CN115539512A - 滑动构件 - Google Patents

滑动构件 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115539512A
CN115539512A CN202210742016.4A CN202210742016A CN115539512A CN 115539512 A CN115539512 A CN 115539512A CN 202210742016 A CN202210742016 A CN 202210742016A CN 115539512 A CN115539512 A CN 115539512A
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porous metal
sliding
base material
metal base
resin material
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山本绚子
伊藤良文
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Daido Metal Co Ltd
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Daido Metal Co Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/20—Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
    • F16C33/203—Multilayer structures, e.g. sleeves comprising a plastic lining
    • F16C33/205—Multilayer structures, e.g. sleeves comprising a plastic lining with two layers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/12—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load
    • F16C17/24—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with devices affected by abnormal or undesired positions, e.g. for preventing overheating, for safety
    • F16C17/243—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with devices affected by abnormal or undesired positions, e.g. for preventing overheating, for safety related to temperature and heat, e.g. for preventing overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
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    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/128—Porous bearings, e.g. bushes of sintered alloy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/11—Making porous workpieces or articles
    • B22F3/114—Making porous workpieces or articles the porous products being formed by impregnation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/002—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature
    • B22F7/004—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature comprising at least one non-porous part
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/10—Construction relative to lubrication
    • F16C33/1025—Construction relative to lubrication with liquid, e.g. oil, as lubricant
    • F16C33/103—Construction relative to lubrication with liquid, e.g. oil, as lubricant retained in or near the bearing
    • F16C33/104—Construction relative to lubrication with liquid, e.g. oil, as lubricant retained in or near the bearing in a porous body, e.g. oil impregnated sintered sleeve
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    • F16C33/121—Use of special materials
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    • F16C33/14—Special methods of manufacture; Running-in
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    • F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16C2204/12—Alloys based on copper with tin as the next major constituent
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    • F16C2220/80—Shaping by separating parts, e.g. by severing, cracking
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明提供不损耗滑动面的耐磨耗性、且可进一步降低摩擦，可提高耐烧结性的滑动构件。本发明提供包括多孔质金属基材、和浸渍于多孔质金属基材的树脂材料的滑动构件，该滑动构件具有露出的滑动面，滑动面具有由树脂材料构成的顶部表面、和由多孔质金属基材构成的底部表面，从底部表面到顶部表面为止的高度为10～30μm，且树脂材料包括氟树脂。

Description

滑动构件
技术领域
本发明涉及滑动构件。
背景技术
已知在以往的滑动轴承中，在藉由润滑油来支承相应构件的滑动面上使用树脂材料。在这样的滑动轴承中，为了防止烧结或磨耗、以及减少摩擦，提出了一些方案。
在专利文献1中，记载了在支承轴构件的圆筒状的基材的内周面中设有多个凹部、进一步用树脂层覆盖该内周面的滑动轴承。提出了各凹部具有相对于内周面为大致90度角度的第1面、和与内周面以不足90度的角度相交的第2面，由此，使空气层存在于润滑油与内周面接触的区域中，降低油膜的摩擦。但是该滑动轴承由于设有多个凹部而加工工序明显变得复杂。
专利文献2中，记载了使用青铜类合金来代替容易被替代制冷剂腐蚀的铝的冷冻机用压缩机的轴承。该轴承为了提高烧结耐力以及降低磨耗量，使树脂材料在设于背衬上的多孔质青铜类合金的孔内，以青铜类合金和树脂材料在滑动面上露出的方式形成。树脂材料是由含有PTFE(四氟乙烯)的合成树脂和不含铅的润滑剂构成的复合物质(权利要求3)，并且青铜类合金的露出面积的比例在5％以上60％以下。
专利文献3中，记载了在以热塑性树脂为主要成分的滑动构件中，通过在表面上设置细微凹部来代替在表面上形成氟树脂等低摩擦性被膜，以较低成本来降低摩擦、提高滑动性。细微凹部的开口的平均最大径为50μm～150μm，且细微凹部的每单位面积的配设密度为3个/mm2以上30个/mm2以下(段落0006)。
专利文献4记载了用于汽车的门等铰链机构的无油轴承衬套。该轴承衬套具有一体形成于背衬的表面的多孔质青铜烧结层、和通过加压辊而填充被覆在多孔质青铜烧结层的孔隙以及表面上的合成树脂组合物的滑动层，多孔质青铜烧结层在滑动层的表面散布露出。制造轴承衬套时，由于加压辊加压后的应力弛豫，滑动层膨胀，形成深度1～2.5μm的凹陷(图7)。专利文献4中，鉴于静电涂装中必需的轴承衬套的电气导电性由于该凹陷而下降的问题，提出了在凹陷中设置金属镀层(图4)。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：日本专利特开2019-105334号公报
专利文献2：日本专利特开2006-132540号公报
专利文献3：日本专利特开2017-057862号公报
专利文献4：日本专利特开2008-164007号公报
发明内容
发明所要解决的技术问题
近年，从节省资源的观点出发，润滑剂的粘度越来越低，滑动构件的滑动面更容易形成边界润滑的状态。因此滑动构件中，在使用低粘度润滑油的情况下，要求降低滑动面的摩擦。另一方面，为了提高耐烧结性以及耐磨耗性，由于使多孔质金属基材露出在滑动构件的滑动面、提高散热性是有效的，因此需要在使多孔质金属基材露出的同时、如上所述在使用低粘度润滑油的情况下降低摩擦。
专利文献1中记载的滑动轴承除了制造复杂以外，如果用树脂层覆盖内周面整体则散热性下降、容易产生烧结。此外专利文献3中记载的滑动构件以热塑性树脂为主要成分，因此难以提高散热性以及耐磨耗性的两者。而且，专利文献2以及4中记载的滑动构件中，树脂材料和金属材料在滑动面上均匀配置，因此可提高耐磨耗性但难以进一步降低摩擦。
因此，本发明的目的在于提供一种藉由润滑油来支承相应构件的滑动构件，包括多孔质金属基材、和浸渍于多孔质金属基材的树脂材料的滑动构件在不损害滑动面的耐磨耗性的情况下使摩擦进一步降低，从而提高耐烧结性。本发明的其他目的还在于提供容易制造、经济的滑动构件。
解决技术问题所采用的技术方案
为了实现上述目的，本发明提供一种包括多孔质金属基材、和浸渍于多孔质金属基材的树脂材料的滑动构件，该滑动构件具有露出的滑动面，滑动面以具有由树脂材料构成的顶部表面、和由多孔质金属基材构成的底部表面的方式形成，从底部表面到顶部表面为止的高度为10～30μm，且树脂材料包括氟树脂。
滑动面中的底部表面的总面积的比例优选为5～60％。
滑动构件也可进一步具有背衬，多孔质金属基材以及树脂材料配置于背衬的一个表面上。
并且多孔质金属基材优选球状或不规则形状的金属或合金。
发明的效果
如果采用本发明，则由于滑动构件的滑动面具有顶部表面以及底部表面(即凹凸形状)，因此轴构件等被支承构件在由树脂材料构成的顶部表面上滑动，避免了与构成底部表面的多孔质金属基材的接触。由此可降低摩擦，从而抑制发热量。此外滑动面中，由顶部表面以及底部表面形成有深度10～30μm的凹部，因此可提高油保持性。
此外，如果采用本发明，由多孔质金属基材构成的底部表面在滑动面露出，因此散热性变高。这有助于抑制树脂材料的软化、提高耐磨耗性。
如果采用本发明，则为了达成上述效果，在滑动面上垂直测定的从底部表面到顶部表面为止的距离、即高度为10～30μm。如果该高度在10μm以下，则由于磨合运行，顶部表面损耗了约5μm左右，因此运行初期中的树脂材料对被支承构件的转移效果不充分，并且运行时树脂材料对多孔质金属基材上的供给不足。这将使摩擦增大，从而产生烧结。另一方面，如果从底部表面到顶部表面为止的高度在30μm以上，则初期状态中，由于多孔质金属基材的露出而不能充分得到滑动构件的放热效果，树脂材料软化，发生磨耗。因此，使得油膜更容易破损，这导致摩擦增大，容易产生烧结。
并且如果采用本发明，滑动面中的底部表面的总面积的比例(即露出率)为5～60％。如果该比例在5％以下，则不能得到由于多孔质金属基材露出而显现的耐磨耗性的上述效果，另一方面，如果该比例在60％以上则耐烧结性下降，不能实现作为滑动构件的作用。
对于本发明及其优点，以下参照附图进行详细说明。应理解，附图仅以例示为目的，表示非限定性的实施例。
附图说明
图1是本发明的滑动构件的垂直于滑动面的剖面示意图。
图2是对图1的滑动构件的滑动面进行切削加工前的剖面示意图。
图3是本发明的其他滑动构件的垂直于滑动面的剖面示意图。
具体实施方式
以下对本发明的一实施方式的滑动构件1的结构以及制造方法进行详细说明。
(滑动构件的结构)
图1是滑动构件1的剖面示意图。滑动构件1具有背衬40、和形成于背衬40的一个表面41上的多孔质金属基材20、和浸渍于多孔质金属基材20的空隙内的树脂材料30，形成为板状。
滑动构件1还具有形成于与背衬40的另一个表面(即背面)42相反一侧的滑动面10，在该滑动面10，多孔质金属基材20和树脂材料30混合存在、露出。具体而言，滑动面10具有由树脂材料30构成的平坦的顶部表面31、和由多孔质金属基材20构成的平坦的底部表面21。底部表面21具有从背衬40的一个表面41垂直测定的距离、即高度Hp，顶部表面31以比该高度Hp更高的方式形成。此外，如图3所示，顶部表面31不限于平坦的形状。
本实施例中，多孔质金属基材20的高度Hp例如设为0.3mm。如果采用本发明，则从与滑动面10(或背衬40的一个表面41)垂直测定的底部表面21到顶部表面31为止的距离、即高度h为10～30μm。另外，如图3所示，在顶部表面31不平坦的情况下，高度h定义为从与滑动面10(或背衬40的一个表面41)垂直测定的底部表面21到顶部表面31的最高的点为止的距离。
如图1所示，应理解滑动面10具有因这些顶部表面31以及底部表面21的阶差而形成的凹部11，该凹部的深度为10～30μm。
另外，如果采用本发明，滑动面10中的底部表面21的总面积的比例(即多孔质金属基材20的露出率)考虑到耐磨耗性的下限值以及耐烧结性的上限值，优选为5～60％。
(滑动构件的材质)
多孔质金属基材20可使用铜、铜合金、青铜类合金、铝、铝合金、铁、钢等。并且多孔质金属基材20可使用球状的粉末或不规则形状的粉末，但特别优选使用不规则形状的粉末。
多孔质金属基材所含浸的树脂材料包括作为氟树脂的PTFE、作为其他树脂的熔融氟树脂、以及作为固体润滑剂的石墨和二硫化钼。树脂材料还能够包括其他的硫酸钡等无机材料、或氧化铝等硬质粒子。
(滑动构件的制造方法)
滑动构件10通过以下的工序制造。
(1)混合了氟树脂和各种充填剂后，在得到的混合物中加入成形助剂，通过搅拌混合得到树脂原材料。
(2)在设于钢板构成的背衬上的多孔质金属基材上，散布供给上述工序(1)得到的树脂原材料。将其用辊进行压延，在通过烧结设置的多孔质金属基材的空隙中浸渍树脂原材料的同时在多孔质金属基材的表面均匀形成由树脂原材料构成的被覆层。
(3)将上述工序(2)得到的构件保持在加热至100～200℃的干燥炉内，去除成形助剂。
(4)将去除了成形助剂的构件导入加热炉内，在380～420℃的温度范围内进行加热、烧成后，冷却，用辊压延为规定的尺寸，形成规定的厚度的构件1’(图2)。
(5)切削经过上述工序(1)～(4)得到的构件1’的被覆层32的一侧，以使树脂材料以及多孔质金属基材达到所希望的高度(厚度)Hp(参照图2的虚线)，形成所希望的厚度的滑动构件。另外，该切削工序可对将构件1’切断为规定的尺寸的平板实施，或在将构件1’形成为圆筒状的卷合衬套后实施。在提供圆筒状的滑动构件的情况下，由于尺寸精度良好，优选在形成卷合衬套后实施切削工序。
通过上述工序(5)，滑动面一度均匀地(即平坦)形成，但经过一定时间后，树脂材料30构成的顶部表面31变得比多孔质金属基材20构成的底部表面21高(即从背衬其垂直测定的距离大)。其原理是在上述工序(4)中浸渍、压入在多孔质金属基材的空隙内的树脂材料通过上述工序(5)的切削而从多孔质金属基材的拘束中至少部分地被解放(内部压力的弛豫)、膨胀。
本发明人发现上述内部压力根据树脂材料中混合的成形助剂的量、多孔质金属的多孔度、多孔质金属的高度Hp、以及上述工序(4)中的压延量的平衡来决定。在本发明的一实施方式中，尤其通过将上述工序(4)中的压延量设为特定的范围内，多孔质金属基材的空隙内的树脂材料的内部压力提高，且通过上述工序(5)的切削该内部压力得到弛豫，从而在多孔质金属基材构成的底部表面和树脂材料构成的顶部表面之间形成规定量的高低差。
具体而言，基准压延量LR(mm)通过下式求出：
LR＝X/100×Hp×V/100
LR：基准压延量(mm)
X：成形助剂相对于混合了氟树脂和充填剂的树脂材料的重量份(％)
V：多孔质金属基材的多孔度(％)
Hp：多孔质金属基材的高度(mm)
为了得到本实施方式，压延量L(mm)相对于基准压延量LR(mm)在100～200％的范围内，即必须满足式：
100≤L/LR×100≤200。
此处，如果L/LR×100不足100％，则树脂材料的内部压力不足，从多孔质金属基材构成的底部表面到树脂材料构成的顶部表面为止的高度变得不足10μm，另一方面，如果L/LR×100超过200％，则树脂材料的内部压力过高，从底部表面到顶部表面为止的高度超过30μm。此外，如果压延量过大，则多孔质金属基材碎裂，切削后的底部表面(即多孔质金属基材)相对于滑动面的面积的比例(露出率)发生偏差。
为了在底部表面21和顶部表面31之间形成高低差，树脂材料优选含有氟树脂65％以上。如果该含量不足65％，则由于内部压力的弛豫，树脂材料变得难以膨胀。进一步，树脂材料更优选包含PTFE以及固体润滑剂。这是因为简单的组成适于利用树脂材料的膨胀性，而另一方面，固体润滑剂适于摩擦的降低。此外，多孔质金属基材优选不规则形状的粉末。如果是不规则形状的粉末，则膨胀的树脂材料不容易由于内部应力的弛豫而回到原先的位置。
实施例
(性能评价试验)
为了评价本发明的滑动构件的磨耗量、摩擦系数以及烧结时间，对实施例1～7以及比较例1～2进行性能评价试验。
(试验条件)
试验机：推力滑动试验机
荷重：(a：初期)3MPa→(b：之后)6MPa
速度：1.5m/s
时间：(a)10分钟→(b)烧结为止
润滑状态：(a)油浴→(b)无油
对方轴：S55C淬火
(试验片)
切断通过包含上述的工序(1)～(5)的制造方法而得到的滑动构件，准备一个边为30mm的试样。进一步一边使用水溶性的切削液一边用研削磨石将该试样切削为任意的厚度，得到试验片。
(试验结果)
本实施例1～7的试验结果示于下表1中，且比较例1～2的试验结果示于下表2中。表中的“PTFE”是AGC制的CD097，“其他树脂”是指非PTFE的熔融氟树脂等，“多孔质金属基材”是Cu-10％Sn的青铜类合金(不规则形状)或Cu-3％Sn-8％Bi合金(球状)。此外，“成形助剂的量X”是指成形助剂相对于混合了PTFE和充填剂的树脂材料的重量份(％)，“顶部表面高度”是指从底部表面到顶部表面为止的高度(μm)。
相对于树脂材料混合15～30重量份的成形助剂X，使用多孔度为40％～70％的范围内的多孔质金属基材，采用高度为0.2～0.4mm的多孔质金属基材，使用压延量L调整为0.02～0.08mm的树脂材料。
并且表中的各项目通过以下的方法确定。
顶部表面高度：用激光显微镜观察试验片，测定高低差
多孔质合金基材的露出率：通过光学显微镜检出多孔质金属的辉度，进行二值化处理，将多孔质金属的比例作为露出率
磨耗量：测定试验前后的试验片的厚度差
摩擦系数：测定无油后即刻的摩擦系数
烧结时间：测定从无油起到试验停止(在190℃停止)为止的时间
如表1所示，通过将压延量相对于基准压延量的比例设为107～163％，可得到本发明的顶部表面高度15～30μm，并且在该情况下，磨耗量均在10μm以下，摩擦系数在0.04以下，且烧结时间在12分钟以上。与此相对，如表2的比较例1所示，如果顶部表面高度为33μm，则磨耗量为18μm，过大，且摩擦系数增大为0.08。并且如比较例2所示，如果顶部表面高度小至7μm，则磨耗量虽然小至5μm，但摩擦系数增大为0.12，烧结时间劣化为2分钟。
以上，参照附图并且结合性能评价试验详述了本发明的实施方式以及实施例，但具体的构成不限于此，不脱离权利要求的范围中记载的本发明的技术思想的一些变化也包含在本发明中。
[表1]
Figure BDA0003718359670000081
[表2]
Figure BDA0003718359670000091
符号说明
1 滑动构件
10 滑动面
11 凹部
20 多孔质金属基材
21 底部表面
30 树脂材料
31 顶部表面
32 被覆层
40 背衬
41 一个表面
42 另一个表面、背面

Claims (5)

1.一种滑动构件，其是包括多孔质金属基材，和浸渍于所述多孔质金属基材的树脂材料的滑动构件，
所述滑动构件具有露出的滑动面，所述滑动面具有由所述树脂材料构成的顶部表面、和由所述多孔质金属基材构成的底部表面，从所述底部表面到所述顶部表面为止的高度为10～30μm，且所述树脂材料包括氟树脂。
2.如权利要求1所述的滑动构件，其特征在于，所述滑动面中所述底部表面的总面积的比例为5～60％。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的滑动构件，其特征在于，进一步具有背衬，所述多孔质金属基材以及所述树脂材料配置于所述背衬的一个表面上。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的滑动构件，其特征在于，所述多孔质金属基材由球状或不规则形状的金属或合金形成。
5.如权利要求3所述的滑动构件，其特征在于，所述多孔质金属基材由球状或不规则形状的金属或合金形成。
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