CN115553389A - 一种促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115553389A CN115553389A CN202211060795.6A CN202211060795A CN115553389A CN 115553389 A CN115553389 A CN 115553389A CN 202211060795 A CN202211060795 A CN 202211060795A CN 115553389 A CN115553389 A CN 115553389A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料及其制备方法，属于饲料领域，该羔羊早期断奶的开食料由全脂奶粉、蒸汽压片玉米、米粉、乳清粉、发酵豆粕、蒸汽压片大豆、玉米DDGS、碳酸钙、磷酸氢钙、食盐以及羔羊专用预混合饲料加工制成；本发明制得的羔羊早期断奶的开食料气味香甜，适口性好，易于被羔羊消化吸收可提高羔羊采食量及日增重，并有效防止腹泻、减少羔羊断奶应激从而提高羔羊成活率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及饲料领域，具体涉及一种促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料及其制备方法。
背景技术
羔羊初生到断奶阶段生长发育极其迅速，对营养物质需求很高，尤其一胎多羔情况下单纯吃母乳很难达到生长需求。开食料是为满足初生羔羊生长发育需要专门配制的一种特殊饲料，它可促使羔羊由吃奶或代乳品为主的食物向完全采食植物性饲料转变，满足羔羊补偿性生长，是瘤胃发育和成功断奶的关键。因此哺乳期补饲和尽早采食开食料对促进羔羊的生长发育非常重要。
羔羊早期断奶可减轻母羊的哺乳负担，尽早进入下一繁殖周期从而提高母羊的繁殖率，加快母羊周转，是提高舍饲养羊效益的重要技术措施。但早期断奶常常会由于母子分离和由母乳转为固体饲料而使羔羊产生应激。为了减少这种应激和实现早期断奶，最好的方法是采取一定的措施促进瘤胃尽早发育。研究表明，及早采食开食料是实现羔羊早期断奶、促进瘤胃早期发育和保证羔羊健康生长的重要因素。市场上现有羔羊早期断奶饲料普遍存在奶粉含量低，难以满足羔羊的生长需求，适口性较差，羔羊早期采食量低等缺点，固体开食料采食量降低会减少对瘤胃物理机械刺激和饲料发酵产物(各种挥发性脂肪酸等)的化学刺激等，从而影响瘤胃的发育。因此开发适口性特别好，奶粉含量高，能迅速提高羔羊固体饲料采食量，促进瘤胃发育的新型开食料对促进羔羊早期断奶、降低断奶应激和提高整个羊群的快速周转具有重要意义。为此，本发明提出了一种促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料及其制备方法。
发明内容
针对上述存在的问题，本发明提出了一种促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料及其制备方法，能促进羔羊早期断奶，适口性好、奶粉含量高、营养全面，能显著提高羔羊的采食量。
为了实现上述的目的，本发明采用以下的技术方案：
一种促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料，所述促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料由以下重量份配比的原料加工制成：
全脂奶粉30-40份、蒸汽压片玉米22-25份、米粉5-10份、乳清粉5-7份、发酵豆粕6-11份、蒸汽压片大豆7-10份、玉米DDGS9-12份、碳酸钙1.8-2份、磷酸氢钙0.4-0.6份、食盐0.4-0.6份、羔羊专用预混合饲料1-2份。
本发明开食料的优选配方为：
本发明羔羊开食料由以下重量份的原料组成：
全脂奶粉30份、蒸汽压片玉米25份、米粉5份、乳清粉7份、发酵豆粕11份、蒸汽压片大豆7份、玉米DDGS 11份、碳酸钙2份、磷酸氢钙0.6份、食盐0.4份、羔羊专用预混合饲料1份。
本发明羔羊开食料由以下重量份的原料组成：
全脂奶粉35份、蒸汽压片玉米20份、米粉8份、乳清粉5份、发酵豆粕6份、蒸汽压片大豆10份、玉米DDGS 12份、碳酸钙2份、磷酸氢钙0.6份、食盐0.4份、羔羊专用预混合饲料1份。
本发明羔羊开食料由以下重量份的原料组成：
全脂奶粉40份、蒸汽压片玉米22份、米粉10份、发酵豆粕7份、蒸汽压片大豆8份、玉米DDGS 9份、碳酸钙2份、磷酸氢钙0.6份、食盐0.4份、羔羊专用预混合饲料1份。
本发明开食料由如下工艺步骤制备：
(1)按羔羊专用预混料配方比例将复合微量元素、复合维生素、赖氨酸、丁酸梭菌、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、膨润土高效混合，得羔羊专用预混料；
(2)根据开食料配方中各原料配比按多仓两称配料工艺分两组称量，入混合机，进行混合，得羔羊专用预混料；
(3)将原料混合物加入到饲料制粒机中制粒；
(4)制粒机所得颗粒通过干燥设备进行干燥，并通过分级筛筛选出粒径符合规格要求的成品饲料；
(5)检验；
(6)称量包装。
本发明典型原料性能如下：
全脂乳粉营养成分全面，是羔羊最完善、最理想的食物，其乳源蛋白、乳源脂肪、维生素等更易被羔羊消化吸收。
谷物饲料主要有粉碎、破碎、蒸气压片等加工处理方法，其中蒸气压片处理工艺能有效提高谷物饲料的利用率。玉米经蒸汽加热和机械碾压双重工序加工处理玉米，改变玉米物理形态及内部化学成分，破坏玉米外部种皮结构，暴露玉米内部淀粉颗粒，最终将玉米加工成厚度为1.5-2.0mm的薄片。饲喂蒸气压片处理的玉米可以提高淀粉在瘤胃、小肠及全消化道中的消化率，能有效提高反刍动物过瘤胃蛋白量，有助于瘤胃发酵等。蒸汽压片处理过的大豆蛋白质的化学结构得到改变，可提高饲料蛋白质向微生物蛋白质的转化效率，并可有效提高过瘤胃蛋白的含量，有利于反刍动物瘤胃及小肠对蛋白质的吸收。
膨化处理是在较短的时间内，使原料经受高温高压作用，再迅速喷于常压环境。本发明加入膨化处理的米粉，其淀粉、蛋白等成分经不同程度降解，更易于羔羊消化。
本发明还加入了发酵型豆粕，使得开食料的口味更佳，幼龄反刍动物容易接受进而增加其进食量。其次，由于豆粕被发酵其抗营养因子被去除，更利于消化。同时发酵豆粕的加入对羔羊瘤胃内导入特定微生物菌群有积极的作用，可促进瘤胃发育早期有益微生物菌群定植，促进羔羊瘤胃发育从预反刍向反刍过渡。
低日龄羔羊其体内乳糖酶活性较高，乳糖进入羔羊体内能够快速地分解为单糖，是羔羊最易利用的能量来源，配方中常通过乳清粉来添加乳糖，不会引起羔羊的消化不良或腹泻的发生，并且因其含有乳香味，可提高开食料的诱食性。
本发明的有益效果是：本开食料添加大量乳制品原料可提高饲料诱食性并且非常易于被羔羊消化吸收。真蛋白含量高、脂肪含量较高、碳水化合物组成均衡，可充分满足羔羊蛋白质与能量需求；所添加原料基本熟化，气味香甜，适口性好。基于以上三点，此开食料可迅速提高羔羊哺乳期的采食量、提高断奶重。另外开食料中添加的酶制剂、微生态制剂，可改善消化率，有效防止腹泻，提高羔羊成活率，减少羔羊断奶应激，并经试验得到了有效验证。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明实施例，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。基于本发明的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明公开了促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料，所述羔羊开食料由下述重量份配比的原料加工制成：脂奶粉30-40份，蒸汽压片玉米22-25份，米粉5-10份，乳清粉5-7份，发酵豆粕6-11份，蒸汽压片大豆7-10份，玉米DDGS 9-12份，碳酸钙1.8-2份，磷酸氢钙0.4-0.6份，食盐0.4-0.6份，羔羊专用预混合饲料1-2份。
本发明组分有以下三种最佳的实现方案：
实施例1：
第一种最佳的实现方案为羔羊开食料的各组分由以下重量份的原料组成：全脂奶粉30份，蒸汽压片玉米25份，米粉5份，乳清粉7份，发酵豆粕11份，蒸汽压片大豆7份，玉米DDGS 11份，碳酸钙2份，磷酸氢钙0.6份，食盐0.4份，羔羊专用预混合饲料1份。
将以上原料按配方称重、混合均匀，使用饲料制粒机压制成直径3mm的颗粒即得羔羊开食料1。
实施例2：
第二种最佳的实现方案为羔羊开食料的各组分由以下重量份的原料组成：全脂奶粉35份，蒸汽压片玉米20份，米粉8份，乳清粉5份，发酵豆粕6份，蒸汽压片大豆10份，玉米DDGS 12份，碳酸钙2份，磷酸氢钙0.6份，食盐0.4份，羔羊专用预混合饲料1份。将以上原料按配方称重、混合均匀，使用饲料制粒机压制成直径3mm的颗粒即得羔羊开食料2。
实施例3：
第三种最佳的实现方案为羔羊开食料的各组分由以下重量份的原料组成：全脂奶粉40份，蒸汽压片玉米22份，米粉10份，发酵豆粕7份，蒸汽压片大豆8份，玉米DDGS 9份，碳酸钙2份，磷酸氢钙0.6份，食盐0.4份，羔羊专用预混合饲料1份。将以上原料按配方称重、混合均匀，使用饲料制粒机压制成直径3mm的颗粒即得羔羊开食料3。
对比例：
普通羔羊开食料的各组分由以下重量份的原料组成：普通玉米30份，豆粕15份，膨化大豆5份，玉米DDGS 23份，玉米胚芽饼12.5份，米糠粕11份，碳酸钙2.1份，食盐0.4份，羔羊专用预混合饲料1份。将以上原料按配方称重、混合均匀，使用饲料制粒机压制成直径3mm的颗粒即得普通羔羊开食料。
羔羊开食料饲养效果验证：
1.试验设计
试验于张家口中博特牛羊养殖基地进行，选择日龄、体重相近的健康羔羊60只，随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四个处理组(每组15只)。
试验前对羊舍地面、墙壁、栏杆等进行彻底清扫及消毒。所有试验羔羊出生后均采食初乳、打耳号。试验共42天，羔羊随母羊自由进食到第6日。自第7日起与母羊分开，开始饲喂中博特羔羊代乳粉，每只羔羊每日饲喂总计2％-3％体重的代乳粉(分早、中、晚三次等量饲喂)，同时自由采食开食料、自由饮水，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组分别饲喂本发明羔羊开食料1、羔羊开食料2、羔羊开食料3，Ⅳ组为对照组，饲喂对比例普通羔羊开食料(无乳成分)。第28天断奶(断代乳粉)，只采食开食料直到试验结束。
1.4测定指标及方法
1.4.1生长性能测定
试验开始前测定羔羊的体重及各项体尺指标，试验开始后第14、28、42d晨饲前称量每只羊的体重，计算羔羊的平均日增重。试验结束后测量羔羊的体尺指标，计算羔羊的生长发育情况。
1.4.2营养物质消化率
在羔羊42日龄之前进行消化试验。最后四周每周周末采用全收粪法收集羔羊粪便，并记录每只羔羊当天的排粪量，每次取每只羊总粪样的20％，每100g鲜粪加入10ml10％的稀硫酸进行固氮。最后混合四天采集的粪样并再次按10％进行取样，65℃烘干后-20℃冷冻保存。测定饲料和粪便中主要营养成分含量，计算消化率。
1.5数据处理
测定数据在excel中进行初处理，数据分析应用SAS 9.4统计分析软件中关于重复测量数据的MIXED模型进行分析，P<0.05时为差异显著，P＞0.05时为差异不显著。
2.结果与分析
2.1不同开食料对羔羊生长发育的影响(见表1、表2)
由表1可知，从饲喂羔羊开食料的各个阶段来看，哺乳期、断奶期及断奶后期三个实施例配方组日增重均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)，其中Ⅲ组表现最好，三个阶段较Ⅳ组分别提高了23.73％、27.03％、33.06％。说明本发明开食料在哺乳期就可快速诱导羔羊采食固体饲料并提高羔羊的采食量进而提高羔羊的增重。由于开食料中添加大量乳类原料可缓解断奶期应激，防止羔羊断奶期掉膘。断奶后半个月继续饲喂本发明开食料，羔羊瘤胃进一步发育，增重优势更为突出。
表1各组羔羊体重及日增重
同行肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表2为不同开食料对羔羊各项体尺指标的影响，结果显示本发明羔羊开食料对羔羊的体尺指标可产生显著影响。试验组羔羊的体高、体长、胸围都显著高于对照组。Ⅲ的体尺指标增长最高，与对照组相比，三组的体高、体长、胸围增长量分别提高了23.8％、31.57％、25％。结果表明本发明开食料配方营养组成均衡，可充分满足羔羊生长发育需求，显著促进羔羊骨骼的健康生长。
表2各组羔羊体尺指标比较
同行肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。
2.2饲喂4种开食料对羔羊营养物质的表观消化率的影响(见表3)
由表3可见，饲喂本发明羔羊开食料，干物质、能量、氮、脂肪、钙、磷的表观消化率均显著高于对照组，说明本发明开食料所添加原料更利于羔羊的消化吸收。
表3营养物质表观消化率对比
同行肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。
综上所述，本发明提供的开食料结合羔羊生长发育特点和断奶期特殊营养需求与普通羔羊开口料相比可显著促进羔羊生长发育，提高日增重，提高营养物质表观消化率，很大程度上缓解了断奶应激，利于实现提早断奶。
以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料，其特征在于：所述开食料由以下重量份数配比的原料制成：全脂奶粉30-40份、蒸汽压片玉米22-25份、米粉5-10份、乳清粉5-7份、发酵豆粕6-11份、蒸汽压片大豆7-10份、玉米DDGS 9-12份、碳酸钙1.8-2份、磷酸氢钙0.4-0.6份、食盐0.4-0.6份、羔羊专用预混合饲料1-2份。
2.根据权利要求1所述促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料，其特征在于：所述羔羊专用预混料包括7.5-10份复合微量元素、2-4份复合维生素、4-7份赖氨酸、2-4份丁酸梭菌、0.5-1份反刍动物专用复合酶制剂和余量载体。
3.根据权利要求2所述促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料，其特征在于：所述复合微量元素包括一水硫酸亚铁、五水硫酸铜、氯化钴、一水硫酸锰、一水硫酸锌、碘酸钙、***钠以及余量为载体。
4.根据权利要求3所述促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料，其特征在于：所述复合微量元素包括一水硫酸亚铁19-21份、五水硫酸铜2.5-4份、氯化钴4-7份、一水硫酸锰13-23份、一水硫酸锌17-22份、碘酸钙6-8份、***钠2.8-3.5份、余量为载体；其中载体为沸石粉或膨润土。
5.根据权利要求2所述促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料，其特征在于：所述复合维生素包括维生素A乙酸酯、维生素D3、dl-α-生育酚乙酸酯、硝酸硫铵VB1、核黄素VB2、D-泛酸钙VB3、烟酰胺、盐酸吡哆醇VB6、氰钴胺VB12、叶酸、载体。
6.根据权利要求5所述促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料，其特征在于：所述复合维生素包括维生素A乙酸酯8.5-15份、维生素D3 1.5-3份、dl-α-生育酚乙酸酯25-35份、VC 5-7份、VB11.5-2份、VB22-5份、D-泛酸钙2.5-5份、烟酰胺18-25份、VB6 1.5-2份、VB120.5-1.2份、叶酸0.3-0.6份和余量载体；其中载体为稻壳粉。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一所述促进羔羊早期断奶的开食料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)按羔羊专用预混料配方比例将复合微量元素、复合维生素、赖氨酸、丁酸梭菌、反刍动物专用复合酶制剂、膨润土进行高效混合，得羔羊专用预混料；
(2)根据开食料配方中各原料配比按多仓两称配料工艺分两组称量，入混合机，进行混合，得羔羊专用预混料；
(3)将羔羊专用预混料加入到饲料制粒机中制粒；
(4)制粒机所得颗粒通过干燥设备进行干燥，并通过分级筛筛选出粒径符合规格要求的成品饲料；
(5)检验；
(6)称量包装。
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