CN115703163A - Multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method - Google Patents
Multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN115703163A CN115703163A CN202210695336.9A CN202210695336A CN115703163A CN 115703163 A CN115703163 A CN 115703163A CN 202210695336 A CN202210695336 A CN 202210695336A CN 115703163 A CN115703163 A CN 115703163A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/18—Submerged-arc welding
- B23K9/182—Submerged-arc welding making use of a non-consumable electrode
- B23K9/184—Submerged-arc welding making use of a non-consumable electrode making use of several electrodes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/02—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts
Abstract
The invention provides a multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method. Provided is a multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method which is less likely to cause slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking even in a thick plate and has excellent stability of the back bead height. A multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method for joining one side of 2 butted steel plates (20) by using a plurality of electrodes (15), wherein the electrodes (15) comprise at least 3 electrodes (15) of a1 st electrode (15 a), a2 nd electrode (15 b) and a3 rd electrode (15 c), the electrodes (15) are arranged in the order of the 1 st electrode (15 a) as a row head of a welding advancing direction X, the 2 nd electrode (15 b) and the 3 rd electrode (15 c) are connected, and welding is carried out under the following conditions: polarity of the 1 st electrode (15 a): alternating current, polarity of the 2 nd electrode (15 b): phase difference between alternating current and alternating current between the 1 st electrode (15 a) and the 2 nd electrode (15 b): 0 DEG to 90 DEG or 275 DEG to 360 DEG, and the interelectrode distance L2 between the 2 nd electrode (15 b) and the 3 rd electrode (15 c): 210 mm-320 mm.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method.
Background
Multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding is a highly efficient welding construction method that is applied to a wide range of fields, mainly shipbuilding, as plate butt welding. As such a multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding for achieving high efficiency, various welding methods are disclosed.
In general, as a steel sheet becomes thick, it is difficult to stabilize the back bead height, and the shape tends to be pear-shaped. Therefore, slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking are likely to occur.
In view of the above, for example, patent document 1 discloses a multi-electrode single-side single-layer submerged arc welding method characterized in that welding is performed under the following conditions: polarity of the 1 st electrode: direct current, negative electrode side, and inter-electrode distance between the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode: 80mm to 160mm, and the distance between the 2 nd electrode and the 3 rd electrode: arc voltage of the 1 st electrode of 80mm to 160 mm: 25-40V, welding current of 2 nd electrode: 800 to 1400A. Thereby, high temperature cracking can be suppressed also in the thick plate.
Patent document 2 discloses a multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method in which the wire feed speed, which is a speed control method for the leading electrode, is set to a fixed speed control, and the power supply method is set to an alternating current and the external characteristics are set to constant voltage characteristics, for example, for the trailing electrode. This can reduce appearance defects of penetration beads (penetration beads).
Documents of the prior art
Patent document
Patent document 1: JP 2016-193444 publication
Patent document 2: JP 2015-150571A
However, the welding method described in patent document 1 is susceptible to magnetic blow because direct current is used as the welding current for the 1 st electrode. The influence of the magnetic blow may affect the back bead height, and there is still room for improvement. In addition, the welding method described in patent document 2 has room for improvement from the viewpoint of suppressing the generation of slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking in the case of welding a thick plate.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a multi-electrode one-side submerged arc welding method which is less likely to cause slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking even in a thick plate, and which is excellent in stability of the height of the back bead.
In view of the above-described problems, a multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method according to the present embodiment is a multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method for joining one side of 2 butted steel plates using a plurality of electrodes, wherein the electrodes include at least 3 electrodes of a1 st electrode, a2 nd electrode, and a3 rd electrode, the electrodes are arranged in order of a row head with the 1 st electrode as a welding proceeding direction, followed by the 2 nd electrode and the 3 rd electrode, and the polarity of the 1 st electrode is: alternating current, polarity of the 2 nd electrode: a phase difference between the alternating current and the alternating current of the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode: 0 ° to 90 ° or 275 ° to 360 °, and an inter-electrode distance between the 2 nd electrode and the 3 rd electrode: welding is carried out under the condition of 210 mm-320 mm.
In this way, by making the polarities of the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode not alternating, and setting the phase difference between them within a specific range, the penetration shape is stabilized. Further, by setting the inter-electrode distance between the 2 nd electrode and the 3 rd electrode within a specific range, the influence of the electrodes after the 3 rd electrode on the back bead height can be reduced. As a result, slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking are less likely to occur, and the back bead height is stabilized.
In the above method, preferably, the diameter of the wire of the 1 st electrode is 3.2mm to 6.4mm.
Therefore, more stable penetration is realized, and the back weld bead height is more stable. In addition, by adopting such a welding method, the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, and even in the case of welding a thick plate, that is, a thick steel plate, high-temperature cracking can be made less likely to occur.
In the above method, it is also preferable that the wire diameter of the 2 nd electrode is 4.0mm to 6.4mm, and the wire diameter of the 3 rd electrode is 4.0mm to 6.4mm.
Therefore, more stable penetration is realized, and the back weld bead height is more stable. In addition, by adopting such a welding method, the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, and even in the case of welding a thick plate, high-temperature cracking can be made less likely to occur.
In the above method, it is also preferable that the distance between the electrodes of the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode is 25mm or more and less than 80mm.
Therefore, more stable penetration is realized, and the back weld bead height is more stable. In addition, by adopting such a welding method, the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, and even in the case of welding a thick plate, high-temperature cracking can be more unlikely to occur.
In the above method, it is also preferable that the power supply characteristic of the 1 st electrode is a constant voltage.
This stabilizes the position of the arc, and hence stabilizes the back bead height.
In the above method, it is also preferable to use a flux backing method.
The flux backing method tends to make it more difficult to highly stabilize the back bead than the flux copper backing method. However, in the welding method according to the present embodiment, since the stability of the back bead height is excellent, the back bead height can be stabilized even in the case of using the flux backing method.
ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION
By welding by the multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method according to the present invention, the back bead can be easily highly stabilized even in a thick plate, and slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking can be prevented from occurring.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining a welding apparatus used in the multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method according to the present embodiment.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a steel sheet welded by the multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method according to the present embodiment, as viewed from above.
FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view showing the periphery of a steel sheet in the case of performing multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding by the flux copper backing method.
FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view showing the periphery of a steel sheet in the case of performing multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding by flux backing.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining the inter-electrode distance and the like in the multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method according to the present embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the periphery of a steel sheet for illustrating high temperature cracking resistance.
Description of reference numerals
11. Frame stand
12. Welding machine
13. Welding machine beam
15. Electrode for electrochemical cell
15a 1 st electrode
15b second electrode
15c No. 3 electrode
15d 4 th electrode
16 a-16 d welding wire
17 a-17 d contact tip
20. Steel plate
21. 22 joint
31. Beginning end
32. End tip
50a, 50b gasket device
51. Surface flux
52. Gasket flux
53. Slag of molten slag
54. Weld metal
55. Copper gasket
56. Fire-resistant canvas
57. Heat-resistant cover
58. Sole soldering flux
59. Air hose
60. Weld metal formed on the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode
61. Weld metal formed at electrode subsequent to 3 rd electrode
100. Welding device
A1-A4 welding wire protrusion length
Distance between L1 and L2 electrodes
T penetration depth of weld metal formed by electrodes after the 3 rd electrode
thickness of t-sheet steel
Detailed Description
The embodiment for carrying out the present invention will be described in detail below. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below, and can be implemented by being arbitrarily modified within a range not departing from the gist of the present invention.
"to" indicating a numerical range is used in the sense of including numerical values described before and after the range as a lower limit value and an upper limit value.
< soldering apparatus >
In the multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method (hereinafter, may be simply referred to as "welding method") according to the present embodiment, for example, a welding apparatus as shown in fig. 1 is used, but the welding apparatus is not limited thereto.
When the flux-copper backing method is used, the pad device 50a as shown in fig. 3 is disposed on the mount frame 11. A pad flux 52 is spread on the copper pad 5 of the pad device 50 a. The pad flux 52 is in contact with the bottom surface of the steel plate 20 mounted on a mount, not shown.
When the flux backing method is used, the pad device 50b as shown in fig. 4 is disposed on the mount frame 11. In the fire-resistant canvas 56 of the lining device 50b, the heat-resistant cover 57 is filled with the underlay flux 58, and the lining flux 52 is spread thereon. The pad flux 52 is in contact with the bottom surface of the steel plate 20 mounted on a mount, not shown.
The welder beam 13 moves the welder 12 in the longitudinal direction of the steel plate 20.
The welding machine 12 is disposed above the gantry frame 11, that is, above the steel plate 20. Then, as shown in fig. 2, the steel plate 20 is welded from the front side of the welding bevel portion M of the steel plate 20. The welder 12 is provided with a plurality of welding torches including a plurality of electrodes 15.
The welding machine 12 welds the steel plate 20 by single-side submerged arc welding from the electrode 15 for the front side of the welding bevel portion M in fig. 2 while moving in the direction of the arrow in fig. 1 at a predetermined speed along the welding beam 13.
In the multi-electrode one-side submerged arc welding method according to the present embodiment, as shown in fig. 3 and 4, submerged arc welding is performed from the front side of the steel plate 20 using the surface flux 51, and a weld bead is formed simultaneously on the front surface and the back surface of the steel plate 20. In fig. 3 and 4, reference numeral 53 denotes slag, reference numeral 54 denotes weld metal, reference numeral 57 denotes a heat-resistant cover, and reference numeral 58 denotes a bedding flux.
Here, one of the soldering methods is flux copper backing method. As shown in fig. 3, the flux copper backing method is a soldering method as follows: the pad flux 52 is spread on the pad copper plate 55, and the pad copper plate 55 is pressed by an upward-pushing mechanism from the back surface of the pad copper plate 55, so that the pad flux 52 is brought into close contact with the back surface of the steel plate 20 to be butted. The dispersion of the pad flux 52 is preferably dispersed in layers. The push-up mechanism may be, for example, air pressure using the air hose 59. By the above method, welding can be performed in a single pass.
In addition, as one of other soldering methods, a flux backing method can be cited. As shown in fig. 4, the flux backing method is a soldering method as follows: the pad flux 52 contained in the fire-resistant canvas 56 is pressed by a push-up mechanism, and the pad flux 52 is brought into close contact with the back surface of the steel plate 20 in abutment. Preferably, in the fire-resistant canvas 56, the heat-resistant cover 57 is filled with the under-pad flux 58, and the pad flux 52 is spread thereon. By the above method, welding can also be performed in a single pass.
The flux backing method has an advantage that soldering can be performed even when there is a difference in plate thickness or unevenness of the steel plate 20. On the other hand, it tends to be difficult to highly stabilize the back bead as compared with the flux copper backing method.
In contrast, by using the welding method according to the present embodiment, the back bead can be highly stabilized even in the flux backing method. Thus, the present invention can also exhibit the advantages of the flux backing method and highly stabilize the back bead, which has been a conventional problem, by using the present invention together with the flux backing method. For this reason, the soldering method according to the present embodiment preferably uses a flux backing method.
< welding conditions >
The welding method according to the present embodiment uses, for example, a welding machine as follows: the apparatus described in the above < welding apparatus > includes at least 3 electrodes 15 arranged in the order of the 1 st electrode 15a, the 2 nd electrode 15b, and the 3 rd electrode 15c from the row head in the welding traveling direction X, as shown in fig. 5.
The polarities of the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b are set to alternating currents, the phase difference between them is set to 0 ° to 90 ° or 275 ° to 360 °, and the interelectrode distance L2 between the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c is set to 210mm to 320mm.
(1 st electrode 15 a)
In the present embodiment, the polarity of the 1 st electrode 15a is set to ac. This can suppress the occurrence of magnetic blow, and hence the back bead is highly stable. On the other hand, if the polarity of the 1 st electrode 15a is set to a direct current, magnetic blow is likely to occur, and the arc is deflected, so that the back bead height becomes unstable.
When the power supply characteristic of the 1 st electrode 15a is set to a constant voltage, the arc generation position is stable, and therefore the back bead is highly stable, which is preferable.
The arc voltage of the 1 st electrode 15a is preferably set to 30 to 45V, for example. By setting the range, the arc voltage of the 1 st electrode does not become too high, and the voltage value is in an appropriate range, so that the back bead height is more stable. Further, since the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, it is more difficult for high-temperature cracking to occur even when a thick plate is welded.
From the viewpoint of further stabilizing the back bead height and preventing the occurrence of high-temperature cracking, the arc voltage of the 1 st electrode 15a is more preferably 32V or more, and still more preferably 34V or more. From the same viewpoint, the arc voltage of the 1 st electrode 15a is more preferably 42V or less, and still more preferably 40V or less.
The above is merely an example of a preferable numerical range, and is not limited thereto. That is, it is not at all excluded that the arc voltage of the 1 st electrode 15a is set to 28V or 48V, for example. Even if the arc voltage is outside the above numerical range, the back bead height can be sufficiently stabilized, and high-temperature cracking can be sufficiently suppressed.
The welding current of the 1 st electrode 15a is preferably set to 800 to 1600A, for example. By setting the range, the welding current of the 1 st electrode 15a does not become too high, and the current value is in an appropriate range, so the back bead height is more stable. Further, since the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, high-temperature cracking can be more hardly generated even in the case of welding thick plates.
From the viewpoint of further stabilizing the back bead height and preventing the occurrence of high-temperature cracking, the welding current of the 1 st electrode 15a is more preferably 900A or more, and still more preferably 1000A or more. From the same viewpoint, the welding current of the 1 st electrode 15a is more preferably 1550A or less, and still more preferably 1400A or less.
The above is merely an example of a preferable numerical range, and is not limited thereto. That is, the welding current of the 1 st electrode 15a is not at all excluded to be 850A or 1650A, for example. Even if the welding current is outside the above numerical range, the back bead height can be sufficiently stabilized, and high-temperature cracking can be sufficiently suppressed.
As shown in fig. 5, the receding angle θ 1 of the 1 st electrode 15a is represented by an angle formed by the center line of the 1 st electrode 15a and a plane having the welding traveling direction X as a normal line. Note that the direction perpendicular to the welding direction X is set to 0 °, and the welding direction X side is set to positive.
The receding angle θ 1 of the 1 st electrode 15a is preferably 1 ° or more, and further preferably 15 ° or less, from the viewpoint of facilitating penetration and stably obtaining the back bead height.
The diameter of the wire of the 1 st electrode 15a is preferably 3.2mm to 6.4mm. By setting the range, the back bead width can be sufficiently secured, and therefore the back bead height is stable. Further, since the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking are less likely to occur.
From the viewpoint of further stabilizing the back bead height and preventing the generation of slag inclusion, the diameter of the wire of the 1 st electrode 15a is more preferably 4.0mm or more, and still more preferably 4.8mm or less.
The wire 16a of the 1 st electrode 15a is preferably a solid wire because of its deep penetration and good resistance to moisture absorption.
In submerged arc welding, a solid wire is mainly used, the wire diameter of which is limited to a specific nominal diameter. In general, the actual diameter is broadly interpreted to include an error range.
Here, JIS Z3200: the nominal diameter of the solid wire for submerged arc welding in 2005 was 3.2mm in diameter, 4.0mm in diameter, 4.8mm in diameter, and 6.4mm in diameter, and their tolerance was ± 0.06mm.
Therefore, the wire diameter defined in the present embodiment is also set as the actual diameter including an error of ± 0.06mm. That is, for example, the wire diameter is 3.2mm, the actual diameter is "diameter 3.2mm ± 0.06mm", the wire diameter is 4.0mm, the actual diameter is "diameter 4.0mm ± 0.06mm", the wire diameter is 4.8mm, the actual diameter is "diameter 4.8mm ± 0.06mm", the wire diameter is 6.4mm, and the actual diameter is "diameter 6.4mm ± 0.06mm".
(No. 2 electrode 15 b)
In the present embodiment, the polarity of the 2 nd electrode 15b is ac. Thus, the occurrence of magnetic blow can be suppressed, and the back bead is highly stable. On the other hand, when the polarity of the 2 nd electrode 15b is set to a direct current, magnetic blow is likely to occur, and the arc is deflected, so that the back bead height becomes unstable.
The power supply characteristic of the 2 nd electrode 15b is preferably constant current or droop, for example. Therefore, the welding current is stable, the penetration is more stable, and high-temperature cracking is more difficult to generate.
The above description is merely a preferable example, and is not limited thereto.
The arc voltage of the 2 nd electrode 15b is preferably 28 to 43V, for example. By setting the range, the 2 nd electrode does not become excessively high voltage, and the voltage value of the arc voltage is in an appropriate range, so that the back bead height is more stable. Further, since the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, high-temperature cracking can be more hardly generated even in the case of welding a thick plate.
From the viewpoint of further stabilizing the back bead height and preventing the occurrence of high-temperature cracking, the arc voltage of the 2 nd electrode 15b is more preferably 30V or more, and still more preferably 32V or more. From the same viewpoint, the arc voltage of the 2 nd electrode is more preferably 40V or less, and still more preferably 38V or less.
The above is merely an example of a preferable numerical range, and is not limited thereto. That is, it is not at all excluded that the arc voltage of the 2 nd electrode 15b is, for example, 26V or 45V. Even if the arc voltage is outside the above numerical range, the back bead height can be sufficiently stabilized, and high-temperature cracking can be sufficiently suppressed.
The welding current of the 2 nd electrode 15b is preferably 600 to 1300A, for example. By setting the current value to this range, the 2 nd electrode 15b does not become too high in current, and the current value of the welding current is in an appropriate range, so that the back bead height is more stable. Further, since the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, even in the case of welding a thick plate, high-temperature cracking is more unlikely to occur in the electric power.
The welding current of the 2 nd electrode 15b is more preferably 700A or more from the viewpoint of further stabilizing the back bead height and preventing the occurrence of high-temperature cracking. From the same viewpoint, the welding current of the 2 nd electrode 15b is more preferably 1200A or less, and still more preferably 1100A or less.
The above is merely an example of a preferable numerical range, and is not limited thereto. That is, the welding current of the 2 nd electrode 15b is not at all excluded to be 550A or 1400A, for example. Even if the welding current is outside the above numerical range, the back bead height can be sufficiently stabilized, and high-temperature cracking can be sufficiently suppressed.
As shown in fig. 5, the receding angle θ 2 of the 2 nd electrode 15b is represented by an angle formed by the center line of the 2 nd electrode 15b and a plane having the welding traveling direction X as a normal line.
The receding angle θ 2 of the 2 nd electrode 15b is preferably 1 ° or more, and further preferably 15 ° or less. When the thickness falls within this range, the weld pool formed in the 2 nd electrode 15b is less likely to be broken in the welding direction X. As a result, the state of the molten pool formed on the 1 st electrode 15a is not obstructed, and the back bead height can be stabilized.
The diameter of the wire of the 2 nd electrode 15b is preferably set to 4.0mm to 6.4mm. By setting the thickness within this range, the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, and slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking can be prevented from occurring.
The diameter of the welding wire of the 2 nd electrode 15b is more preferably 4.8mm or more in diameter from the viewpoint of further stabilizing the back bead height and preventing the generation of slag inclusions.
(3 rd electrode 15 c)
In the present embodiment, the polarity of the 3 rd electrode 15c can be used regardless of whether it is a direct current or an alternating current, and in the case of a direct current, either DCEP that is a positive dc rod or DCEN that is a negative dc rod can be used. Among these, the chemical components of the welding wire are more retained in the weld metal, and in view of more stable retention of the chemical components of the weld metal and good mechanical properties, it is preferable to use an alternating current.
The power supply characteristic of the 3 rd electrode 15c is preferably selected to be, for example, a constant current or a sag characteristic. Thus, by stabilizing the welding current, the penetration is also more stable, and high-temperature cracking can be made more difficult to occur.
The above description is merely a preferable example, and is not limited thereto. That is, it is not at all excluded that the power supply characteristic of the 3 rd electrode 15c is a constant voltage, and even if the voltage is constant, the penetration is sufficiently stable, and the occurrence of high-temperature cracks can be sufficiently suppressed.
The range of the arc voltage of the 3 rd electrode 15c is not particularly limited, and welding can be performed by appropriately setting the arc voltage to a conventionally known general condition. Typical conditions include, for example, an arc voltage of the 3 rd electrode 15c of 40V to 48V. However, the preferred numerical ranges are merely illustrative and not restrictive.
The range of the welding current of the 3 rd electrode 15c is not particularly limited, and welding can be performed by appropriately setting the welding current to a conventionally known general condition. As a general condition, for example, 700A to 1500A can be cited as a welding current of the 3 rd electrode 15 c. However, this is merely an example of a preferable numerical range, and is not limited thereto.
In addition, slag inclusion can be prevented by increasing the welding current of the 3 rd electrode 15c in accordance with the case where the distance between the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c is set to 210mm or more. From the viewpoint of preventing such slag inclusion, the welding current of the 3 rd electrode 15c is preferably 800A or more, and more preferably 900A or more.
As shown in fig. 5, the advance angle θ 3 of the 3 rd electrode 15c is represented by an angle formed by the center line of the 3 rd electrode 15c and a plane having the welding direction X as a normal line. In the case of the advance angle, the opposite side to the welding advance direction X is set to be positive.
The advancing angle θ 3 of the 3 rd electrode 15c is preferably 1 ° or more, and further preferably 15 ° or less. By setting the arc length within this range, the arc of the 3 rd electrode 15c is inclined in the welding direction X, and therefore, the slag formed on the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b is thermally melted by the arc of the 3 rd electrode 15c, and the welding wire does not collide with the slag, so that the arc is stabilized.
The diameter of the wire of the 3 rd electrode 15c is preferably set to 4.0mm to 6.4mm. By setting the thickness within this range, the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, and slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking can be prevented from occurring.
The diameter of the wire of the 3 rd electrode 15c is more preferably 4.8mm or more in diameter from the viewpoint of further stabilizing the back bead height and preventing the generation of slag inclusions.
(after the 4 th electrode 15 d)
The electrode 15 in the welding method according to the present embodiment may include at least 3 electrodes, which are the 1 st electrode 15a to the 3 rd electrode 15c, in order from the head of the welding direction X, and is more optional.
For example, as shown in fig. 5, the electrode 15 of the welder 12 includes 3 electrodes, i.e., a1 st electrode 15a, a2 nd electrode 15b, and a3 rd electrode 15c, in order from the end of the welding direction X indicated by the arrows in the figure. The electrodes 15 are arranged along the weld line direction. The electrode 15 may include 4 electrodes including a4 th electrode 15d shown by a dotted line in fig. 5 as necessary.
By providing the 4 th electrode 15d, the pool (molten pool) can be further raised. On the other hand, as long as the 1 st electrode 15a, the 2 nd electrode 15b, and the 3 rd electrode 15c satisfy the above-described conditions, the effect of the present invention is obtained, and therefore, the number of the electrodes 15 can be arbitrarily set to 3 or 4. The number of the electrodes 15 is not limited to 4, but may be 5 or more, as desired.
The power supply characteristic of the 4 th electrode 15d or the electrodes thereafter is preferably selected to be, for example, a constant current or a sag characteristic. Therefore, the welding current is stable, the penetration is more stable, and high-temperature cracking is more difficult to generate.
The above description is merely a preferable example, and is not limited thereto. That is, it is not at all excluded that the 4 th electrode 15d and the subsequent electrodes have a constant power supply characteristic, and that the penetration is sufficiently stable even at a constant voltage, and that high-temperature cracking is sufficiently hard to occur.
The ranges of the arc voltage and the welding current of the 4 th electrode 15d and the electrodes thereafter are not particularly limited, and welding can be performed by appropriately setting the arc voltage and the welding current to the conventionally known general conditions. As general conditions, for example, with respect to the 4 th electrode, the arc voltage can be 40V to 50V, and the welding current can be 700A to 1500A. However, these are merely examples of preferable numerical ranges and are not limited thereto.
The wire diameter of the 4 th electrode 15d is preferably set to a diameter of 4.0mm to 6.8mm. By setting the thickness within this range, the penetration width of the root portion can be sufficiently secured, and slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking can be prevented from occurring.
As described above, the 4 th electrode 15d and the following electrodes are not particularly limited, and can be performed under general conditions in a preferable range with respect to the wire diameter, the arc voltage, the welding current, the polarity, and the like. As the general conditions, for example, the wire diameter: diameter 4.0 mm-6.8 mm, arc voltage: 40V-50V, welding current: 700A to 1500A. As other conditions, the wire diameter can be set to: diameter 6.4mm, arc voltage: 46V, welding current: 1300A, polarity: alternating current or direct current, etc.
(1 st electrode 15a and 2 nd electrode 15 b)
The phase difference of the alternating current between the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b is set to 0 DEG to 90 DEG or 275 DEG to 360 deg. In addition, 360 ° and 0 ° are the same.
By setting the phase difference between the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b to the above range, the weld metal generated in the 3 rd electrode 15c and the subsequent electrodes can be deeply penetrated into the weld metal formed by the welding using the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b, and slag inclusion and high-temperature cracking are less likely to occur. The depth of penetration is considered to be an influence of smoothing of the surfaces of the weld metal and the slag formed in the welding using the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15 b.
When the phase difference between the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b exceeds 90 ° and is less than 275 °, slag inclusion resistance and high temperature cracking resistance are deteriorated.
When the phase difference of the alternating currents between the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b is in the range of 0 ° to 90 °, the phase difference is preferably 80 ° or less, more preferably 70 ° or less, and further preferably 60 ° or less. When the phase difference between the alternating currents of the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b is in the range of 275 ° to 360 °, the phase difference is preferably 280 ° or more, more preferably 290 ° or more, and still more preferably 300 ° or more.
The interelectrode distance between the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b is a distance indicated by L1 in fig. 5. The inter-electrode distance L1 is a distance between a portion where the tip of the wire 16a protruding from the 1 st electrode 15a is directly extended and brought into contact with the steel plate 20 as indicated by a broken line in fig. 5 and a portion where the tip of the wire 16b protruding from the 2 nd electrode 15b is directly extended and brought into contact with the steel plate 20 as indicated by a broken line in fig. 5 in the arrangement of the electrodes 15 at the time of welding.
Similarly, the interelectrode distance L2 between the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c is a distance between the portions of the welding wire 16b and the welding wire 16c protruding from the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c and contacting the steel plate 20 by extending the tips thereof, respectively.
The distance L1 between the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b is, for example, preferably 25mm or more and less than 80mm. By setting the range to this range, the molten pool formed by the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b becomes 1 pool or a half pool, and therefore, the dendrite growth at the root is inhibited, and the high-temperature crack is more unlikely to occur.
From the viewpoint of further stabilizing the back bead height, the inter-electrode distance L1 is more preferably 30mm or more, and still more preferably 45mm or more. From the same viewpoint, the inter-electrode distance L1 is more preferably 70mm or less, and still more preferably 60mm or less.
The ratio V1/V2 of the arc voltage (V1) of the 1 st electrode 15a to the arc voltage (V2) of the 2 nd electrode 15b is preferably 1.01 or more. This lowers the position of the arc generation point of the 2 nd electrode 15b, and the penetration width of the root portion can be obtained, thereby suppressing the occurrence of slag inclusion and fusion failure.
The ratio V1/V2 is more preferably 1.03 or more, and still more preferably 1.05 or more. The upper limit of the ratio V1/V2 is not particularly limited, but is actually 1.5 or less, preferably 1.3 or less.
The lengths A1 to A3 of the welding wires 16a to 16c in the 1 st to 3 rd electrodes 15a to 15c are not particularly limited in the present embodiment, and can be set within a general range. When the 4 th electrode 15d is provided in the electrode 15, the same applies to the projection length A4 of the wire 16d of the 4 th electrode 15d and the projection lengths of the wires of the subsequent electrodes.
At least one of the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b is preferably set so that the projection lengths A1 and A2 of the wire are 20mm or more. By setting the projection lengths A1, A2 of the welding wire to 20mm or more, the welding wire is difficult to be thermally adhered to the contact tip. The projection lengths A1 and A2 of the welding wire are more preferably 25mm or more. At least one of the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b is preferably set to have a projection length A1, A2 of the wire of 40mm or less. By setting the projection lengths A1 and A2 of the welding wire to 40mm or less, the target position of the welding wire is less likely to be displaced, and penetration and the back bead height are stabilized.
(the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15 c)
The inter-electrode distance L2 between the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c is 210mm to 320mm. By setting the distance to this range, the distance between the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c becomes appropriate, and therefore, the cooling after welding by the 2 nd electrode becomes appropriate. Specifically, the welding performed by the 3 rd electrode 15c can be performed after the pool formed in the welding performed by the 2 nd electrode 15b is cooled. Therefore, the back bead can be formed only by welding the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b, and the back bead height is stabilized.
If the inter-electrode distance L2 is less than 210mm, the distance between the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c is small, and therefore the pool formed in the welding performed by the 2 nd electrode 15b is not completely cooled, and the arc of the 3 rd electrode 15c interferes with the pool formed in the welding performed by the 2 nd electrode. Therefore, the welding performed by the 3 rd electrode 15c interferes with the formation of the back bead by the welding of the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b, and the back bead height becomes unstable.
When the inter-electrode distance L2 exceeds 320mm, the distance between the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c becomes too large, slag formed in the welding performed by the 2 nd electrode 15b is completely solidified, and the weld metal formed in the welding performed by the 2 nd electrode 15b is covered. Therefore, when the arc using the 3 rd electrode 15c is started, the tip of the 3 rd electrode 15c is not enough to reach the weld metal formed in the welding performed by the 2 nd electrode 15b, and the arc is not generated.
The inter-electrode distance L2 may be 210mm or more, but is preferably 230mm or more, and more preferably 250mm or more, from the viewpoint of further stabilizing the back bead height.
The inter-electrode distance L2 may be 320mm or less, but from the viewpoint of stability of arcing, it is preferably 310mm or less, and more preferably 300mm or less.
When the polarity of the 3 rd electrode 15c is alternating current, the phase difference between the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c is preferably 90 ° to 270 °. The phase difference between the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c affects penetration during welding of the 3 rd electrode 15c, and high temperature cracking resistance is improved. The phase difference is preferably 90 ° or more, more preferably 110 °, and still more preferably 120 ° or more. For the same reason, the phase difference is preferably 270 ° or less, more preferably 250 ° or less, and still more preferably 240 ° or less.
When the electrode 15 includes the 4 th electrode 15d and the polarities of the 3 rd electrode 15c and the 4 th electrode 15d are alternating, the phase difference between the 3 rd electrode 15c and the 4 th electrode 15d is preferably 90 ° to 270 °. By setting the phase difference between the 3 rd electrode 15c and the 4 th electrode 15d to 90 ° to 270 °, the arcs repel each other, and the arc of the 3 rd electrode 15c faces forward. As a result, the slag formed on the 1 st electrode 15a and the 2 nd electrode 15b is melted by the arc heat of the 3 rd electrode 15c, so that the welding wire does not collide with the slag, and the arc is stabilized.
The wire diameters of the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c are preferably in the range of 4.0mm to 6.4mm, respectively, as described above, but from the viewpoint of further stabilizing the back bead and preventing the occurrence of slag inclusion, the wire diameters of the 2 nd electrode 15b and the 3 rd electrode 15c are preferably both 4.0mm to 6.4mm, and more preferably both are 4.8mm or more in diameter.
When the electrode 15 includes the 4 th electrode 15d, at least one of the 3 rd electrode 15c and the 4 th electrode 15d preferably has a projection length A3, A4 of the wire of 40mm or more. By setting the projection lengths A3 and A4 of the welding wire to 40mm or more, slag is less likely to adhere to the contact tip of the electrode, and therefore a good surface bead shape can be obtained. The projection lengths A3 and A4 of the welding wire are more preferably 45mm or more. The upper limit of the projection length A3, A4 of the welding wire is not particularly limited, but is preferably 80mm or less, more preferably 75mm or less, from the viewpoint of making the surface bead more stable.
In addition to the above, welding may be performed under conditions not described in each electrode 15, which are appropriately set to general conditions.
For example, the distance between the 3 rd electrode 15c and the 4 th electrode 15d can be arbitrarily set. The welding speed is, for example, 34 cm/min to 110 cm/min, but is not limited thereto.
(Steel plate 20)
The steel sheet 20 is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a steel sheet for shipbuilding. In the case of a steel sheet for shipbuilding, the length is, for example, 10m to 40m.
When welding in the present embodiment is performed, as shown in fig. 2, the steel plates 20 are butted against each other, and intermittent or continuous in-plane tack welding is performed at the position of the welding bevel portion M. Joints 21 and 22 for processing craters are attached to the starting end 31 and the ending end 32 of the steel plate 20.
Fig. 2 is only an embodiment, and is not limited to this.
(surface flux 51)
The type of the surface flux 51 is not particularly limited, and a binder flux containing iron powder is particularly preferable. By including iron powder in the surface flux 51, the penetration depth of the weld metal is easily obtained, and the high temperature cracking resistance is further improved.
< method of soldering >
The outline of multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding using the welding method according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to fig. 1 to 5, but the present invention is not limited to the following method.
(preparation Process)
In the preparation step, first, the steel sheet 20 and the steel sheet 20 are prepared, to which the joints 21 and the joints 22 as shown in fig. 1 and 2 are attached, and which are subjected to intermittent or continuous in-plane tack welding.
Next, a flux 52 is supplied to the upper surface of the copper backing plate 55 of the backing device 50a shown in fig. 3 by a flux supply means, not shown. As shown in fig. 4, a backing flux 58 may be supplied to the upper surface of the heat-resistant cover 57 in the fire-resistant canvas 56 of the spacer device 50b by a flux supply means not shown, and the spacer flux 52 may be further supplied thereto.
Then, the prepared steel plate 20 and the prepared steel plate 20 are placed in the welding apparatus 100, and the welding bevel portion M formed by the steel plate 20 and the steel plate 20 is disposed above the spacer apparatus 50a or the spacer apparatus 50 b. Next, a drive device, not shown, is operated to perform fine adjustment so that the backing copper plate 55 or the fire-resistant canvas 56 is positioned directly below the welding bevel portion M.
It is preferable to weld the steel plate 20 by spreading a groove filler on the groove.
By welding using the groove filler, the influence of the tack weld bead can be alleviated, and the back weld bead height can be made more stable. In particular, it is effective to use the groove filler in combination with the flux backing method.
The type of the groove filler is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include iron powder and mild steel cut wires.
Next, the backing copper plate 55 and the heat-resistant cover 57 are pressed by the pressing by the push-up mechanism, and the backing flux 52 is pushed to the back surface of the welding bevel portion M of the butted steel plates 20 and brought into close contact therewith. As the push-up mechanism, in fig. 3 and 4, a method of introducing compressed air into the air hose 59 and expanding the compressed air is adopted.
(electrode adjustment step)
In the electrode adjustment step, the 1 st electrode 15a is set to ac, and the inter-electrode distances L1 and L2 between the 1 st electrode 15a and the 3 rd electrode 15c are adjusted to satisfy the above-described conditions. The order of the preparation step and the electrode adjustment step is not particularly limited, and any step may be performed before or simultaneously.
(welding Process)
In the welding process, first, the welding machine 12 of the welding apparatus 100 is moved to a welding start position. Next, the 2 nd electrode 15b is set to ac, and a welding current is supplied under a desired condition to operate the welder 12. Then, from the start end 31 toward the end 32 of the steel plate 20 (both refer to fig. 2), the welder 12 is moved at a given speed along the welder beam 13 as indicated by an arrow of fig. 1, and the surface flux 51 is supplied to weld the steel plate 20 and the steel plate 20.
The multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method according to the present embodiment can be used for both single layer welding and multilayer welding, but from the viewpoint of work efficiency, single pass and single layer welding are preferable.
[ examples ] A method for producing a compound
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
(examples 1 to 7 and comparative examples 1 to 5)
The end faces of 2 steel plates having inclined surfaces formed on the end faces were butted against each other so as to face each other, thereby forming a V-groove. Regarding the V-shaped groove, the bevel angle was 35 degrees and the root gap was 0mm. The length of the steel sheet was 1.2m, and the thickness of the steel sheet was 40mm.
The composition of the steel sheet, the composition of the wire used, and the composition of the surface flux are shown in table 1.
[ TABLE 1 ]
TABLE 1
The rest is as follows: fe and inevitable impurities
The rest is as follows: fe and unavoidable impurities
※ B 2 O 3 、CaCO 3 Etc. of
The steel sheet was subjected to single-sided single-layer submerged arc welding with 4 electrodes under the conditions shown in tables 2 and 3 using a 4-electrode welding machine having 1 st to 4 th electrodes disposed therein, to prepare a welding test piece.
Specifically, a welding apparatus having a pad apparatus 50b as shown in fig. 4 is used as the welding apparatus.
The phase difference of the alternating current between the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode, the phase difference between the 2 nd electrode and the 3 rd electrode, the phase difference between the 3 rd electrode and the 4 th electrode, and the inter-electrode distance between the 2 nd electrode and the 3 rd electrode in each test example are shown in table 2. The wire diameter, external characteristics, polarity, welding current, arc voltage, backward/forward angle of the torch, and projection length of the wire, and welding speed, inter-electrode distance between the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode, and inter-electrode distance between the 3 rd electrode and the 4 th electrode of each electrode were set to the same conditions in all the test examples, and the conditions are set to those shown in table 3. Conditions other than those shown in tables 2 and 3 are conventionally known and are all the same.
The retreat angle/advance angle of the welding torch under the above conditions is represented by an angle formed by the center line of each electrode and a plane having the welding proceeding direction X as a normal line, as shown in fig. 5. Note that, the direction perpendicular to the welding direction X is set to 0 °, and the welding direction X side is set to positive in the case of the receding angle. In the case of the advancing angle, the opposite side to the welding advancing direction X is set to be positive.
(evaluation: back bead height)
The stability of the back bead height was evaluated from the height, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of the back bead of the welding test piece obtained by each welding method.
The height of the back bead was measured at intervals of 0.1mm from the start end of the steel sheet in a range of 600mm to 900mm using a laser displacement meter, and the average value thereof was taken as the height.
The standard deviation was determined by measuring the range of 600mm to 900mm at intervals of 0.1mm from the start end of the steel sheet using a laser displacement meter.
The coefficient of variation cv is a value obtained by using the height and standard deviation of the back bead obtained in the above as (standard deviation/back bead height).
The stability of the back bead height was evaluated based on the value of the variation coefficient cv obtained above, using the following criteria. The results are shown in Table 2.
Very good (extremely stable): cv is less than 0.35
O (stable): cv is more than or equal to 0.35 and less than 0.50
X (unstable): cv is more than or equal to 0.50
(evaluation: high temperature cracking resistance)
As shown in fig. 6, the weld metal formed by the welding method according to the present embodiment is composed of a weld metal 60 formed on the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode, and a weld metal 61 formed on the 3 rd electrode and the subsequent electrodes.
Dendrites grow on the structure of the weld metal 60 formed on the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode in the forward direction, and high-temperature cracking is likely to occur. Therefore, the weld metal formed on the 3 rd and subsequent electrodes is deeply penetrated to melt the brittle structure, and the high temperature cracking resistance is improved.
For this purpose, the penetration depth T of the weld metal 61 formed in the 3 rd and subsequent electrodes was measured from the cross-sectional macrostructure and evaluated. In the present test example, the weld metal 61 formed on the 3 rd electrode and the subsequent electrodes is the weld metal formed on the 3 rd electrode and the 4 th electrode.
The high temperature cracking resistance was evaluated based on the relationship between the sheet thickness T of the steel sheet 20 corresponding to the portions indicated by reference numerals T and T in fig. 6 and the penetration depth T of the weld metal 61 formed on the 3 rd electrode and subsequent electrodes from the surface (upper surface) of the steel sheet 20, according to the following criteria.
O (good): { 12/(16 × T) } T < { 14/(16 × T) }
X (bad): t < { 12/(16 × T) } or T ≧ { 16/(16 × T) }
(evaluation: penetration Width of weld Metal)
The penetration width of the weld metal was used to evaluate slag inclusion. The penetration width of the weld metal can be evaluated by the cross-sectional macrostructure in the same manner as the evaluation of the high-temperature cracking resistance described above.
Specifically, the portions indicated by the pair of opposing arrows in fig. 6 are examples of positions having a height of 10mm from the lower end of the steel sheet, but evaluation was performed based on the penetration width of the weld metal at a height of 10mm from the lower end of the steel sheet, based on the following criteria. If the penetration width of the weld metal exceeds 11.0mm, the occurrence of slag inclusions can be prevented. When the penetration width of the weld metal is 11.0mm or less, slag inclusions are likely to occur.
O (good): penetration width of weld metal exceeding 11.0mm
X (bad): the penetration width of the weld metal is 11.0mm or less
[ TABLE 2 ]
TABLE 2
[ TABLE 3 ]
TABLE 3
As shown in table 2, the weld test specimens obtained in examples 1 to 7 were all good in all evaluation items of stability of the back bead height, penetration width of the weld metal, and high temperature cracking resistance. In particular, the weld test pieces obtained in examples 1 to 3, 6 and 7 were extremely excellent in stability of the back bead height and also excellent in high-temperature cracking resistance.
On the other hand, as shown in table 2, the weld test specimens obtained in comparative examples 1 to 5 were inferior in evaluation of any item.
Specifically, in the welding test specimens obtained in comparative examples 1 to 3, the phase difference between the alternating currents of the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode was out of the range of the present invention, and the high temperature cracking resistance and the penetration width of the weld metal were poor.
In the welding test piece obtained in comparative example 4, the distance between the electrodes of the 2 nd electrode and the 3 rd electrode was less than the lower limit value, and the back bead height was poor. In addition, a back bead is not formed in a part.
With respect to the welding test piece obtained in comparative example 5, the distance between the 2 nd electrode and the 3 rd electrode exceeded the upper limit value, and no arc occurred in the 3 rd electrode. For this reason, the evaluation target cannot be set. For this reason, in table 2, all the evaluation results are "-".
Claims (10)
1. A multi-electrode single-side submerged arc welding method for joining one side of butted 2 steel plates using a plurality of electrodes, characterized in that,
the electrodes comprise at least 3 electrodes of a1 st electrode, a2 nd electrode and a3 rd electrode,
the electrodes are arranged in the order of the 1 st electrode as the row head in the welding proceeding direction, followed by the 2 nd electrode and the 3 rd electrode,
the welding was carried out under the following conditions,
polarity of the 1 st electrode: alternating current,
Polarity of the 2 nd electrode: alternating current,
A phase difference of alternating currents of the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode: 0 DEG-90 DEG or 275 DEG-360 DEG, and
an inter-electrode distance between the 2 nd electrode and the 3 rd electrode: 210 mm-320 mm.
2. The multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method according to claim 1,
the diameter of the welding wire of the No. 1 electrode is 3.2 mm-6.4 mm.
3. The multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method according to claim 1,
the diameter of the welding wire of the 2 nd electrode is 4.0 mm-6.4 mm, and the diameter of the welding wire of the 3 rd electrode is 4.0 mm-6.4 mm.
4. The multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method according to claim 2,
the diameter of the welding wire of the 2 nd electrode is 4.0 mm-6.4 mm, and the diameter of the welding wire of the 3 rd electrode is 4.0 mm-6.4 mm.
5. The multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method according to claim 1,
the distance between the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode is more than 25mm and less than 80mm.
6. The multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method according to claim 2,
the distance between the electrodes of the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode is more than 25mm and less than 80mm.
7. The multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method according to claim 3,
the distance between the electrodes of the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode is more than 25mm and less than 80mm.
8. The multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method according to claim 4,
the distance between the electrodes of the 1 st electrode and the 2 nd electrode is more than 25mm and less than 80mm.
9. The multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method according to any one of claims 1 to 8,
the power supply characteristic of the 1 st electrode is a constant voltage.
10. The multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method according to any one of claims 1 to 8,
the multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method uses a flux backing method.
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| JP2021-129015 | 2021-08-05 | ||
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| CN115383264A (en) * | 2022-08-03 | 2022-11-25 | 重山风力设备(连云港)有限公司 | Barrel welding method |
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| JP6211431B2 (en) | 2014-02-12 | 2017-10-11 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Multi-electrode single-sided submerged arc welding method, welded product manufacturing method |
| JP6383319B2 (en) | 2015-03-31 | 2018-08-29 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Multi-electrode single-sided single layer submerged arc welding method |
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| CN115383264A (en) * | 2022-08-03 | 2022-11-25 | 重山风力设备(连云港)有限公司 | Barrel welding method |
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