CN115518622B - Unidirectional adsorption deformable matrix material for wetland restoration and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Unidirectional adsorption deformable matrix material for wetland restoration and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 45
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
- B01J20/26—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- B01J20/265—Synthetic macromolecular compounds modified or post-treated polymers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
- B01J20/28033—Membrane, sheet, cloth, pad, lamellar or mat
- B01J20/28035—Membrane, sheet, cloth, pad, lamellar or mat with more than one layer, e.g. laminates, separated sheets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/285—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using synthetic organic sorbents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention is suitable for the technical field of wetland restoration, and provides a unidirectional adsorption deformable matrix material for wetland restoration and a preparation method thereof, wherein the matrix material comprises a grid and a bottom substrate connected below the grid, the bottom substrate is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer, and is a woven carpet, and the upper layer of the woven carpet is loaded with adsorption materials; the bottom base material is positioned under the grid, the permeability is good, and the upper layer woven carpet can adsorb metal ions and organic molecules in the sludge to migrate upwards, so that the water is purified by submerged plants, and the water purification purpose is realized; the structural design of the matrix material has flexible deformation, and can adapt to the shape change of the bottom of the water body under the condition of uneven bottom of the water body; in addition, the bottom base material and the grid are both degradable fiber materials, and can be degraded into carbon dioxide and water under the condition of microorganisms, so that the environment is not polluted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wetland restoration, and particularly relates to a unidirectional adsorption deformable matrix material for wetland restoration and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Wetland is an important water resource component, and particularly urban wetland has an important function of climate regulation. The wetland affects the development of air quality and society, and how to continuously utilize wetland resources and repair the destroyed wetland ecological environment is one of the current hot spot problems.
The rapid development of economy generates a large amount of pollutants, and the pollution of the wetland is increased after the pollutants enter the water body of the wetland. The problems of the damage of the ecological integrity of the wetland plants, the degradation of the ecological functions and the like afflict the treatment of the wetland and also influence the normal maintenance of the wetland ecology. According to relevant legal regulations, by 2030, the natural wetland and the important wetland are effectively protected, a natural wetland protection network system is basically formed, and the trends of natural wetland area atrophy, wetland ecological environment deterioration, biological resource degradation and wetland ecological function degradation are primarily restrained. Therefore, research and development of the reinforced engineering process accelerates the recovery of the wetland, and ensures that the functions of the wetland become the working key point at the present stage.
At present, most domestic wetlands face various ecological environment problems such as water quality deterioration, eutrophication aggravation, biological diversity reduction, ecological degradation and the like; the strengthening treatment is necessary. Wherein: the wetland repair technology mainly comprises the following steps: first category: aquatic vegetation restoration techniques. The technology is a long-acting environment ecological engineering technology, and ecological stability is maintained by orderly cultivating emergent aquatic plants, floating leaf plants and submerged plants according to the habitat of the emergent aquatic plants, stabilizing substrate sludge, purifying substances and circulating minerals. The second category: microbiological technology. And microorganisms (reactors) are put into specific water quality, high-load water quality purifying capacity is provided, the self-repairing capacity of water circulation is improved by reducing the COD (chemical oxygen demand) concentration of water quality, chemical Oxygen Demand concentration and the like, and the application life of a river channel is prolonged. Third category: ecological slope protection technology. The technology adopts landscape plant root system slope protection or plant engineering composite technology to strengthen the soil of the sloping field, control the runoff of the wetland and improve the diversity and stability of the vegetation on the bank.
After the wetland ecology is deteriorated, exogenous pollution is prevented by adopting a sewage interception mode. But the nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants in the lake sediment can continuously pollute the water quality, and part of the water quality is inferior V, so that the ecological effect is not achieved, and the reinforcement and repair are required by adopting a high-load pollution treatment technology according to the water quality. Therefore, the existing repair mode has the technical problems of high difficulty, poor effect and long time.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention aims to provide a unidirectional adsorption, deformable matrix material for wetland restoration and a preparation method thereof, which aim to solve the above problems.
In one aspect, the unidirectional adsorption deformable matrix material for wetland restoration comprises a grid and a bottom substrate connected below the grid, wherein the bottom substrate is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer, and is a woven carpet, and the upper layer is a woven carpet loaded with adsorption materials.
Further, the adsorption material is polybasic polyamine.
Further, the woven carpet is formed by weaving polylactic acid fiber yarns, and the upper layer and the lower layer of the woven carpet are integrally connected through wires.
Further, the mesh openings of the grid are square, and the side length of the mesh openings is 10-12 cm.
Further, the grid is made of polylactic acid fiber regenerated non-woven fabrics.
On the other hand, the preparation method of the unidirectional adsorption deformable matrix material for wetland restoration comprises the following steps:
preparing an upper layer woven carpet and a lower layer woven carpet;
immersing the upper layer woven carpet into a Barbamine solution, taking out, and carrying out illumination and standing to obtain upper layer woven carpet loaded with Barbamine;
connecting the upper layer of woven carpet and the lower layer of woven carpet integrally to form a bottom substrate;
the bottom substrate is connected to the grid, wherein the bottom substrate is located below the grid.
Further, the woven carpet has a weave density of 100 to 200 passes per foot.
Further, the concentration of the Barbamate solution is 5-15mg/L, and the illumination time is 4-6 hours.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) The bottom substrate of the invention is a double-layer woven carpet structure, wherein the upper layer woven carpet is loaded with the adsorption material polybasic polyamine, so that the upper layer woven carpet can adsorb metal ions and organic molecules in the sludge to migrate upwards, and is beneficial to being purified by submerged plants, thereby realizing the aim of purifying water.
(2) The grid is arranged above the bottom substrate, so that the permeability is good, the migration of harmful ions in the sludge at the bottom of the pond is facilitated, and meanwhile, broken stones can be loaded in the grid; the matrix material can sink into the sludge at the bottom of the water body and cannot drift along with water flow.
(3) The structural design of the matrix material has flexible deformation, can play a good role in buffering the structure under the condition of uneven water body bottom, and can adapt to the shape change of the water body bottom.
(4) The two-layer woven carpet adopts staggered connection of odd columns and even columns, and gaps are reserved in the middle; the woven structure has good air permeability and stable connection; the design is favorable for the attachment of submerged plants in the woven carpet, and plays a role in well fixing the submerged plants.
(5) The examples show that: when the polybasic polyamine is not loaded, or a single-layer woven carpet structure is adopted or a common market carpet is changed, the removal rate of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, COD, calcium ions and copper ions is obviously reduced, and the transparency of water and the growth amount of submerged plants are also poor.
(6) The bottom substrate and the grid are both degradable fiber materials, can be degraded into carbon dioxide and water under the condition of microorganisms, and have no pollution to the environment.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a unidirectionally adsorptive, deformable matrix material for wetland restoration provided by an embodiment of the invention (1. Grid; 2. Upper woven carpet; 3. Lower woven carpet);
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a woven carpet provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a partial joint of a two-layer woven carpet provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a two-layer woven carpet provided by an embodiment of the present invention after being joined;
fig. 5 is a physical diagram of a matrix material according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In order to illustrate the technical scheme of the invention, the following description is made by specific examples.
Embodiment one:
fig. 1 shows a cross-sectional structure of a unidirectional adsorption, deformable matrix material for wetland restoration provided by an embodiment of the present invention, and only a portion related to the embodiment of the present invention is shown for convenience of explanation.
As shown in fig. 1, the unidirectional adsorption and deformable matrix material for repairing the wetland provided by the embodiment comprises a grid 1 and a bottom substrate connected below the grid 1, wherein the bottom substrate is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer and is a woven carpet, in the illustration, the upper layer woven carpet is marked as 2, and the lower layer woven carpet is marked as 3. In this embodiment, the upper woven carpet 2 is loaded with an adsorbent material.
The matrix material of this embodiment is divided into a mesh and a bottom substrate located under the mesh, the bottom substrate has a double-layer structure, and the upper layer is loaded with an adsorption material. The adsorption material selected in this example is a polybasic polyamine which is polymerized from a solution of a polybasic polyamine under light conditions and is supported on the surface of the upper layer woven carpet; the polybasic amine is a compound with strong capability of chelating metal ions and organic molecules. The structural design of the matrix material of the embodiment realizes that the upper layer woven carpet has strong capability of adsorbing metal ions and organic molecules in the sludge and migrating upwards. The metal ions and organic molecules which migrate upwards or are adsorbed by the poly-bardazole are favorable for being sufficiently purified by the submerged plants, and compared with other submerged plants for purifying at the bottom of the water body, the matrix material of the embodiment has the capability of enabling the metal ions and the organic molecules in the sludge to migrate upwards, so that the purifying effect is better and the purifying purpose of the water body can be realized more quickly.
The construction of the woven carpet is shown in figure 2. In the structure, the two layers of woven carpets are woven by polylactic acid fiber yarns, the upper layer of woven carpets and the lower layer of woven carpets are integrally connected through wires, and particularly, the two layers of woven carpets can be integrally connected in a wire connection mode as shown in 3 and 4. In the two-layer woven carpet, odd columns and even columns are connected in a staggered way; the woven structure has good air permeability and stable connection; the design is favorable for the root of the submerged plant to be attached to the woven carpet, and plays a role in fixing the submerged plant. The lower layer woven carpet is not contacted with the grid, contacts with the wetland sludge, plays a role in protecting the upper layer woven carpet, and avoids the wrapping or damage of impurities such as the sludge on the adsorption material in the upper layer woven carpet. In addition, the upper layer woven carpet attached with the adsorption material is favorable for adsorbing metal ions and organic molecules in the sludge to migrate upwards and is favorable for rapid purification of submerged plants.
In addition, the embodiment adopts a square-meshed grid, the side length of the mesh is 11 cm, the grid is made of regenerated non-woven fabrics, and the non-woven fabrics are made of polylactic acid fibers; the design is beneficial for the submerged plants to grow in the grid.
After the product is placed at the bottom of a water body, a small amount of broken stone is added into the grid, so that the broken stone can sink into sludge at the bottom of the water body, and cannot drift along with water flow, and the whole product is good in permeability, so that migration of harmful ions in sludge at the bottom of a pool is facilitated.
The upper layer and the lower layer are made of flexible materials, so that the whole product has good flexibility, and even if the bottom of the water body is uneven, the carpet can adapt to the shape change of the bottom of the water body and cover the surface of the silt.
In the embodiment, the bottom substrate and the grid of the product are both degradable fiber materials, and can be degraded into carbon dioxide and water under the condition of microorganisms, so that the environment is not polluted.
Embodiment two:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of a unidirectional adsorption deformable matrix material for wetland restoration, which comprises the following steps:
and S1, preparing an upper woven carpet and a lower woven carpet.
Performing mixed knitting on polylactic acid fibers by using a fine knitting technology; specifically, the warps and the wefts of the braiding are all made of yarns spun by polylactic acid fibers, and the braiding is easy to degrade and environment-friendly; the braid density was 150 lanes/foot.
And S2, immersing the upper layer woven carpet into a Barbamine solution, taking out, and carrying out illumination and standing to obtain the upper layer woven carpet loaded with the poly-Bapolyamine.
In the step, the concentration of the Barbamate solution is 10mg/L, and the illumination time is 5 hours.
And S3, connecting the upper layer woven carpet loaded with the polybasic polyamine and the lower layer woven carpet not loaded with the polybasic polyamine into a whole according to the upper layer woven carpet and the lower layer woven carpet to form a bottom substrate.
The step is to splice the bottom base material; the common woven carpet is positioned at the lower layer, and the woven carpet loaded with the polybasic polyamine is positioned at the upper layer; the two layers of carpets are connected by wires.
And S4, connecting the bottom substrate with the grid, wherein the bottom substrate is positioned on the lower surface of the grid.
The grid of the embodiment is made of regenerated non-woven fabrics, and the non-woven fabrics are made of polylactic acid fibers, so that the grid is easy to degrade and environment-friendly. The mesh of the grid is larger, the mesh is square, and the side length is 11 cm. The lower surface of the mesh is connected to the bottom substrate, and the physical diagram of the connection is shown in fig. 5.
When in use, the matrix material of the invention is submerged in water, and aquatic plants such as water chestnut, swamp grass, water caltrop, black algae, goldfish algae, foxtail algae and the like are planted in the grid according to the water quality improvement progress, so that the biological diversity is improved, and a healthy grass type urban wetland water ecological system taking the submerged plants as a main body is constructed. The matrix material has good permeability, and the polybadoxylamine of the upper layer woven carpet has strong capability of adsorbing metal ions and organic molecules in the sludge, can be adsorbed and moved upwards, and can be purified by submerged plants, so that the purification purpose of water body is realized.
Finally, the whole product of the invention has better flexibility, even under the condition of uneven water body bottom, can adapt to the shape change of the water body bottom, and can play a good role in buffering the structure. The bottom base material and the grid of the product are degradable fiber materials, and can be degraded into carbon dioxide and water under the condition of microorganisms, so that the environment is not polluted.
Comparative example A
In contrast to the second embodiment, the present comparative example, in which no polibazamine is supported in the preparation of the matrix material, i.e., step S2 is omitted, provides a unidirectional adsorption, deformable matrix material for wetland repair, and the preparation process is as follows:
and S1, preparing an upper woven carpet and a lower woven carpet.
Performing mixed knitting on polylactic acid fibers by using a fine knitting technology; specifically, the warps and the wefts of the braiding are all made of yarns spun by polylactic acid fibers, and the braiding is easy to degrade and environment-friendly; the braid density was 150 lanes/foot.
And S2, connecting the upper layer woven carpet and the lower layer woven carpet into a whole according to the upper layer woven carpet and the lower layer woven carpet to form a bottom substrate.
The step is to splice the bottom base material; the two layers of carpets are connected by wires.
And S3, connecting the bottom substrate with the grid, wherein the bottom substrate is positioned on the upper surface of the grid.
The grid of the embodiment is made of regenerated non-woven fabrics, and the non-woven fabrics are made of polylactic acid fibers, so that the grid is easy to degrade and environment-friendly. The mesh of the grid is larger, the mesh is square, and the side length is 11 cm. The lower surface of the mesh is covered by a bottom substrate and the completed physical diagram is shown in fig. 5.
Comparative example B
In contrast to example two, this comparative example was designed to be a single layer woven carpet structure in the preparation of the matrix material. Provides a unidirectional adsorption deformable matrix material for wetland restoration, and the preparation process comprises the following steps:
and S1, preparing a single-layer woven carpet.
Performing mixed knitting on polylactic acid fibers by using a fine knitting technology; specifically, the warps and the wefts of the braiding are all made of yarns spun by polylactic acid fibers, and the braiding is easy to degrade and environment-friendly; the braid density was 150 lanes/foot.
And S2, immersing the single-layer woven carpet into a Barbamine solution, taking out, and carrying out illumination and standing to obtain the single-layer woven carpet loaded with the Barbamine, wherein the single-layer woven carpet is used as a bottom substrate.
In the step, the concentration of the Barbamate solution is 10mg/L, and the illumination time is 5 hours.
And S3, connecting the bottom substrate with the grid, wherein the bottom substrate is positioned on the lower surface of the grid.
The grid of the embodiment is made of regenerated non-woven fabrics, and the non-woven fabrics are made of polylactic acid fibers, so that the grid is easy to degrade and environment-friendly. The mesh of the grid is larger, the mesh is square, and the side length is 11 cm. The lower surface of the mesh is covered by the bottom substrate and the connection is completed.
Comparative example C
In contrast to example two, this comparative example replaced the carpet in preparing the matrix material with a conventional carpet on the market. Provides a unidirectional adsorption deformable matrix material for wetland restoration, and the preparation process comprises the following steps:
step S1, immersing the single-layer common carpet into a Barbamine solution, taking out, and carrying out illumination and standing to prepare the single-layer common carpet loaded with the Barbamine, wherein the single-layer common carpet is used as a bottom substrate.
In the step, the concentration of the Barbamate solution is 10mg/L, and the illumination time is 5 hours.
And S2, connecting the upper layer common carpet loaded with the polybasic polyamine and the lower layer common carpet not loaded with the polybasic polyamine into a whole according to the upper layer common carpet and the lower layer common carpet to form a bottom substrate.
The step is to splice the bottom base material; the common carpet without the polybasic polyamine is positioned at the lower layer, and the common carpet with the polybasic polyamine is positioned at the upper layer; the two layers of common carpets are connected by wires.
And S3, connecting the bottom substrate with the grid, wherein the bottom substrate is positioned on the lower surface of the grid.
The grid of the embodiment is made of regenerated non-woven fabrics, and the non-woven fabrics are made of polylactic acid fibers, so that the grid is easy to degrade and environment-friendly. The mesh of the grid is larger, the mesh is square, and the side length is 11 cm. The lower surface of the mesh is covered by a bottom substrate and the completed physical diagram is shown in fig. 5.
Performance test example:
planting 70 plants of kukola, 20 plants of hydrilla verticillata and 10 plants of gynura bicolor on the matrix materials prepared in the example 2 and the comparative examples A, B and C, wherein the planting time is 30 days; and respectively placing the three matrix materials of the planted submerged plants in a pool imitating the polluted wetland environment. Monitoring the growth condition, water quality nutrient salt, transparency change and the like of submerged plants, and evaluating the effect of the device. The results are shown in tables 1-4 below.
TABLE 1 results of detection of submerged plant biomass for example 2 changes in water quality in pool water of matrix material
TABLE 2 results of detection of submerged plant biomass for changes in water quality in pool of matrix material prepared in comparative example A
TABLE 3 results of detection of submerged plant biomass for changes in water quality in pool of matrix material prepared in comparative example B
TABLE 4 results of detection of submerged plant biomass for changes in water quality in pool of matrix material prepared in comparative example C
As can be seen from tables 1 to 4, the unidirectional adsorption and deformable matrix material for repairing the wetland prepared by the invention has good repairing effect when being used for repairing the pool imitating the polluted wetland environment; wherein, the removal rates of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and COD respectively reach 80.86%, 93.58%, 91.68% and 86.15%, the removal rates of calcium ions and copper ions respectively reach 43.56% and 34.84%, and the transparency of the water body and the growth of submerged plants are obviously increased. As can be seen from comparative examples A-C, when the polybasic polyamine is not loaded, or a single-layer woven carpet structure is adopted or a common market carpet is changed, the removal rate of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, COD, calcium ions and copper ions is obviously reduced, and the transparency of water body and the growth amount of submerged plants are also poor.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. The unidirectional adsorption deformable matrix material for repairing the wetland is characterized by comprising a grid and a bottom substrate connected below the grid, wherein the bottom substrate is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer and is a woven carpet, and the upper layer of woven carpet is loaded with adsorption materials;
the adsorption material is polydopamine;
the woven carpet is formed by weaving polylactic acid fiber yarns, the weaving density of the woven carpet is 100-200 channels/foot, an upper layer of woven carpet and a lower layer of woven carpet are integrally connected through wires, the two layers of woven carpets are connected in a staggered manner by odd columns and even columns, and gaps are reserved in the middle;
the preparation method of the unidirectional adsorption and deformable matrix material for wetland restoration comprises the following steps:
preparing an upper layer woven carpet and a lower layer woven carpet;
immersing the upper woven carpet into a dopamine solution, taking out, and carrying out illumination and standing to prepare the upper woven carpet loaded polydopamine;
connecting the upper layer of woven carpet and the lower layer of woven carpet integrally to form a bottom substrate;
the bottom substrate is connected to the grid, wherein the bottom substrate is located below the grid.
2. The unidirectional adsorptive, deformable matrix material for wetland repair of claim 1 wherein the mesh openings of said mesh are square and have a mesh side length of 10-12 cm.
3. The unidirectional adsorptive, deformable matrix material for wetland repair of claim 2 wherein said mesh is made of polylactic acid fiber regenerated nonwoven fabric.
4. The unidirectional adsorptive, deformable matrix material for wetland repair of claim 1 wherein said dopamine solution has a concentration of 5-15mg/L and an illumination time of 4-6 hours.
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