CN115877596A - Transmission type terahertz polarization converter based on graphene adjustable control - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a graphene-based adjustable transmission type terahertz polarization converter, which belongs to the technical field of photoelectric functional devices.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of photoelectric functional devices, in particular to a transmission type terahertz polarization converter based on adjustable graphene.
Background
Polarization modulation has huge application value and development potential in the fields of sensing, imaging, communication and the like, and the traditional method based on the birefringence effect and the Faraday magneto-optical effect usually needs thicker crystal materials and is difficult to integrate into the existing optical system; in addition, due to the lack of natural materials with strong terahertz photoelectric response, the number of terahertz polarization modulation devices is small, the performance is poor, and the terahertz polarization modulation devices gradually become a short plate for limiting terahertz application. In recent years, the artificial super surface is widely concerned by the advantages of ultra-thinness, easy integration, flexible design and the like, the super surface is a two-dimensional plane metamaterial composed of a sub-wavelength array, special functions which cannot be achieved by natural materials can be achieved, and a metal material or a medium material is designed into an anisotropic pattern, so that the amplitude and the phase of two orthogonal polarization components are modulated to different degrees, and the polarization state conversion is achieved; however, the polarization conversion characteristics of such devices can only be manipulated by adjusting the geometrical parameters of the structure, and once the processing is completed, the polarization conversion characteristics cannot be changed, and the mechanical manipulation method based on MEMS usually requires higher processing technology and has slow modulation speed. Technologies such as compression imaging, adaptive optics, high-speed communication and the like all need to dynamically regulate and control the polarization state of electromagnetic waves, so that the construction of a polarization converter which depends on rapid regulation and control of the polarization state of electromagnetic waves becomes a technical problem to be solved urgently at the present stage.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a graphene-based adjustable transmission type terahertz polarization converter, which combines graphene and a metal super-surface, utilizes the electromagnetic characteristic of the graphene with adjustable conductivity under the action of gate bias voltage to adjust and control the polarization conversion characteristic of the metal super-surface, and further realizes the broadband transmission type terahertz cross polarization conversion with adjustable efficiency.
The technical scheme of the invention mainly comprises the following steps: the converter comprises three super-surface structures, namely an upper metal grating layer, a metal antenna layer and a lower metal grating layer from top to bottom in sequence, wherein the layers are separated by a dielectric layer, and a graphene layer is attached to the lower surface of the metal antenna layer; the metal antenna layer antenna is a rectangular antenna; the converter performs difference modulation on the amplitude and the phase of two orthogonal polarization components of the terahertz wave to realize cross polarization conversion.
Further, the graphene layer is attached to the lower surface of the metal antenna layer.
Furthermore, the gratings of the upper metal grating layer of the converter are periodically arranged along the y axis, the gratings of the lower metal grating layer are periodically arranged along the x axis, and the period of the gratings is far less than the working wavelength.
Furthermore, the upper metal grating layer and the lower metal grating layer both comprise sub-wavelength metal gratings, the sub-wavelength metal gratings are introduced to form a Fabry-Perot cavity inside the converter, and the constructive interference effect in the cavity enhances the polarization conversion capability of the metal antenna, so that the cross polarization conversion efficiency and the working bandwidth of the converter are greatly improved.
Furthermore, the upper metal grating layer blocks the x-polarized light from the metal antenna layer, and the loss of the x-polarized light in the reflection channel is eliminated; the lower metal grating layer blocks the y polarized light from the metal antenna layer and reflects the y polarized light back to the metal antenna layer to realize multiple conversion; the upper metal grating layer and the lower metal grating layer are used for realizing the functions of a polarizer and an analyzer.
Further, the metal antenna layer is a metal rectangular antenna array which is obliquely arranged at an angle of 45 degrees, and the length of the metal antenna layer antenna is approximately half of the central wavelength; when the linearly polarized light polarized along the y axis is incident on the surface of the antenna, the linearly polarized light is partially converted into x polarized light; the scattered light contains both x-and y-polarization components, and the antenna is used for polarization conversion.
Furthermore, electric dipole resonance inside the inclined metal rectangular antenna is used for carrying out differential modulation on two orthogonal polarization components of the terahertz wave, and then cross polarization conversion is achieved.
Further, the converter obtains the optimal cross polarization conversion efficiency and the optimal working bandwidth by adjusting the orientation, the length, the width and the period of the antenna of the metal antenna layer and the thickness of the dielectric layer.
Further, the dielectric layer utilizes the Fabry-Perot interference effect in the dielectric layer to improve the cross polarization conversion efficiency and the working bandwidth of the converter.
Further, the converter utilizes the conductivity adjustable characteristic of graphene in the graphene layer to dynamically regulate and control the cross polarization conversion efficiency of the converter.
Further, after receiving the y polarized light, the converter converts the y polarized light into x polarized light; in a wide frequency range of 0.6 THz-2.0 THz, the average cross polarization conversion efficiency of the converter is as high as 79.8%, and the polarization conversion ratio is always kept at 100%.
Further, the mobility of the converter in graphene is lower than 2000cm 2 When V · s, good switching can still be achieved.
Furthermore, the constituent materials of the upper metal grating layer, the metal antenna layer and the lower metal grating layer metal structure comprise gold; the dielectric layer dielectric comprises a flexible high molecular polymer polyimide.
Compared with the prior art, the invention provides a transmission type terahertz polarization converter based on graphene regulation and control, which has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the invention, graphene is combined with the metal super-surface, and the polarization conversion characteristic of the metal super-surface is regulated and controlled by utilizing the electromagnetic characteristic that the conductivity of the graphene is adjustable under the action of gate bias voltage, so that the efficiency-adjustable broadband transmission type terahertz cross polarization conversion is realized.
2. The terahertz polarization converter based on graphene has strong stability and high efficiency, and can work at room temperature, wherein the conductivity of the graphene can be actively adjusted through doping modes such as electricity, chemistry, optics and the like; meanwhile, the transmission type terahertz polarization converter which can be applied to actual regulation and control based on graphene is constructed.
3. The graphene-based terahertz polarization converter does not need graphene with high carrier mobility, is suitable for preparing a transmission-type terahertz cross polarization converter regulated by graphene with chemical vapor deposition growth and wet transfer, and solves the problem that the performance of the converter is greatly reduced due to low carrier mobility of the available graphene.
Drawings
Fig. 1 shows a schematic structural diagram of a transmission type terahertz polarization converter based on graphene regulation and control according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a performance parameter plot of an embodiment of the present invention, wherein plot A is a plot of cross-polarization conversion efficiency of a converter of the present invention as a function of graphene Fermi level; FIG. B is a modulation depth map of the polarization converter of the present invention.
Detailed Description
For a better understanding of the present invention, specific examples will be given to further illustrate the present invention, however, it should be understood that the illustrated examples are exemplary embodiments and the present invention may be embodied in various forms without being limited to the examples set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
The technical mechanism of the invention is as follows: the amplitude and the phase of two orthogonal polarization components of the terahertz wave are differentially modulated by using the electric dipole resonance of the inclined metal rectangular antenna, so that cross polarization conversion is realized. The Fabry-Perot interference effect in the dielectric layer is utilized to improve the cross polarization conversion efficiency and the working bandwidth of the converter. By adjusting the orientation, length, width and period of the antenna and the thickness of the dielectric layer, the converter obtains the optimal cross polarization conversion efficiency and the optimal working bandwidth. The graphene in the graphene layer is integrated on the surface of the antenna, electric dipole resonance inside the metal antenna is weakened by the graphene, and the polarization conversion capability of the metal antenna layer and the cross polarization conversion efficiency of the converter are dynamically regulated and controlled by the conductivity adjustable characteristic of the graphene, so that cross polarization conversion with adjustable efficiency is realized.
Furthermore, the upper layer metal grating layer and the lower layer metal grating layer comprise sub-wavelength metal gratings, the sub-wavelength metal gratings enable the interior of the converter to form a Fabry-Perot cavity, the constructive interference effect in the cavity enhances the polarization conversion capability of the metal antenna, and the cross polarization conversion capability of the converter is greatly improvedExchange efficiency and operating bandwidth; the mobility of the converter in graphene is lower than 2000cm 2 The good conversion effect can be maintained in the case of V · s.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a transmission type terahertz polarization converter structure optimization method based on graphene adjustability and controllability.
Referring to fig. 1, the structure is modeled by COMSOL Multiphysics, and the transmission coefficient of cross polarization is calculated by using the S parameter of the port; finding the structural parameter combination of the optimal cross polarization conversion efficiency and the working bandwidth by utilizing a built-in parametric scanning function, which specifically comprises the following steps: the thickness of the dielectric layer and the orientation, length, width and period of the metal antenna; the method comprises the steps of establishing a transmission matrix of each layer according to the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient of each layer, calculating cross polarization conversion efficiency by using a transmission matrix method, analyzing the relation between the cross polarization conversion efficiency and structural parameters, and searching for an optimal structural parameter combination by combining numerical simulation, wherein the COMSOL numerical simulation method and the transmission matrix method are the prior art used for researching the transmission characteristics of the multilayer structure. The converter comprises three layers of super-surface structures, wherein a metal grating layer 1, a metal antenna layer 2 and a metal grating layer 3 are sequentially arranged from top to bottom, the layers are separated by a dielectric layer 5, and a graphene layer 4 is attached to the lower surface of the metal antenna layer.
As a result: the thickness of the dielectric layer is set to be one quarter of the central wavelength, the orientation of the antenna is set to be 45 degrees or 135 degrees, the length of the antenna is set to be about twice of the central wavelength, and the optimal cross polarization conversion efficiency and the optimal working bandwidth can be obtained; in the transducer, the dielectric layer has a thickness of 33 μm, the metal antenna has a length of 82 μm and a width of 10 μm, and the period is 70 μm. The influence of the graphene on the polarization conversion characteristic is derived from the inhibition effect of the graphene on electric dipole resonance, and can be regulated and controlled by changing the Fermi level; the modulation depth of the converter is related to the carrier mobility of the graphene, a lower mobility will result in a lower modulation depth, but even then a mobility of 250cm 2 The modulation depth at V · s can still reach 81.2%, and the polarization conversion ratio is alwaysThe concentration was maintained at 100%. The converter can replace an adjustable polaroid of a terahertz time-domain spectrometer to realize rapid measurement of terahertz circular dichroism spectrum and optical dispersion spectrum, and has wide application potential in the field of terahertz real-time biomolecule detection.
The converter utilizes the electric dipole resonance of the inclined metal rectangular antenna to realize cross polarization conversion, and utilizes the electric dipole resonance of the inclined metal rectangular antenna to perform differential modulation on the amplitude and the phase of two orthogonal polarization components of the terahertz wave, so that the cross polarization conversion is realized. The converter does not utilize graphene surface plasmons to realize cross polarization conversion, so that the cross polarization conversion performance of the converter is not limited by the carrier mobility and Fermi level of the available graphene.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a terahertz response characteristic when the fermi level of graphene of a graphene-based adjustable and controllable transmission-type terahertz polarization converter is 0 eV.
When the Fermi level of the graphene is 0eV, the sub-wavelength metal grating shows strong reflection to the electromagnetic wave polarized in parallel to the grating strips; the x-polarized light from the middle layer cannot pass through the top layer grating, and the y-polarized light cannot pass through the bottom layer grating, so that the cross polarization reflectivity and the co-polarization transmissivity of the converter are both 0; electromagnetic waves are reflected for multiple times between the two layers of gratings and then are converted for multiple times by the antenna, so that the cross polarization transmittance is greatly improved; referring to fig. 2A, in the wide frequency range of 0.6THz to 2.0THz, the incident y-polarized light is converted into x-polarized light, the cross polarization transmittance is always higher than 62.3%, the average cross polarization transmittance is 79.8%, the average insertion loss is 1.02dB, the polarization conversion ratio is 100%, and the relative bandwidth is 107.7%.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a terahertz response characteristic when the fermi level of graphene of a graphene-based adjustable and controllable transmission-type terahertz polarization converter is continuously adjusted within the range of 0eV to 1 eV.
Referring to fig. 2A, when the fermi level of the graphene is continuously adjusted within a range of 0eV to 1eV, the average cross polarization conversion efficiency of the converter within a wide frequency range of 0.6THz to 2THz can be dynamically adjusted from 79.8% to 3.6%, and the average modulation depth is as high as 95.3% (see fig. 2B); explained by means of an equivalent circuit model, when the Fermi level is 0eV, the conductivity of graphene is 0, adjacent antennas are not conducted, free charges are accumulated at two ends of each antenna to form a capacitor, electric dipole resonance is excited at a specific frequency, and the graphene is equivalent to a variable resistor and an inductor which are connected with the capacitor in parallel in a circuit; with the increase of the Fermi level, the conductivity of the graphene is continuously increased, the adjacent antennas are gradually conducted, positive and negative free charges gathered at two ends of the antennas are mutually contacted and offset through the graphene, the capacitance is gradually short-circuited, the electric dipole resonance is weakened, and the cross polarization conversion efficiency is reduced; under the limit condition, the high-conductivity graphene short circuits the capacitor, electric dipole resonance disappears, and the cross polarization conversion efficiency is 0. The conductivity of graphene is closely related to the fermi level and the mobility, and the increase of the fermi level and the mobility causes the increase of the conductivity, so that electric dipole resonance is more strongly inhibited, and finally, the cross polarization conversion efficiency is lower.
According to the transmission type terahertz polarization converter based on the adjustable graphene, the graphene is patterned without photoetching and etching; the defect and impurities introduced in the preparation process of the converter are avoided, so that the carrier mobility of the graphene is greatly reduced and is mostly 2000cm 2 In the case below (V · s), the converter according to the invention achieves a significant polarization control effect.
The above are merely examples of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention. Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of claims of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A transmission type terahertz polarization converter based on graphene regulation and control is characterized in that,
the converter comprises three super-surface structures, namely an upper metal grating layer, a metal antenna layer and a lower metal grating layer from top to bottom in sequence, wherein the layers are separated by a dielectric layer, and a graphene layer is attached to the surface of the metal antenna layer;
the metal antenna layer antenna is a rectangular antenna;
the converter carries out difference modulation on the amplitude and the phase of two orthogonal polarization components of the terahertz wave, and cross polarization conversion is achieved.
2. The converter of claim 1, wherein the graphene layer is attached to a lower surface of the metal antenna layer.
3. The converter of claim 1, wherein the upper metal grating layer gratings of the converter are arranged periodically along the y-axis and the lower metal grating layer gratings are arranged periodically along the x-axis, and the period of the gratings is much smaller than the operating wavelength.
4. The converter according to claim 3, wherein the upper metal grating layer blocks x-polarized light from the metal antenna layer, eliminating loss of x-polarized light in the reflection channel; the lower metal grating layer blocks the y polarized light from the metal antenna layer and reflects the y polarized light back to the metal antenna layer to realize multiple conversions; the upper metal grating layer and the lower metal grating layer are used for realizing the functions of a polarizer and an analyzer.
5. The converter according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the metal antenna layer is a metal rectangular antenna array placed at an inclination of 45 °, and the length of the metal antenna layer antenna is approximately half of the center wavelength; when the linearly polarized light polarized along the y axis is incident on the surface of the antenna, the linearly polarized light is partially cross-polarized into x polarized light; the scattered light contains both x-and y-polarization components, and the antenna is used for polarization conversion.
6. The converter of claim 5, wherein the converter obtains optimal cross polarization conversion efficiency and operating bandwidth by adjusting the orientation, length, width, period of the antenna in the metal antenna layer and the thickness of the dielectric layer.
7. The converter of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer utilizes fabry-perot interference effects within the dielectric layer to improve cross-polarization conversion efficiency and operating bandwidth of the converter.
8. The converter according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the converter utilizes conductivity tunable characteristics of graphene in the graphene layer to dynamically adjust and control cross polarization conversion efficiency of the converter.
9. The converter of claim 1, wherein the converter converts y-polarized light to x-polarized light after receiving it; in a wide frequency range of 0.6 THz-2.0 THz, the average cross polarization conversion efficiency of the converter is as high as 79.8%, and the polarization conversion ratio is always kept at 100%.
10. The converter of claim 1, wherein the upper metal grating layer, the metal antenna layer and the lower metal grating layer metal structure are made of a material comprising gold; the dielectric layer dielectric comprises a flexible high molecular polymer polyimide.
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| CN117452546A (en) * | 2023-11-14 | 2024-01-26 | 曲阜师范大学 | Double-layer grating broadband terahertz polarization wave plate based on dispersion compensation mechanism |
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