CN115672269A - Calcium carbonate modified biochar, preparation method thereof and application thereof in treating beryllium-containing wastewater - Google Patents
Calcium carbonate modified biochar, preparation method thereof and application thereof in treating beryllium-containing wastewater Download PDFInfo
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- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 title claims abstract description 207
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 103
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
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- 235000006508 Nelumbo nucifera Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000006510 Nelumbo pentapetala Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 22
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- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- ZBUQRSWEONVBES-UHFFFAOYSA-L beryllium carbonate Chemical compound [Be+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZBUQRSWEONVBES-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
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- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001865 beryllium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XTIMETPJOMYPHC-UHFFFAOYSA-M beryllium monohydroxide Chemical compound O[Be] XTIMETPJOMYPHC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012844 infrared spectroscopy analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004375 physisorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
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- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000195649 Chlorella <Chlorellales> Species 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001573 beryllium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- NKCVNYJQLIWBHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonodiperoxoic acid Chemical compound OOC(=O)OO NKCVNYJQLIWBHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical class O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of wastewater treatment, and particularly relates to calcium carbonate modified biochar, a preparation method thereof and application thereof in treating beryllium-containing wastewater. The biochar material loaded with calcium carbonate is prepared by utilizing agricultural wastes, namely the lotus leaves, the sodium carbonate and the calcium chloride, has higher specific surface area and pore volume, and has higher adsorption efficiency and adsorption speed on beryllium in the beryllium-containing wastewater.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wastewater treatment, and particularly relates to calcium carbonate modified biochar, a preparation method thereof and application thereof in treating beryllium-containing wastewater.
Background
Beryllium is a national strategic reserve resource, and is widely used in the fields of nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors, inertial guidance elements, X-ray tubes, space optics, microelectronics, and the like due to its light weight and high strength. With the increasing application of beryllium, the exploitation amount of beryllium is increasing day by day, and a large amount of process wastewater, tailing wastewater, ore washing and precipitation wastewater, leaching water of a dust removal and purification device, operation area ground washing, equipment washing, working clothes washing water and the like generated in the beryllium beneficiation process can pollute surface water and underground water resources in the surrounding environment. Beryllium is also a toxic substance, the toxicity of pure beryllium metal is not high, but some compounds of beryllium have high toxicity, and the long-term exposure of human bodies to beryllium can cause a plurality of health problems, including granulomatous chronic beryllium disease, and can cause serious influence on human lungs, even have the risk of cancer.
At present, methods for treating beryllium wastewater include an adsorption method, a chemical precipitation method, a biological method and the like. Wherein, the adsorbent used in the adsorption method mainly comprises soil, cementing materials (such as ordinary portland cement) and the like, the chemical precipitator used in the precipitation method mainly comprises polyaluminium chloride, polyferric sulfate, ferric trichloride and aluminum sulfate, and the biological material used in the biological method mainly comprises chlorella and the like. However, the chemical precipitant causes secondary pollution to water quality, and biological materials and adsorbents generally have the defects of low adsorption capacity, poor adsorption effect, large use amount and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present invention aims to provide a calcium carbonate modified biochar, a preparation method thereof, and an application thereof in the treatment of beryllium-containing wastewater.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a preparation method of calcium carbonate modified biochar, which comprises the following steps:
mixing lotus leaf powder, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate and water, and performing solid-liquid separation to obtain a liquid phase and a solid phase respectively;
and drying the solid phase and then carrying out activation treatment to obtain the calcium carbonate modified biochar.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the lotus leaf powder to the calcium chloride is (5-10) to (5-20); the mass ratio of the calcium chloride to the sodium carbonate is (5-20) to (5-20).
Preferably, the mass ratio of the calcium chloride to the water is (5-20) to (50-500).
Preferably, the heat preservation temperature of the activation treatment is 450-850 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 1-5 h.
Preferably, the activation treatment is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere; the flow rate of the nitrogen is 5-100 mL/min.
Preferably, the rate of raising the temperature to the heat preservation temperature of the activation treatment is 1 to 15 ℃/min.
Preferably, the drying temperature is 100-130 ℃, and the drying time is 5-24 h.
The invention also provides calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared by the preparation method in the technical scheme, which comprises biochar and calcium carbonate loaded on the biochar.
Preferably, the mass of the calcium carbonate in the calcium carbonate modified biochar is 40-70% of the mass of the calcium carbonate modified biochar.
The invention also provides application of the calcium carbonate modified biochar in the technical scheme in treating beryllium-containing wastewater.
The invention provides a preparation method of calcium carbonate modified biochar, which comprises the following steps: mixing lotus leaf powder, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate and water, and performing solid-liquid separation to obtain a liquid phase and a solid phase respectively; and drying the solid phase, and then carrying out activation treatment to obtain the calcium carbonate modified biochar. The invention utilizes agricultural wastes such as lotus leaves, sodium carbonate and calcium chloride to prepare the calcium carbonate-loaded biochar material, which has higher specific surface area and pore volume and high adsorption capacity to beryllium in beryllium-containing wastewater. The results of the examples show that the calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared by the invention has the maximum adsorption capacity of 55mg/g for beryllium in the beryllium-containing wastewater, has high adsorption efficiency, has the maximum adsorption rate of 99 percent, has high adsorption speed, and can adsorb 16.6mg/g of beryllium within 1 hour to achieve adsorption balance.
In addition, the preparation method of the calcium carbonate modified biochar provided by the invention is economical and practical, is simple and convenient to operate, does not need large instruments and equipment, and has a good popularization and application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a BET analysis chart of calcium carbonate-modified biochar prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the adsorption effect of calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared in example 1 on beryllium under different conditions;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of coexisting ions in beryllium-containing wastewater on beryllium adsorption by the calcium carbonate-modified biochar prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph of a kinetic fit of beryllium adsorbed by calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a thermodynamic fit graph of beryllium adsorbed by calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is an SEM analysis of calcium carbonate-modified biochar prepared in example 1 of the invention before and after beryllium adsorption;
FIG. 7 is a graph of IR spectroscopy analysis of calcium carbonate-modified biochar prepared in example 1 of the invention before and after beryllium adsorption;
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing desorption and circulation of calcium carbonate-modified biochar prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a preparation method of calcium carbonate modified biochar, which comprises the following steps:
mixing lotus leaf powder, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate and water, and performing solid-liquid separation to obtain a liquid phase and a solid phase respectively;
and drying the solid phase, and then carrying out activation treatment to obtain the calcium carbonate modified biochar.
Unless otherwise specified, the present invention does not require any particular source of the starting materials for the preparation, and commercially available products known to those skilled in the art may be used.
According to the invention, lotus leaf powder, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate and water are mixed, and a liquid phase and a solid phase are respectively obtained through solid-liquid separation.
In the invention, the granularity of the lotus leaf powder is preferably 50-200 meshes, and more preferably 50-100 meshes; the preparation method of the lotus leaf powder comprises the steps of drying lotus leaves and then crushing the lotus leaves; the crushing equipment is preferably a crusher; the drying temperature is preferably 85-125 ℃, more preferably 90-100 ℃, and the time is preferably 10-25 h, more preferably 12-24 h.
In the invention, the mass ratio of the lotus leaf powder to the calcium chloride is preferably (5-10) to (5-20), more preferably (5-10) to (5-10), and most preferably 1; the mass ratio of the calcium chloride to the sodium carbonate is preferably (5-20) to (5-20), more preferably (5-10) to (5-10), and most preferably 1; the mass ratio of the calcium chloride to the water is preferably (5-20) to (50-500), more preferably (5-10) to (50-250), and most preferably 1.
In the invention, the mixing process of the lotus leaf powder, the calcium chloride, the sodium carbonate and the water is preferably to dissolve the calcium chloride in the water to obtain a calcium chloride solution, adjust the pH value of the calcium chloride solution to 6-9, add the lotus leaf powder for first stirring, add the sodium carbonate for second stirring to obtain the suspension. In the present invention, the temperature of the first stirring is preferably 45 to 85 ℃, more preferably 50 to 70 ℃; the first stirring speed is preferably 100-200 r/min, and more preferably 150-175 r/min; the first stirring time is preferably 1 to 5 hours, and more preferably 3 to 5 hours. In the present invention, the temperature of the second stirring is preferably 45 to 85 ℃, more preferably 50 to 70 ℃; the second stirring speed is preferably 100-200 r/min, and more preferably 150-175 r/min; the second stirring time is preferably 1 to 5 hours, and more preferably 3 to 5 hours.
In the invention, the sodium carbonate and the calcium chloride can generate light calcium carbonate better in a weak alkali environment.
In the present invention, the reagent for adjusting the pH is preferably ammonia.
After a mixed solution is obtained, the suspension is subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain a solid phase and a liquid phase. In the invention, the solid-liquid separation mode is preferably suction filtration; the process of the suction filtration is not specially limited, and the process is selected according to actual conditions.
After obtaining the solid phase, the invention dries the solid phase to obtain a dry substance.
In the present invention, the drying mode is preferably drying; the drying temperature is preferably 100 to 130 ℃, more preferably 105 to 120 ℃, and the time is preferably 5 to 24 hours, more preferably 10 to 17 hours.
After obtaining the dry matter, the invention activates the dry matter.
In the invention, the heat preservation temperature of the activation treatment is preferably 450-850 ℃, and more preferably 500-700 ℃; the heat preservation time is preferably 1 to 5 hours, and more preferably 2 to 3 hours; the rate of raising the temperature to the heat preservation temperature of the activation treatment is preferably 1 to 15 ℃/min, and more preferably 5 ℃/min; the activation treatment is preferably performed in a nitrogen atmosphere; the flow rate of the nitrogen gas is preferably 5 to 100mL/min, more preferably 5 to 10mL/min.
In the present invention, the equipment for the activation treatment is preferably a tubular resistance furnace; according to the invention, preferably, after the activation treatment is finished, nitrogen is continuously introduced into the tubular resistance furnace until the temperature of the tubular resistance furnace is reduced to room temperature.
In the activation treatment process, calcium carbonate is used as an activating agent to carry out activation treatment on the biochar, and tar generated in the reaction process can corrode the calcium carbonate and the activated carbon to form a porous structure; the calcium carbonate and the metal ions are better loaded on the surface and in the pores of the active carbon in the roasting process.
After the activation treatment is finished, the product obtained by the activation treatment is washed and dried in sequence to obtain the calcium carbonate modified biochar.
In the present invention, the agent for washing is preferably water, and the washing is performed until the pH value of the product obtained by the activation treatment is neutral; the drying mode is preferably drying; the drying temperature is preferably 100 to 130 ℃, more preferably 105 to 110 ℃, and the time is preferably 5 to 24 hours, more preferably 10 to 17 hours.
The invention also provides calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared by the preparation method in the technical scheme, which comprises biochar and calcium carbonate loaded on the biochar.
In the present invention, the calcium carbonate-modified biochar preferably has a specific surface area of 500 to 900m 2 (ii) g, more preferably 600 to 850m 2 The pore volume is preferably 0.1 to 0.5cm 2 Per g, more preferably 0.2 to 0.3cm 2 (ii)/g, the pore diameter is preferably 1 to 10nm, more preferably 2 to 5nm; the mass of the calcium carbonate in the calcium carbonate modified biochar is preferably 40-70%, and more preferably 50-60% of the mass of the calcium carbonate modified biochar.
The invention also provides application of the calcium carbonate modified biochar in the technical scheme in treatment of beryllium-containing wastewater.
In the invention, the temperature of the beryllium-containing wastewater is preferably 15-35 ℃, and more preferably 35 ℃; the pH value of the beryllium-containing wastewater is preferably 3-6, and more preferably 4-5; the concentration of beryllium in the beryllium-containing wastewater is preferably 0.1-50 mg/L, and more preferably 0.1-10 mg/L; the addition amount of the calcium carbonate modified biochar in the treatment of beryllium-containing wastewater is preferably 0.1-5 g/L, and more preferably 0.3-1 g/L.
The application mode of the calcium carbonate modified biochar in treating beryllium-containing wastewater is not particularly limited, and the application mode known in the field can be adopted.
The technical solutions in the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Dissolving 5g of calcium chloride in 200mL of deionized water, adjusting the pH value to 7 by using ammonia water, adding 5g of lotus leaf powder (the particle size is 100 meshes) dried for 12h at 100 ℃, stirring for 5h at 175r/min at 60 ℃, adding 5g of anhydrous sodium carbonate, continuously stirring for 3h at the same stirring temperature and speed, carrying out suction filtration, putting the solid matter in an oven, drying for 17h at 105 ℃, then putting the solid matter in a tubular resistance furnace, introducing nitrogen at the flow rate of 5mL/min, heating to 650 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, carrying out heat preservation for 2h for activation treatment, after finishing, continuously introducing nitrogen until the temperature of the tubular resistance furnace is reduced to room temperature, taking out the product obtained by activation treatment, washing to be neutral by using deionized water, and drying for 17h at 105 ℃ in the oven to obtain 9.9g of calcium carbonate modified biochar (the yield is 66.6%).
Performance testing
(1) The calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared in example 1 was tested using a BET surface Analyzer at 77.30K using N 2 The adsorption and desorption were carried out to obtain the adsorption and desorption curve of calcium carbonate-modified biochar, and the results are shown in fig. 1.
As can be seen from FIG. 1, the calcium carbonate-modified biochar prepared by the invention has a sharp adsorption in the early stage, and can reach a limit value in the early stage, mainly because the pore diameter of the calcium carbonate-modified biochar prepared by the invention is mainly microporous and also comprises wider micropores and narrower mesopores. The specific surface of the calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared by the invention is 838.62m 2 Per g, pore volume of 0.270115cm 2 /g, pore diameter 3.4463nm. Beryllium and its hydroxides have small ionic radii and are more easily adsorbed by wider micropores and narrower mesopores.
(2) The calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared according to different ratios of lotus leaf powder to sodium carbonate and calcium chloride is subjected to adsorption tests under different dosages and different pH values, and the result is shown in fig. 2, wherein 1 represents lotus leaf: calcium chloride: sodium carbonate =1:0.1:0.1,2 represents lotus leaf: calcium chloride: sodium carbonate =1:0.5:0.5,3 represents lotus leaf: calcium chloride: sodium carbonate =1:1:1,4 represents lotus leaf: calcium chloride: sodium carbonate =1:0.75:0.75,5 represents lotus leaf: calcium chloride: sodium carbonate =1:2:2, a is the influence of the ratio of lotus leaf powder to sodium carbonate and calcium chloride on the adsorption effect, b is the influence of calcium carbonate modified biochar with different dosages on the adsorption effect, c is the influence of different initial pH values on the adsorption effect, and d is the influence of different initial pH values on the final pH value.
As can be seen from a in fig. 2, in the case of the lotus leaf: calcium chloride: sodium carbonate =1:1:1, the maximum adsorption capacity was 38.5mg/g. When the usage amount of sodium carbonate and calcium chloride is too high, the adsorption capacity is reduced, probably because calcium carbonate is generated too much to block the pore diameter, so that the specific surface area is reduced, when the usage amount is too low, the generated calcium carbonate is too little, calcium carbonate generates carbonate ions and hydroxide ions when being dissolved, beryllium hydroxide precipitation and basic beryllium carbonate precipitation can be generated with beryllium ions in water, and beryllium has smaller ionic radius and is easier to be adsorbed by wider micropores and narrower mesopores, so when the lotus leaf: calcium chloride: sodium carbonate =1:1:1, the prepared calcium carbonate modified biochar has the best adsorption effect.
As shown in b in fig. 2, the excessive amount of the calcium carbonate modified biochar causes unnecessary waste, while the too low amount of the calcium carbonate modified biochar does not achieve a better treatment effect. The optimal calcium carbonate modified charcoal dosage is explored from eight different calcium carbonate modified charcoal dosages (0.2-4 g/L), wherein the calcium carbonate modified charcoal dosage is in negative correlation with the adsorption capacity and in positive correlation with the removal efficiency. When the dosage of the calcium carbonate modified biochar is 0.8g/L, the removal rate reaches a peak value, the increase of the dosage of the calcium carbonate modified biochar leads the removal efficiency to be increased slowly, and the beryllium in the solution is completely adsorbed, so that the residual active sites lose the effect. Compared with the currently known adsorbent, the calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared by the invention uses the least amount of the adsorbent.
The pH value of beryllium-containing wastewater influences the ionic state of the beryllium solution and the surface characteristics of the adsorbent, and when the pH value is less than 6, the beryllium is mainly Be 2+ In the form of Be at pH 6-10 2 (OH) 2 2+ The form exists. As can Be seen from c in FIG. 2, the calcium carbonate-modified biochar has the best adsorption effect when the pH value of the beryllium-containing wastewater is 4-6, the structure of the adsorbent itself is destroyed when the pH value is too low, and as can Be seen from d in FIG. 2, the final pH value is relatively low because the initial pH value is too low, and Be is between 6 and 8 2 (OH) 2 2+ The basic beryllium carbonate can be precipitated with carbonate. When the pH value is too high, the final pH value is more than 8, and beryllium is mainly Be 4 (OH) 4 4+ The ionic radius of the form is larger, while the calcium carbonate modified biochar is mainly based on narrower mesopores and slightly larger micropores according to BET (BET), and the ionic radius of the beryllium compound is increased to reduce the adsorption efficiency.
(3) Influence of coexisting ions on beryllium adsorption of calcium carbonate modified biochar (CC-LBC)
Industrial beryllium-containing wastewater, tailing wastewater and the like contain a large amount of metal ions, and coexisting ions may occupy active sites on the adsorbent, so that the beryllium adsorption effect is reduced. The metal ions mainly present in the wastewater are Ca 2+ 、K + 、Zn 2+ 、Fe 2+ 、Na + The experiment was conducted mainly on these five metal ions, using five different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/L) and Icp-MS detection of the maximum concentration, the results of which are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 3
TABLE 1 ion concentration after adsorption for the binary System
As can be seen from FIG. 3, the calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared by the invention in the binary system has better selective adsorption on beryllium, and the adsorption effect is obviously changed when different ions have different concentrations. The calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared by the invention is proved to have better selective adsorption to beryllium in a binary system.
(4) Kinetics of adsorption
Three different adsorption kinetic formula fitting curve simulations were performed on the calcium carbonate-modified biochar prepared in example 1, and the influence of adsorption time on the adsorption efficiency was tested, with the results shown in fig. 4.
As can be seen from figure 4, the calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared by the invention finishes adsorption within 1h, 16.6mg/g of beryllium is adsorbed within 1h, the adsorption balance is achieved, the adsorption reaction in the early stage is very violent, mainly the adsorption sites are more, and the adsorption capacity is rapidly increased.
The kinetic data of the calcium carbonate modified biochar/Be (II) adsorption system were fitted at an initial pH of 5 and a temperature of 25 ℃ and the results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 model parameters of adsorption kinetics of calcium carbonate modified biochar on Be (II)
As can be seen from Table 2, the adsorption process is well explained by three kinetic equations. The pseudo-first order kinetics mainly means that the reaction process is controlled by physical adsorption, the pseudo-second order kinetics mainly means that the reaction process is controlled by chemical adsorption, and the fitting coefficient (R) from the two kinetics 1 2 ＝0.959,R 2 2 = 0.953) it can Be seen that the reaction process of the calcium carbonate modified biochar/Be (II) adsorption system is the combined action of chemisorption and physisorption, and the physisorption mainly includes surface adsorption, electrostatic attraction and the like. The chemical adsorption is mainly expressed by surface complexation, ion exchange, precipitation reaction and the like. Model of intraparticle diffusion (R) by comparison of fitting coefficients to three kinetic models 3 2 = 0.997) can better represent the reaction process of beryllium adsorption of calcium carbonate modified biochar, and an intra-particle diffusion model mainly represents three parts: the first stage shows that beryllium ions are adsorbed to the surface of an object from liquid, the second stage shows that calcium carbonate modified biochar gradually adsorbs beryllium, and the third stage shows that the rate of internal diffusion begins to decrease because the ion concentration in the solution is at a very low stage. The multiple line segments of the internal diffusion fit curve indicate that internal diffusion and surface adsorption occur simultaneously.
(5) Adsorption isotherm
The adsorption isotherm can explain the reaction property of the calcium carbonate modified biochar in the beryllium adsorption process, and three different isothermal adsorption models are adopted to fit the experimental data in the experiment, as shown in fig. 5 and table 3, the fitting is carried out on the adsorption data of the calcium carbonate modified biochar at different times and different initial beryllium concentrations.
As can be seen from fig. 5, the adsorption capacity of the calcium carbonate-modified biochar also increased with increasing temperature, and the beryllium adsorption capacity also increased with increasing initial beryllium concentration, indicating that the adsorption capacity of the calcium carbonate-modified biochar is related to the initial beryllium concentration.
TABLE 3 adsorption isotherm model parameters of calcium carbonate-modified biochar for Be (II)
As can be seen from Table 3, the three adsorption isotherms are compared, langmuir (R) 2 = 0.979) more closely matched the experimental data, indicating that the process of beryllium adsorption by calcium carbonate modified biochar can be well explained by Langmuir. The Langmuir equation is for a homogeneous adsorption system and the fitted Qm is 47.455mg/g. Freundlich isothermal adsorption curve mainly represents monolayer adsorption, and 1/nF<1, which shows that beryllium is easy to be adsorbed by calcium carbonate modified biochar (CC-LBC). The Temkin model shows that the heat of adsorption varies linearly, and the Temkin constant bt<1, indicating that the process of CC-LBC for beryllium adsorption is endothermic over the temperature range studied.
The existing materials for adsorbing beryllium, such as activated sludge, aerobic particles, kaolinite powder, polystyrene chelate, metal oxide nanoparticles, chitosan modified zeolite and the like, are known to have low removal efficiency and cannot achieve good effect, and the currently best adsorbent is modified chitosan resin with the adsorption capacity of 44.96mg/g and the removal efficiency of 99 percent at the pH value of 1. The pH value of the industrial wastewater treatment is required to be neutral at present, the maximum saturated adsorption capacity of the calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared by the invention is 47.762mg/g when the pH value is 5, and the removal efficiency is 99 percent and is higher than that of all the materials known at present.
(6) Thermodynamics of force
TABLE 4 thermodynamic parameters for beryllium adsorption by calcium carbonate modified biochar
| T(℃) | lnK c | ΔG 0 (kJ/mol) | ΔH 0 (kJ/mol) | ΔS 0 [J/(mol·K)] |
| 15 | 10.206 | -25.3 | 3.075 | 29.608 |
| 25 | 10.975 | -27.2 | 3.150 | 32.374 |
| 35 | 11.127 | -28.5 | 3.219 | 35.041 |
ΔG 0 、ΔH 0 And Δ S 0 The thermodynamic parameters can provide theory for the change of adsorption heatIn terms of theory, table 4 shows the calculated thermodynamic parameters for calcium carbonate-modified biochar. At different temperatures, the maximum delta G of the calcium carbonate modified biochar 0 Is-25.3 kJ/mol and the minimum is-28.5 kJ/mol, and the delta G of the calcium carbonate modified biochar 0 The values are all less than 0, and the reaction process of beryllium adsorption of the calcium carbonate modified biochar is proved to be spontaneous. Delta S 0 Reflecting the degree of entropy between atoms. Delta S of beryllium adsorbed by calcium carbonate modified biochar 0 And if the content is more than 0, the disorder degree of the solid-liquid interface of the calcium carbonate modified biochar after absorbing beryllium is increased. Delta H of calcium carbonate modified biochar 0 And if the content is more than 0, the reaction process of the calcium carbonate modified biochar for absorbing beryllium is proved to be endothermic. It is shown that the adsorption capacity of calcium carbonate modified biochar increases with increasing temperature.
(7) Characterization and analysis of calcium carbonate modified biochar samples before and after adsorption
Scanning tests on the calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared in example 1 before and after adsorption are performed by using an electron microscope, and the results are shown in fig. 6, wherein a to c are SEM analysis of the calcium carbonate modified biochar before adsorption, and d to f are SEM analysis of the calcium carbonate modified biochar after adsorption.
As can Be seen from a in FIG. 6, the calcium carbonate modified biochar material prepared by the invention has a plurality of fine pores, and the overall material is represented as a non-uniform type, which provides a basis for surface adsorption, intra-particle diffusion and the like of the calcium carbonate modified biochar/Be (II) adsorption system. From the conclusion, the calcium carbonate modified biochar has good adsorption performance on beryllium. As can be seen from d and e in fig. 6, new substances are generated on the surface of the calcium carbonate modified biochar material after adsorption, indicating that precipitated substances are generated on the surface of the calcium carbonate modified biochar material after adsorption.
(8) Infrared spectroscopic analysis of calcium carbonate modified biochar samples before and after adsorption
The results of infrared spectroscopic analysis of the calcium carbonate-modified biochar prepared in example 1 before and after adsorption are shown in fig. 7, in which a is FTIR analysis, b is XRD analysis, and c and d are EDS analysis.
As can be seen from a in FIG. 7, the height is 3500cm -1 What vibrates around the band is the hydroxyl radical,because the preparation material is added with Na 2 CO 3 Therefore, 865cm -1 Represents CO 3 2- Out-of-plane deformation mode of 740cm -1 Representing CO in calcite 3 2- In-plane deformation mode of (3). 1412cm -1 And 1059cm -1 The vibration of (a) indicates the involvement of C-O. By FTIR analysis before and after adsorption, it was found that the concentration of the adsorbed water was 740cm -1 、865cm -1 Intensity of the band of (2) and 1059cm -1 The enhancement of the band indicates that carbonate is involved in the reaction and may precipitate basic beryllium carbonate. And 1542cm -1 The peak shift demonstrated the production of carboxyl groups at 3500cm -1 An increase in near peak strength, evidencing an increase in hydroxyl groups, indicates the production of beryllium hydroxide precipitate and beryllium hydroxycarbonate precipitate.
As can be seen from b in fig. 7, the calcium carbonate-modified biochar has many peaks of calcium carbonate such as 2 θ =29.35 °,27.45 °,31.02 °,36.51 °, and 45.01 °. The comparison of the peak changes before and after adsorption shows that the peaks of calcium carbonate at 2 theta of 27.45 degrees, 31.02 degrees and 45.01 degrees disappear, and the calcium carbonate participates in the reaction.
It is understood from c and d in fig. 7 that the oxygen element after adsorption increases the Ca element decrease, demonstrating that a precipitation reaction occurs during the adsorption.
(9) Desorption and cyclic utilization
The results of desorption with different molarity of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were chosen as shown in fig. 8. 0.05g of the calcium carbonate-modified biochar after adsorption was placed in 25mL of the eluent and stirred for 2 hours, and the elution efficiency of sulfuric acid and nitric acid was found to be low (0 to 40%). The experimental result shows that the effective desorption rate of beryllium ions in 3mol/L hydrochloric acid solution is about 79% within 4h, and the desorption efficiency in 10% sodium hydroxide solution is 95%. Because the calcium carbonate modified biochar is an alkaline adsorbent, the structure of the calcium carbonate modified biochar can be damaged by 3mol/L hydrochloric acid in a circulation experiment, so that the secondary adsorption efficiency is only 2-5%, and the beryllium can be well desorbed and enriched by 10% of sodium hydroxide on the premise of protecting the calcium carbonate modified biochar structure. As shown in fig. 8, the desorption efficiency increased with the number of cycles, and beryllium was enriched for five cycles.
In conclusion, the modified calcium carbonate modified biochar has a higher specific surface area, and the adsorption effect on beryllium is obviously enhanced. The specific surface area can be found to be 838.62m by characterization 2 Per g, pore volume of 0.270115cm 2 (ii) a pore size of 3.4463nm, with narrower mesopores and wider micropores. Adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms show that the intra-particle diffusion model can better fit the reaction process in a Be (II)/calcium carbonate modified biochar activated carbon system, and the Langmuir model is more suitable for fitting the isotherm data of beryllium adsorption of calcium carbonate modified biochar. Under the optimal adsorption condition, the pH value is 5, the dosage of the adsorbent is 1g/L, the maximum adsorption capacity is 55mg/g at the temperature of 35 ℃, and the maximum adsorption rate is 99%. The adsorption process of the calcium carbonate modified biochar is mainly based on chemical adsorption, but also relates to a physical adsorption process. In a binary system, the calcium carbonate modified biochar has better selective adsorption performance on beryllium.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, it is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments, and other embodiments can be obtained without inventive step according to the embodiments, and the embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of the calcium carbonate modified biochar is characterized by comprising the following steps:
mixing lotus leaf powder, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate and water, and performing solid-liquid separation to obtain a liquid phase and a solid phase respectively;
and drying the solid phase and then carrying out activation treatment to obtain the calcium carbonate modified biochar.
2. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the lotus leaf powder to the calcium chloride is (5-10) to (5-20); the mass ratio of the calcium chloride to the sodium carbonate is (5-20) to (5-20).
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the calcium chloride to the water is (5-20) to (50-500).
4. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the activation treatment is 450 to 850 ℃ and the holding time is 1 to 5 hours.
5. The production method according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that the activation treatment is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere; the flow rate of the nitrogen is 5-100 mL/min.
6. The production method according to claim 1 or 4, wherein the rate of raising the temperature to the keeping temperature of the activation treatment is 1 to 15 ℃/min.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the drying is carried out at a temperature of 100 to 130 ℃ for 5 to 24 hours.
8. The calcium carbonate modified biochar prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 7 is characterized by comprising biochar and calcium carbonate loaded on the biochar.
9. The calcium carbonate-modified biochar of claim 8, wherein the mass of calcium carbonate in the calcium carbonate-modified biochar is 40-70% of the mass of the calcium carbonate-modified biochar.
10. Use of the calcium carbonate-modified biochar of claim 8 or 9 in the treatment of beryllium-containing wastewater.
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