer and the tillering fertilizer are both 15% -15% of NPK acidic compound fertilizer or biogas slurry fertilizer.
In the invention, the returning amount of the straws in the step (1) is 7000-8000 kg.hm -2 . Preferably 7200 to 7800kg hm -2 (ii) a More preferably 7400-7600 kg hm -2 (ii) a More preferably 7500kg hm -2 。
In the invention, the straw in the step (1) is one of wheat straw, rice straw and corn straw.
In the invention, the total nitrogen application amount in the rice planting process in the step (2) is 270-320 kg.hm -2 。
In the invention, the fertilizer operation proportion in the fertilization process of the step (2) is base fertilizer: the tillering fertilizer = 1-2; preferably, the base fertilizer: tillering fertilizer = 1.
In the invention, the physical and chemical properties of the biogas slurry fertilizer are as follows: organic matter 36.51 +/-3.14 g.Kg -1 0.84 plus or minus 0.49 g/Kg of total nitrogen -1 0.60 plus or minus 0.14 g.Kg ammonia nitrogen -1 1.42 plus or minus 0.28 g/Kg of total phosphorus -1 1.68 plus or minus 0.34 g.Kg of available potassium -1 The pH value is 8.00 +/-0.24.
In the invention, before the rice is planted in the step (2), the soil is ground until the grain size is less than or equal to 1.5cm 3 (ii) a Preferably 1.3 to 1.5cm 3 (ii) a Further preferably 1.4cm 3 。
In the invention, the rice variety in the step (2) is Huaixiangjing 15.
The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A rice planting method for returning all straws to field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer in a matched manner comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing corn straws and returning the crushed corn straws to the field, wherein the returning amount of the straws is 7000 kg.hm -2 ；
(2) Before planting rice, the soil is ground to particles of 1.3cm 3 . Then applying a base fertilizer, planting Huaixiangjing 15, and then applying a tillering fertilizer;
the base fertilizer and the tillering fertilizer are both 15% -15% of NPK acidic compound fertilizer or biogas slurry fertilizer;
the total nitrogen application amount in the rice planting process in the step (2) is 270 kg.hm -2 ；
The fertilizer operation proportion in the fertilization process is base fertilizer: tillering =2 application;
the physical and chemical properties of the biogas slurry fertilizer are as follows: organic matter 36.51 +/-3.14 g.Kg -1 0.84 plus or minus 0.49 g/Kg of total nitrogen -1 0.60 plus or minus 0.14 g.Kg ammonia nitrogen -1 1.42 plus or minus 0.28 g/Kg of total phosphorus -1 1.68 plus or minus 0.34 g.Kg of available potassium -1 The pH value is 8.00 +/-0.24.
Example 2
A rice planting method for returning all straws to field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer in a matched manner comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing rice straws and returning the crushed rice straws to the field, wherein the returning amount of the straws is 8000 kg-hm -2 ；
(2) Before planting rice, the soil is ground to particles of 1.5cm 3 . Then applying a base fertilizer, planting Huaixiangjing 15, and then applying a tillering fertilizer;
the base fertilizer and the tillering fertilizer are both 15% -15% of NPK acidic compound fertilizer or biogas slurry fertilizer;
the total nitrogen application amount in the rice planting process in the step (2) is 320kg hm -2 ；
The fertilizer operation proportion in the fertilization process is base fertilizer: tillering =1 application 2;
the physical and chemical properties of the biogas slurry fertilizer are as follows: organic matter 36.51 +/-3.14 g.Kg -1 0.84 plus or minus 0.49 g/Kg of total nitrogen -1 0.60 +/-0.14 g.Kg of ammonia nitrogen -1 1.42 plus or minus 0.28 g/Kg of total phosphorus -1 1.68 plus or minus 0.34 g.Kg of available potassium -1 The pH value is 8.00 +/-0.24.
Example 3
A rice planting method for returning all straws to field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer in a matched manner comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing the wheat straws and returning the crushed wheat straws to the field, wherein the returning amount of the straws is 7500kg hm -2 ；
(2) Before planting rice, the soil is ground to particles of 1.4cm 3 . Then applying a base fertilizer, planting Huaixiangjing 15, and then applying a tillering fertilizer;
the base fertilizer and the tillering fertilizer are both 15% -15% of NPK acidic compound fertilizer or biogas slurry fertilizer;
the total nitrogen application amount in the rice planting process in the step (2) is 276.45 kg.hm -2 ；
The fertilizer operation proportion in the fertilization process is base fertilizer: tillering =1 application;
the physical and chemical properties of the biogas slurry fertilizer are as follows: organic matter 36.51 +/-3.14 g.Kg -1 0.84 plus or minus 0.49 g/Kg of total nitrogen -1 0.60 +/-0.14 g.Kg of ammonia nitrogen -1 1.42 plus or minus 0.28 g/Kg of total phosphorus -1 1.68 plus or minus 0.34 g.Kg of available potassium -1 The pH value is 8.00 +/-0.24.
Experimental example 1
1.1 test materials
The method is characterized in that rice 'Huaixiangjing 15' is used as a test material, soil and wheat straws are taken from a southern scientific research innovation base of Huaiyin agricultural science research institute in Xuhuai district of Jiangsu, and biogas slurry is taken from a biogas slurry pond of a base circulation agricultural laboratory. Grinding the soil to a particle size of not more than 1.5cm 3 The straw is not manipulated (the harvester has been broken). The physicochemical properties of soil and biogas slurry are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 basic physicochemical Properties of topsoil and biogas slurry
1.2 design of the experiment
And (4) performing field planting treatment (seedlings are cultivated by the unit) in 20 days 6 and 2020. The calculated weight per unit area of the total returning of the wheat straws is about 7500 kg.hm -2 And the total nitrogen content is 6g kg -1 After conversion, total nitrogen is 45kg hm -2 . NPK acidic compound fertilizer with the fertilizer content of 15-15% and nitrogen content of 276.45 kg.hm is applied conventionally in local rice planting -2 In terms of N), the total straw return nitrogen accounts for 16.28% (45/276.45 x 100%) of the total nitrogen application. The total of 5 treatments were set up in the test, and the nitrogen application rate of each treatment was kept constant (276.45 kg. Hm) -2 In terms of N). The treatment is as follows: (1) A control group (no straw returning, no biogas slurry application, no chemical fertilizer application, marked as CK); (2) a fertilizer treatment group (100% of fertilizer N, marked as CF); (3) Returning the total amount of straws to the field and treating with fertilizer (16.28 percent of straw N,83.72 percent of fertilizer N, marked as S-CF); (4) Returning the total amount of straws to the field and treating biogas slurry (16.28 percent of straw N,83.72 percent of biogas slurry N, marked as S-BS); and (5) biogas slurry group (100% biogas slurry N, recorded as BS). Wherein, the fertilizer operation proportion is base fertilizer: tiller fertilizer =1 for management application, repeated 6 times per treatment. And filling soil into a foam turnover box with the length of 70cm, the width of 50cm and the depth of 40 cm. The rest of production management refers to daily.
1.3 items and methods of measurement
1.3.1 Rice yield in each treatment 6 times of repeat district randomly select continuous 5 holes, survey each treatment average effective spike number, convert to calculate unit area effective spike number. Selecting 3 continuous holes with uniform growth, and investigating average grain number, seed setting rate and thousand-grain weight of each ear.
1.3.2 the method for extracting and sampling total DNA of soil adopts a five-point sampling method, 5 sampling points are repeatedly selected for each treatment, then impurities, gravel, fine roots of crops and the like are removed, and the mixture is uniformly mixed and sieved by a 2mm sieve. Using MoBio
The DNA isolation kit extracts the total DNA of a sample, detects the quality of the sample by using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis detection and spectrophotometry (optical density ratio of 260nm to 280 nm), and stores the extracted DNA sample at-80 ℃ for subsequent tests after detection.
1.3.3 specific region amplification and sequencing microbial diversity detection bacterial 1696 RDNA515F-907R region was selected, and bacterial 1696 RDNA515F-907R amplification primers were 515F (5' -GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGG-3 SEQ NO): the total volume was 25. Mu.l: mu.l 2 × EasyTaq PCR Supermix (Transgen Bio, inc), 1. Mu.l forward primer, 1. Mu.l reverse primer, total DNA addition of 10ng, and finally dd H 2 The amount of O was adjusted to 25. Mu.l. Reaction parameters are as follows: pre-denaturation at 94 ℃ for 5min; denaturation at 94 ℃ for 30s, annealing at 55 ℃ for 30s, extension at 72 ℃ for 1min,35 cycles; extension at 72 ℃ for 8min. Sequencing was performed using illumina novaseq PE250 high throughput sequencing platform.
1.4 data processing and statistical analysis
The test uses Microsoft Excel 2017 software for biometric analysis, SPSS 19.0 statistical software for One-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) of each index result of the test group, and uses least significant difference method (LSD) to analyze each related variable. In microbial community analysis, off-line data is filtered, spliced and chimera is removed through QIIME (v1.8.0) software, and sequences with base quality scores lower than 20, base ambiguity, primer mismatching or sequencing length smaller than 150bp are removed. According to the codes, the sequence information of each processing group is clustered into operation classification units (OTU) for species classification, and the OTU similarity is set to 97%. Species classification information corresponding to each OTU was obtained by comparing the silva database (bacteria) (Huson D H, richter D C, rausch C, dezulianT, franz M, rupp R. Dendroscope: an interactive viewer for large genomic trees [ J ]. Bmc Bioinformatics,2007,8 (1): 460.doi. Then, alpha (Alpha) diversity analysis was performed using QIIME software (v1.8.0). The colony structure of the samples at different taxonomic levels was observed and visualized using the R language package using statistical methods (Cole J R, wang Q, cardenas E, fish J, chai B, farris R J, kulam-Syed-MohideneA S, mcGarrell D M, marsh T, garrity G M, tiedje J M. The ribosol database project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis [ J ]. Nucleic Acids Research,2009,37,141-145.Doi 10.1093/nar/gkn 879..
2 results and analysis
2.1 Rice yield by different fertilization treatments
Compared with the control CK group, the other test groups have increased theoretical yield and actual yield, wherein the CF group has the highest increase, and the increase is respectively 19.3 percent and 17.4 percent. The yield of CF and S-CF of the fertilizer application group is higher than that of S-BS and BS of the biogas slurry application group, the actual yield of the S-BS group is 1.7 percent higher than that of the BS group, and no obvious difference exists (P is more than or equal to 0.05). The results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 yield of rice treated with different fertilising treatments
Note: the same column of shoulder marks are marked with different letters.
2.2 sequencing results and sequence depth validation
As can be seen from FIG. 1, the dilution curves of 15 samples all tend to be flat, which indicates that the sequencing data volume is gradually reasonable, and more sequencing only generates a small amount of new species, which can basically reflect the bacterial community composition of soil.
Sequences were clustered at 97% similarity to OTUs for species classification, and abundance information was counted for each treatment group sample (table 3). As shown in Table 3, the bacterial Coverage index of each of the 5 treated samples is close to 100%, indicating that the probability of non-detection in the sample sequence is low, and the result at this level can reflect the actual condition of the bacteria in the detected sample. The dilution curve reflects the sequencing depth of the sample and can be used to assess the rationality of the sequencing data volume. FIG. 1 OTU dilutability curves for different fertilization treatments
2.3 analysis of bacterial Community diversity in soil
Under the 97% consistency threshold, the number of the obtained bacteria Observed species in the soil samples treated by different fertilization is 4270-5221 (Table 3), and the sizes are CF > S-BS > S-CF > CK > BS (P < 0.05). The alpha diversity index (Chao 1, shannon, simpson) was used to assess differences in species diversity and abundance of microbial communities in each treated soil sample. The chao1 index indicates: S-BS > S-CF > CF > CK > BS (P < 0.05). The shannon index indicates: S-CF > S-BS > CF > CK > BS (P < 0.05). The simpson index indicates: BS > CK > CF > S-BS > S-CF (P < 0.05) (Table 3). The alpha diversity analysis result shows that the biogas slurry or fertilizer applied to the straws has the tendency of improving the diversity of soil bacteria.
TABLE 3 Effect of different fertilization treatments on the diversity index of soil bacteria
Note: the same column of shoulder marks are marked with different letters.
Note:Different letters on the shoulder mark indicated significant difference in the same column.
2.4 soil bacteria OTUs distribution
As can be seen from FIG. 2, the Venn diagram can reflect the number of OTUs shared and unique among samples, and can intuitively express the similarity degree of OTU composition among samples. A total of 8315 bacteria OTU are existed in each soil sample, the number of the bacteria OTU is 4150, and the total number of the bacteria OTU accounts for 49.91%, which shows that the fertilization has obvious influence on the abundance of the bacteria OTU. The specific OTUs for different fertilization treatments are 134-318, the specific OTUs for CF treatment are the most, and the specific OTUs for BS treatment are the least. FIG. 2 Venn diagram of soil bacteria.
2.5 composition of soil bacterial communities
2.5.1 colony composition of soil bacteria at the phylum level
As can be seen from fig. 3, at the phylum level, the groups with relative abundance < 0.1% were classified as others, resulting in 20 groups, with 5 major bacterial populations accounting for the majority of all sequences (78.99% to 81.57%). Wherein the Proteobacteria (Proteobacteria) accounts for 38.19 to 46.46 percent, the Bacteroidetes (bacteroides) accounts for 9.69 to 14.16 percent, the Campylobacter viridis (Chloroflexi) accounts for 8.44 to 12.5 percent, the Acidobacter (Acidobacterium) accounts for 4.69 to 13.71 percent and the Actinobacillus (Actinobacteria) accounts for 5.74 to 9.29 percent. Proteobacteria, the most abundant predominant phylum in the soil in this region, contains γ -Proteobacteria (Gamma Proteobacteria,19.58% to 28.43%), α -Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, 12.05% to 15.38%) and δ -Proteobacteria (DeltaProteobacteria, 2.64% to 5.20%), α -Proteobacteria and γ -Proteobacteria being the predominant phylum in Proteobacteria, α -Proteobacteria being mainly concentrated in the order Rhizobiales and Coleophates, γ -Proteobacteria being mainly concentrated in the order Xanthomonas (Xanthomonadales, 2.99% to 12.87%) and a small amount of Enterobacteriaceae (Enterobacteriales, 1.34% to 4.77%). FIG. 3 horizontal distribution diagram of bacterial phyla in soil samples.
2.5.2 colony composition of soil bacteria on the genus level
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the rare bacterial groups with various types and low abundance are the most important groups in the genus classification level, and the unclassified groups in the soil samples of the CK, CF, S-BS and BS treatment groups account for 81.99%, 76.25%, 77.93%, 81.82% and 67.91% of the total groups, respectively. The 6 genera classified as having higher relative abundance are luteinium (Luteimonas, 0.89-5.91%), bacteroides (Bacteroides, 1.52-4.86%), gibberellins (Alterythrobacter, 0.69-2.52%), anaerobiospirillum (Anuerolenia, 0.98-1.74%), trypera (Tropera, 0.39-1.97%) and Thermomonomonas (Thermomonas, 0.39-1.84%) respectively. Also, the strain contains a genus having an undefined genus classification under each family. FIG. 4 horizontal distribution map of bacterial flora in soil sample.
2.6 structural Difference analysis of bacterial communities in soil
2.6.1 principal coordinates PCoA and UPGMA Cluster analysis
As can be seen from FIG. 5, PCoA analysis shows that CF and S-BS have similar processing distances and similar species compositions; the processing distances of S-CF and CK are similar, and the species compositions are similar; the BS groups are in an area individually. The abscissa PCoA 1 may account for 60.11%, PCoA2 may account for 19.18%, and a total of 79.29%.
As can be seen from FIG. 6, UPGMA cluster analysis results show that the bacterial community structures of the samples can be divided into 2 types, type 1: CK and S-CF cluster at a branch point; the CF and the S-BS are clustered at a branch point; class 2: and (5) the BS. S-CF has no obvious difference compared with CK-treated soil bacterial community structure, and CF, S-BS and BS treatment have different soil bacterial community structures compared with CK. FIG. 5 is a PCoA coordinate analysis chart of a bacterial community in a soil sample; FIG. 6 UPGMA Cluster Tree analysis of bacterial communities in soil samples.
2.6.2 soil bacterial colony Fall anisotropy analysis
As can be seen from fig. 7, the differences in microbial community structure among the soil samples of each treatment group were further analyzed, and the dominant phyla were visualized at the phylum-based classification level, where the relative abundance of proteobacteria was 46.46% at the highest in BS treatment and 38.19% at the lowest in CK treatment. Bacteroides phyla had a relative abundance of up to 14.16% in BS treatment, followed by CK (10.68%), S-BS (10.53%), CF (10.01%) treatment groups, and a minimum of 8.69% in S-CF treatment. The relative abundance of the curvularia viridis and actinomycetemcomia is the highest in S-CF treatment, respectively 12.50% and 9.29%, and the lowest in BS treatment, respectively 8.44% and 5.24%. The relative abundance of Acidobacterium phylum in CK treatment is 13.71% at the highest, and that in BS treatment is 4.69% at the lowest. At the genus level, the genus luteomonas is the best potential genus with the highest relative abundance for BS treatment (5.91%), followed by CF (5.24%), S-BS (3.49%), S-CF (1.71%), and lowest CK treatment (0.89%). FIG. 7 shows the difference in the composition ratio of dominant species in soil samples and their distribution ratio in samples.
Note: the left half circle represents the composition of the species in the sample, the outer color band color represents which grouping it comes from, the inner color band color represents the species, and the length represents the relative abundance of the species in the corresponding sample; the right half circle represents the distribution proportion of the species in different samples at the taxonomic level, the outer layer color band represents the species, the inner layer color band represents different groups, and the length represents the distribution proportion of the sample in a certain species.
Discussion of 3
3.1 influence of the matched application of straw, biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer on the yield of rice
After the straw is returned to the field and decomposed, the nutrient content of the soil can be increased, and the growth and development of crops are promoted. The research result of Tangyingsheng finds that returning the straws to the field is beneficial to forming big ears of rice and has obvious influence on the increase of the seed setting rate and the thousand seed weight of the rice. Research in Falpenpeng steel and the like finds that the straw returning can improve the effective ear number of rice in unit area. However, research shows that returning the straws to the field can cause the yield reduction of the rice, wherein the grain number of ears, the thousand grain weight and the yield are reduced. The biogas slurry is a liquid organic fertilizer with slow speed, and after the biogas slurry is applied to a rice field, nitrogen can be promoted to transfer to grains, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is improved, partial fertilizer nitrogen is replaced, the yield of rice is ensured or increased, and the contents of protein and mineral elements in rice are improved. Yang et al (Yang H, yu D, zhou J, ZHai S, bian X, weih M.Rice-duck co-culture for reducing reactive experiments of biogases purification in a rice production system [ J ]. Journal of Environmental Management,2018, 213. In addition, ni et al, zhujin mountain et al (Ni T C, zhou C F, zhu H G, zhou F, li Y H, hu C Q. Effects of vibrations of society of Seeds With biology Slurry on Germination and Seedling Growth of Rice [ J ]. Journal of Ecology and Rural environmental, 2015,31 (4): 594-599.Doi 10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.04.024.; zhujin mountain, zhang Hui, maljie, duohao, wanglong, wang Dingong, wang Ding Yong Yong.Ann.Ann.J. environmental science 2018,39 (5): 2400-2411.Doi 10.13227/j.hjkx.7085) found that the biomass of Rice plants was applied to the Rice field and the yield. The research finds that the improvement of the rice yield is most obvious through the 'full fertilizer' treatment, and then the 'straw returning and fertilizer' treatment increases the effective spike and seed setting rate, which is consistent with the previous research conclusion. Although the theoretical and actual yield of the 'straw returning field + biogas slurry' is lower than that of the 'straw returning field + fertilizer' treatment, the 'straw returning field + biogas slurry' has no obvious difference, and further indicates that the biogas slurry can improve soil and soil fertility and achieve the application effect of the traditional fertilizer. The effect of the 'full biogas slurry' treatment on the rice yield is obviously lower than that of other fertilization treatments (except for CK blank group), and the 'full biogas slurry' treatment is probably related to the adverse effects on the crop growth, yield and soil environment caused by the excessive content of heavy metals such As As, cr, hg, cd and the like contained in biogas slurry, and the adverse effects are caused by the biogas slurry completely replacing chemical fertilizers and being applied independently on the activity and diversity of soil microbial communities and the soil quality.
3.2 influence of the distribution of straw, biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer on the structure of soil bacterial community
The soil bacterial community is the most important and active part in the soil ecosystem, is the main power for driving the transformation and circulation of soil organic substances and nutrients, and the activity and diversity of the soil bacterial community form a structure which reflects the soil quality, fertility and crop growth conditions to a great extent. In the research, the soil microbial communities treated by the 'total fertilizer' and the 'straw returning field + biogas liquid fertilizer' have similar structures, and the characteristics of no obvious difference in rice yield are further proved. However, although the community structures of the soil microorganisms treated by the method of 'no fertilization' and the method of 'straw returning and fertilizer' are similar and have no difference in thousand grain weight, the yield is obviously different, and further research is needed. The soil microbial community treated by the 'whole biogas slurry' is on a branch point alone, and the relevance of the difference of effective spike, theoretical yield and actual yield with other groups is illustrated.
Soil bacteria are main components of soil microorganisms, most soil dominant bacteria are basically the same in species and mainly comprise about 10 bacteria groups, and proteobacteria, bacteroidetes, clornylobacter, acidobacter, actinomyces, pseudomonas and firmicutes in the soil of each treatment group in the research are all phyla with relatively high abundance, which is consistent with the research results of the predecessors. Proteobacteria are the most dominant bacterial flora, and the soil used in this study belongs to alkaline soil, and proteobacteria is presumed to be the main dominant phylum in local alkaline soil, which is similar to results of zhou yang and the like, zhang and zhao and the like, and beauty and the like.
Proteobacteria, which is the most dominant bacterial group in many studies of soil bacterial communities, is regarded as the main functional bacteria for organic matter decomposition and transformation, and mainly comprises alpha-proteobacteria, delta-proteobacteria and gamma-proteobacteria. The alpha-Proteobacteria contains a large number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria capable of symbiotic with plants, the delta-Proteobacteria has obvious promotion effect on the circulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and organic matters in farmland soil, and the gamma-Proteobacteria has outstanding antibacterial and antagonistic effects. In this study, α -proteobacteria and γ -proteobacteria are dominant bacteria, mainly focusing on the order rhizobiales, sphingolipids monales and luteiniformeles, wherein rhizobiales contain a large amount of nitrogen-fixing and plant-symbiotic bacteria, genera within the order sphingolipids monales have been shown to secrete catalase to improve plant stress resistance, and genera within the order luteiniformeles have outstanding antagonistic effects. The treatment of the 'full fertilizer', 'straw returning field + biogas slurry fertilizer' and 'biogas slurry fertilizer' obviously improves the abundance of alpha-proteobacteria and gamma-proteobacteria in soil, and the rice yield is also obviously improved, which shows that the biogas slurry is applied by single application of the fertilizer and straw returning field to promote the effective utilization of nitrogen by rice plants and improve the stress resistance of rice, thereby improving the yield.
The relative abundance of bacteroidetes in each soil treated in the invention is second to proteobacteria, and the more the treatment for improving the rice yield, the lower the relative abundance of bacteroides is. Studies on the restoration of heavy metal contaminated soil and the influence on the microbial community by phyllostachys nigra and sedum plumbizincicola [ J ] forestry science, 2018,54 (8): 106-116. Doi.
Clocurella viridis has been shown to decompose cellulose (grandfather, liu Yahui, zhang Yong Mei, korea, zhang hong Wei, lu Jing. Suaeda salsa rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure and its function [ J ]. Chinese ecological agriculture bulletin 2020,192 (10): 148-159.doi, 10.13930/j.cnki. Cjea.200160.), and the number of clocurella viridis treated by "straw returning to field + biogas liquid fertilizer" and "straw returning to field + fertilizer" in this study is significantly increased, which may be related to the cellulose-rich straw. Ramirez et al (Ramirez K S, craine J M, fierer N.Consistent effects of nitrogen evaluation on soil microbial communities and processes across biomes [ J ]. Global Change Biology,2012,18 (6): 1918-1927. Doi. In the research, the relative abundance of the acidophyla in the soil is remarkably reduced through each fertilization treatment, particularly the relative abundance of the acidophyla in the biogas slurry fertilizer treatment is reduced by only 1/3 of that in the non-fertilization treatment group, which may be related to heavy metal ions contained in the biogas slurry. Another study showed that the genus Acidobacterium of the phylum Acidobacterium has chlorophyll-based photosynthesis, and is also involved in the metabolism of iron-circulating, single-carbon compounds (Wang Guanghua, liujie, in Zhenhua, wang Xinzhen, jin Jian, liu Xiao Bing. Bacterial Ecology research Progress [ J ]. Biotechnology Bulletin,32 (2): 14-20. Doi. This further explains that the single application of the biogas liquid fertilizer is unfavorable for rice production, and affects the rice setting rate and yield index.
Research shows that the protective microorganism actinomycetoma is a source for plants to absorb nutrient substances and 70% antibiotics, and can play a role in preventing and controlling plant diseases by inducing plant immune response. In the research, the relative abundance of actinomycete phyla in the soil of the single chemical fertilizer and biogas slurry applying treatment group is obviously reduced, and the relative abundance of actinomycete phyla in the soil of the straw returning field + biogas slurry fertilizer and the soil of the straw returning field + chemical fertilizer applying treatment group is obviously improved, so that the stress resistance of rice plants is reduced by only applying the chemical fertilizer and the biogas slurry fertilizer, and the disease resistance of the rice plants is improved by adding the straws.
On the genus level, the rare bacteria accounted for 67.91% to 81.99% of all the bacteria, reflecting that there were a large amount of unexplored microbial resources in the soil. In the research, the relative abundance of the rare-earth bacteria in the rice soil is reduced to different degrees through fertilization treatment, wherein the biogas slurry is applied in a straw returning mode or the fertilizer treatment is not obviously reduced, while the relative abundance of the rare-earth bacteria in the soil of a single fertilizer application group and a biogas slurry treatment group is obviously reduced, which shows that the long-term single fertilizer application and biogas slurry have negative effects on the function stability of the ecological system of soil microorganisms, and the addition of the straws is favorable for balancing the negative effects caused by the single fertilizer application and biogas slurry. The luteolin monad is classified as the optimum potential genus, and research shows that the luteolin has outstanding antagonistic action on various pathogenic bacteria in soil. In the research, the relative abundance of luteolin monad in the soil is obviously increased by the fertilization treatment, especially the 'biogas liquid fertilizer' treatment, and then the 'full fertilizer' and 'straw returning + biogas liquid fertilizer' treatment. The obvious increase of the relative abundance of the luteomonas in the soil treated by the biogas liquid fertilizer can be a soil compensatory effect to relieve biological pathogenic bacteria caused by singly applying the biogas liquid.
3.3 influence of the distribution of straw, biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer on the diversity of soil bacterial communities
Microbial community diversity is a key index in describing the ecological characteristics of soil, and higher diversity index indicates the richness and diversity of soil microbial communities. The bacteria are microbial groups with abundant and widely distributed quantity in soil microorganisms, account for about 70-90% of the total quantity of the soil microorganisms, and play an important role in soil nutrient circulation. In the research, the indexes of soil bacteria, namely, the Chano 1 indexes treated by straw returning and biogas slurry fertilizers and the indexes of soil bacteria treated by straw returning and fertilizer fertilizers are obviously increased compared with the indexes of less fertilizers applied by Shannon, and the indexes of total biogas slurry fertilizers are obviously reduced compared with the indexes of less fertilizers applied by total biogas slurry fertilizers. The method proves that the biogas slurry and the chemical fertilizer are applied in a matched manner to the straws, so that the diversity of the soil bacterial community is improved to a certain extent, the structure change of the soil bacterial community is caused, the stability of a soil ecosystem is improved, the diversity of the soil bacterial community is obviously reduced by applying the biogas slurry and the chemical fertilizer singly, and the soil quality is reduced. In addition, the present study found that "total Fertilizer" treated Soil bacteria had the most total OTUs and the most specific OTUs, indicating that single Fertilizer application may cause enrichment of some dominant Soil bacteria and loss of some Bacterial species, which is associated with the application of river beauty, etc., zhao lan, zhan juan, hu wei, liu xian, li huaxing, RFLP method to study the effect of biological compound Fertilizer and Banana vascular Wilt on the diversity of Soil Bacterial communities [ J ]. Chinese biocontrol academic, 2013,29 (3): 406-416.doi
Analysis with RFLP [ J ]. Chinese Journal of Biological Control,2013,29 (3): 406-416.) consistent results, long-term application of fertilizer should be avoided in rice field management.
4 conclusion
The treatment of straw with biogas slurry fertilizer or chemical fertilizer equivalent to replace the whole chemical fertilizer can also achieve the effect of keeping the rice yield, but is lower than the treatment of the whole chemical fertilizer. The straw is joined in marriage and is executed natural pond liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer and handle and have the trend that reduces soil bacteria OTUs quantity, has reduced the quantity of dominant mycoderm deformation mycoderm simultaneously and has improved other mycoderms such as actinomycete door and green bent mycoderm quantity, is favorable to improving soil bacteria community structure abundance and variety, has promoted soil quality and fertility.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A rice planting method for returning the total amount of straws to the field and applying biogas liquid fertilizer or chemical fertilizer in a matched manner is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Crushing the straws and then returning the straws to the field;
(2) Respectively applying a base fertilizer and a tillering fertilizer before and after the rice is planted;
the base fertilizer and the tillering fertilizer are both 15% -15% of NPK acidic compound fertilizer or biogas slurry fertilizer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the straw returning amount in step (1) is 7000-8000 kg-hm -2 。
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the straw in step (1) is one of wheat straw, rice straw and corn straw.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the total amount of nitrogen applied during the rice planting in step (2) is 270 to 320 kg-hm -2 。
5. The method of claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the fertilizer operation proportion in the fertilization process is base fertilizer: the tillering fertilizer = 1-2.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the physical and chemical properties of the biogas slurry fertilizer are: organic matter 36.51 +/-3.14 g.Kg -1 0.84 plus or minus 0.49 g/Kg of total nitrogen -1 0.60 plus or minus 0.14 g.Kg ammonia nitrogen -1 1.42 plus or minus 0.28 g/Kg of total phosphorus -1 1.68 plus or minus 0.34 g.Kg of available potassium -1 The pH value is 8.00 +/-0.24.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the soil is ground to a particle size of 1.5cm or less before the rice is planted in the step (2) 3 。
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the rice of step (2) is Huaixiangjing 15.
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