CN115508174B - 热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理方法及装备 - Google Patents
热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理方法及装备 Download PDFInfo
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- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开一种热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理方法,包括以下步骤:准备实验材料,设置实验组与对照组;进行新型热预处理实验,将实验组放入热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理装备中进行实验;取出实验组,从热预处理装置中取出实验组;对比分析,对实验组和对照组分别进行酶解和理化性质分析,并对结果进行分析。通过将实验组放入热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理装备中,对其进行热空气强制对流处理,对实验组材料表面的焦化,很好的缓解了内部的有机物质流失,又保留了热预处理对于内部结构疏松的优势,预处理后有利于后续对原材料的进一步利用,如酶解糖化或者其他的生物转化,其利用效率都会更高。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及有机固废预处理领域,特别是涉及一种热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理方法及装备。
背景技术
生物化学转化是将秸秆转化为生物质能源的主要途径之一,即微生物和微生物分泌的酶先将纤维素和半纤维素转化为小分子量的糖,再通过发酵产生乙醇、甲烷、氢气等能源。以糖为原料生产功能性物质在理论和应用上都已十分成熟,特别是在食品化学领域。厌氧发酵过程不仅在理论方面逐步深刻,而且在强化转化方面得到诸多突破,特别是微生物之间种间电子转移的应用和生物反应器的发展。然而,生物化学转化的前端过程直接使用原始秸秆生产糖作为平台分子,效率较低,这被认为是限制秸秆有效转化为生物产品/生物燃料的重要挑战。酶促水解和细菌解构的天然抗性是由生物质中交联的超分子结构产生的,该特性被称为生物质抗降解屏障。因此,在生物化学处理前对秸秆进行预处理是十分必要的。
为了保证后续生化处理的效率,预处理过程应在尽量减少营养物质损失的基础上实现对生物质抗降解屏障的破坏,从而增加酶与可降解底物活性部位的接触。预处理可以分为物理、化学、生物,在实践中,通常同时进行一种或多种预处理。然而,这些预处理方法都有一定的局限性,如试剂成本高、设备投资大、机械能耗高、二次污染或工艺控制要求高等。相比之下,热预处理因其操作方便、过程控制简单、无药剂输入造成的二次污染等原因,已成为最常用的预处理方法之一。根据实现方式的不同,热预处理又可进一步细分为简单热预处理、蒸汽***预处理、水热预处理等方法,加热温度一般集中在50℃~220℃,预处理后秸秆的糖得率可提高15%~50%,其主要原因是从结构上破坏了木质纤维素交联态的稳定性。从成分上看,降低了半纤维素的绝对含量,提高了纤维素的相对含量,更有利于纤维素酶的工作。可被微生物利用的半纤维素在纤维素表面形成覆层,并通过氢键与木质素连接,这也意味着热预处理的一个主要瓶颈是可生物降解的半纤维素的损失。通常添加表面活性剂,通过减少两相之间的表面滑动来增强疏水物质的去除,从而加强秸秆的表面亲水性,以促进水解和传质过程。因此,亟需一种热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理方法及装备来解决以上问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理方法及装备,以解决上述现有技术存在的问题。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了如下方案:本发明提供一种热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理方法,包括以下步骤:
a、准备实验材料,设置实验组与对照组;
b、进行新型热预处理实验,将实验组放入热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理装备中进行实验;
c、取出实验组,从热预处理装置中取出实验组;
d、对比分析,对实验组和对照组分别进行酶解和理化性质分析,并对结果进行分析。
优选的,在步骤a中,实验材料的粒径小于1mm。
优选的,在步骤c中,取出实验组并冷却至室温,将处理后的实验组保存在干燥环境中。
优选的,在步骤d中,理化性质分析包括傅立叶变换红外光谱法研究官能团、X射线光电子能谱测定表面化学成分、原子力显微镜表征表面粗糙度因子、X射线衍射法计算结晶度、BET吸附性能、真空密度和接触角分析。
一种热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理装备,包括箱体,所述箱体的顶面转动连接有顶盖,所述箱体内中空且固接有反应箱,所述反应箱内设有所述实验组,所述反应箱的底面与所述箱体内连通,所述反应箱的顶部可拆卸连接有活动盖,所述顶盖上设有散热机构,所述散热机构包括固接在所述顶盖内的电热丝,所述电热丝的顶部安装有散热部,所述顶盖与所述箱体的内壁之间等间隔设有若干锁紧机构。
优选的,所述箱体的侧壁中空,所述锁紧机构包括固接在所述箱体内壁的第一连接板,所述第一连接板内中空且与所述箱体的侧壁连通,所述第一连接板的顶面固接并连通有第二连接板,所述第二连接板内设有第一空腔,所述第二连接板的顶面设有第一滑槽,所述第一空腔与所述第一滑槽连通,所述第一滑槽内滑动连接有第一滑块,所述顶盖的内壁设有第一凹槽,所述第一滑块与所述第一凹槽相适配,所述箱体的侧壁内设有传动部,所述传动部与所述第一滑块传动连接。
优选的,所述传动部包括固接有在所述箱体内壁内的第一电机,所述第一电机的输出轴固接有连接辊,所述连接辊上固接有连接绳的一端,所述连接绳的另一端依次穿过所述第一连接板、第一空腔和所述第一滑槽并与所述第一滑块固接,所述第一滑块与所述第一滑槽的侧壁之间固接有第一弹簧,连接绳位于所述第一弹簧的底部。
优选的,所述第一滑槽靠近所述第一空腔的底部安装有第一定轮,所述第一连接板内固接有第二定轮,所述第一定轮和所述第二定轮的表面分别设有所述连接绳。
优选的,所述散热部包括固接在所述顶盖内壁的第二电机,所述第二电机的输出轴固接有风扇,所述风扇位于所述电热丝的顶部。
优选的,所述顶盖内设有第二空腔,所述第二空腔内设有控制器,所述顶盖的一侧设有温度调节钮,所述箱体的内壁固接有温度传感器,所述控制器分别有所述第一电机、第二电机、温度调节钮、温度传感器和电热丝电性连接。
本发明公开了以下技术效果:通过准备两组相同的实验材料,便于在实验完成后,对实验数据进行对比,通过将实验组放入热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理装备中,对其进行热空气强制对流处理,对实验组材料表面的焦化,很好的缓解了内部的有机物质流失,又保留了热预处理对于内部结构疏松的优势,预处理后有利于后续对原材料的进一步利用,如酶解糖化或者其他的生物转化,其利用效率都会更高。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动性的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明外部结构示意图;
图2为本发明内部结构示意图;
图3为图2中A的局部放大图;
其中:1、箱体;2、顶盖;3、反应箱;4、活动盖;5、电热丝;6、第一连接板;7、第二连接板;8、第一空腔;9、第一滑槽;10、第一滑块;11、第一凹槽;12、第一电机;13、连接辊;14、连接绳;15、第一弹簧;16、第一定轮;17、第二定轮;18、第二电机;19、风扇;20、第二空腔;21、控制器;22、温度调节钮;23、温度传感器;24、第一环形凹槽;25、第一密封垫;26、第二环形凹槽;27、第一隔板;28、第一轴承;29、环形隔板;30、第一连接杆;31、第一弧形面。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂,下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
参照图1-3,本发明提供一种热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理方法,包括以下步骤:
a、准备实验材料,设置实验组与对照组;
b、进行新型热预处理实验,将实验组放入热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理装备中进行实验;
c、取出实验组,从热预处理装置中取出实验组;
d、对比分析,对实验组和对照组分别进行酶解和理化性质分析,并对结果进行分析。
通过准备两组相同的实验材料,便于在实验完成后,对实验数据进行对比,通过将实验组放入热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理装备中,对其进行热空气强制对流处理,对实验组材料表面的焦化(改性),很好的缓解了内部的有机物质流失(因为热预处理一大问题就是会有有机质的挥发损失),又保留了热预处理对于内部结构疏松的优势,预处理后有利于后续对原材料的进一步利用,如酶解糖化或者其他的生物转化,其利用效率都会更高。
进一步优化方案,在步骤a中,实验材料的粒径小于1mm。
本实施例中将实验材料选为收获后的成熟且干燥的玉米秸秆(CS)和水稻秸秆(RS),仅保留完整的秸秆段,磨成粉末,筛分为小于1mm的粒径作为实验材料。
进一步优化方案,在步骤c中,取出实验组即玉米秸秆(CS)和水稻秸秆(RS)并冷却至室温,将处理后的实验组保存在干燥环境中,未处理的玉米秸秆(CS)和水稻秸秆(RS)样品留存作为对照。
进一步优化方案,步骤d中,理化性质分析包括傅立叶变换红外光谱法研究官能团、X射线光电子能谱测定表面化学成分、原子力显微镜表征表面粗糙度因子、X射线衍射法计算结晶度、BET吸附性能、真空密度和接触角分析。
酶解即酶解水法,热空气强制对流预处理的实验组玉米秸秆(CS)和水稻秸秆(RS)和未处理的玉米秸秆(CS)和水稻秸秆(RS)的酶法水解试验在25mL的锥形瓶中进行,每组重复3次。每个瓶中加入等量的5%(w/v)干物质,并添加50mmolL-1柠檬酸缓冲液(pH 4.8)。添加叠氮化钠(0.02%,100μL)以防止微生物生长。纤维素酶和木聚糖酶载量分别维持在30FPU(g-葡聚糖)-1和150U(g-葡聚糖)-1。酶解温度为50℃,转速为150rpm,时间为72h。酶解后的糖浓度通过配备DionexCarbopacTMPA20柱和电化学检测器的离子色谱测定。流动相为A-H2O、B-250mmolL-1NaOH和C-50mmolL-1NaOH&500mmolL-1NaOAc,流速0.3mL min-1。总糖化率和纤维素转化率分别根据式(5.1)(5.2)计算。
式中,RS为生成的还原糖含量,g;
HOLO是生物量中的综纤维素含量,g;
GLU为生成的葡萄糖含量,g;
CEL为生物质中的纤维素含量,g。
上清液中检测到葡萄糖、木糖、半乳糖和***糖四种单糖。无论是何种底物,酶解上清液中葡萄糖都是主要成分(>90%),热空气强制对流预处理后总糖化率和纤维素转化率均有所提高。CS的总糖化率从31.31±1.06%提高到44.77±1.23%,纤维素转化率从44.10±1.85%提高到67.44±2.37%。在此酶解条件下,未经预处理的RS的酶解效果已达到预处理后CS的效果。热空气强制对流预处理没有显著提高RS的酶解效果,总糖化率仅从68.93±3.14%提高到70.44±2.54%,纤维素转化率从87.93±4.65%提高到90.77±4.53%。
傅立叶变换红外光谱法研究官能团:将干燥的粉末样品(1~2mg)与光谱级KBr(200mg)混合,压片为直径约10mm、厚度约1mm的片剂。红外光谱从4000cm-1到400cm-1,分辨率为4cm-1。对测量的红外光谱采用最大最小法进行标准化。
X射线光电子能谱测定表面化学成分:Al KαX射线激发源(hv=1486.6eV)下,采用光谱仪(K-Alpha,Thermo Fisher Scientific,USA)对样品的表面化学成分进行XPS表征。光束光斑尺寸为250μm,分析室真空度优于5.0×10-7mBar,工作电压为12kV,灯丝电流为6mA。测量光谱以1.0eV步长和200eV通过能记录,而高分辨率光谱以0.1eV步长和50eV通过能记录。化学成分由光电子峰面积计算,化学键组成由各自的光谱反褶积得到(ThermoScientificTMAvantage)。用284.8eV处的C1s峰作为基准进行荷电校正。
原子力显微镜(AFM)表征表面粗糙度因子:采用原子力显微镜观察了AF预处理前后样品表面形貌和粗糙度的变化。所有试验均采用相同的AFM探针在相同环境条件下(温度为25℃,相对湿度为25%)进行。采用Bruker公司的Nanoscope V Multimode 8扫描探针显微镜对图像进行分析。高度偏差的均方根粗糙度(Rq)取自均值图像数据平面,平均粗糙度(Ra)是从平均平面测量的表面高度偏差绝对值的算术平均值。
X射线衍射法(XRD)计算结晶采用密封管Cu Kα激发源,用X射线衍射对预处理前后的CS和RS样品进行分析。以2°min-1的速度在2θ=5°到90°范围内进行扫描。采用峰反褶积法进行分析,并用MDI Jade 6.0对峰进行拟合,计算结晶度。
BET吸附性能、真空密度和接触角分析以N2为吸附剂,采用表面积和孔隙率分析仪测定了样品的BET吸附性能。真空密度用AccuPyc 1330比重计测量。通过接触角表征表面润湿性或亲水性,在图像中使用ImageJ软件进一步测量。
一种热空气强制对流的有机固废新型热预处理装备,包括箱体1,箱体1的顶面转动连接有顶盖2,箱体1内中空且固接有反应箱3,反应箱3内设有实验组,反应箱3的底面与箱体1内连通,反应箱3的顶部可拆卸连接有活动盖4,顶盖2上设有散热机构,散热机构包括固接在顶盖2内的电热丝5,电热丝5的顶部安装有散热部,顶盖2与箱体1的内壁之间等间隔设有若干锁紧机构。
将顶盖2打开,再将活动盖4取下,将实验组玉米秸秆(CS)和水稻秸秆(RS)放入反应箱3中,将活动盖4盖上,再将顶盖2盖上,通过锁紧机构将顶盖2锁紧,防止在反应过程中,热气溢出,启动电热丝5,散热部将电热丝5的热量沿箱体1的内壁吹至反应箱3的底部,并使热量进入反应箱3中,对其中的实验组玉米秸秆(CS)和水稻秸秆(RS)进行加热,使箱体1内部形成高速循环热流,在密闭空间中对实验组玉米秸秆(CS)和水稻秸秆(RS)进行高温烘烤。
进一步优化方案,箱体1的侧壁中空,锁紧机构包括固接在箱体1内壁的第一连接板6,第一连接板6内中空且与箱体1的侧壁连通,第一连接板6的顶面固接并连通有第二连接板7,第二连接板7内设有第一空腔8,第二连接板7的顶面设有第一滑槽9,第一空腔8与第一滑槽9连通,第一滑槽9内滑动连接有第一滑块10,顶盖2的内壁设有第一凹槽11,第一滑块10与第一凹槽11相适配,箱体1的侧壁内设有传动部,传动部与第一滑块10传动连接。
当需要将顶盖2扣合时,通过驱动部使第一滑块10滑动至第一滑槽9内,在顶盖2的底面与箱体1的顶面贴合后,松开传动部,是第一滑块10沿第一滑槽9滑动,并进入第一凹槽11中,对顶盖2进行锁定。
进一步优化方案,传动部包括固接有在箱体1内壁内的第一电机12,第一电机12的输出轴固接有连接辊13,连接辊13上固接有连接绳14的一端,连接绳14的另一端依次穿过第一连接板6、第一空腔8和第一滑槽9并与第一滑块10固接,第一滑块10与第一滑槽9的侧壁之间固接有第一弹簧15,连接绳14位于第一弹簧15的底部。
当需要第一滑块10滑入第一滑槽9内时,启动第一电机12,第一电机12带动连接辊13旋转,连接辊13将连接绳14缠绕在连接辊13上,使连接绳14收紧,连接绳14拉动第一滑块10向第一滑槽9内滑动,同时第一弹簧15压缩;当需要第一滑块10滑入第一凹槽11中时,使第一电机12反向旋转,带动连接辊13反向旋转,连接辊13使连接绳14在连接辊13的缠绕圈数变少,同时第一弹簧15推动第一滑块10向靠近第一凹槽11的一侧滑动,并使第一滑块10进入第一凹槽11中。
进一步优化方案,第一滑槽9靠近第一空腔8的底部安装有第一定轮16,第一连接板6内固接有第二定轮17,第一定轮16和第二定轮17的表面分别设有连接绳14。
通过设置第一定轮16和第二定轮17,防止第一空腔8与第一滑槽9的连接处和第一空腔8和第一连接板6之间的连接处将连接绳14割坏,同时,连接绳14采用耐高温材料制成。
顶盖2的底面周向设有第一环形凹槽24,第一环形凹槽24内嵌设有第一密封垫25,箱体1的顶面周向设有第二环形凹槽26,第一密封垫25的底部位于第二环形凹槽26内。
进一步优化方案,散热部包括固接在顶盖2内壁的第二电机18,第二电机18的输出轴固接有风扇19,风扇19位于电热丝5的顶部。
风扇19用于将电热丝5的热量向下吹散,风扇19与第二电机18之间固接有第一隔板27,第一隔板27与第二电机18的输出轴之间通过第一轴承28转连接。
顶盖2的内壁固接环形隔板29,环形隔板29与顶盖2的内壁之间为第二空腔20,环形隔板29与第一隔板27远离第一轴承28的一侧固接,环形隔板29靠近第一隔板27的一侧固接第一连接杆30,第一连接杆30位于第一隔板27的底部,第一连接杆30与电热丝5固接。
环形隔板29的底面设有第一弧形面31,第一弧形面31用于改变热量的传导方向。
进一步优化方案,顶盖2内设有第二空腔20,第二空腔20内设有控制器21,顶盖2的一侧设有温度调节钮22,箱体1的内壁固接有温度传感器23,控制器21分别有第一电机12、第二电机18、温度调节钮22、温度传感器23和电热丝5电性连接。
在本发明的描述中,需要理解的是,术语“纵向”、“横向”、“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”、“左”、“右”、“竖直”、“水平”、“顶”、“底”、“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系,仅是为了便于描述本发明,而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作,因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。
以上所述的实施例仅是对本发明的优选方式进行描述,并非对本发明的范围进行限定,在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下,本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案做出的各种变形和改进,均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。
Claims (5)
1.一种热空气强制对流的有机固废热预处理方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
a、准备实验材料,设置实验组与对照组;
b、进行热预处理实验,将实验组放入热空气强制对流的有机固废热预处理装备中进行实验;
c、取出实验组,从热预处理装置中取出实验组;
d、对比分析,对实验组和对照组分别进行酶解和理化性质分析,并对结果进行分析;
步骤b中所述的热空气强制对流的有机固废热预处理装备,包括箱体(1),所述箱体(1)的顶面转动连接有顶盖(2),所述箱体(1)内中空且固接有反应箱(3),所述反应箱(3)内设有所述实验组,所述反应箱(3)的底面与所述箱体(1)内连通,所述反应箱(3)的顶部可拆卸连接有活动盖(4),所述顶盖(2)上设有散热机构,所述散热机构包括固接在所述顶盖(2)内的电热丝(5),所述电热丝(5)的顶部安装有散热部,所述顶盖(2)与所述箱体(1)的内壁之间等间隔设有若干锁紧机构;
所述箱体(1)的侧壁中空,所述锁紧机构包括固接在所述箱体(1)内壁的第一连接板(6),所述第一连接板(6)内中空且与所述箱体(1)的侧壁连通,所述第一连接板(6)的顶面固接并连通有第二连接板(7),所述第二连接板(7)内设有第一空腔(8),所述第二连接板(7)的顶面设有第一滑槽(9),所述第一空腔(8)与所述第一滑槽(9)连通,所述第一滑槽(9)内滑动连接有第一滑块(10),所述顶盖(2)的内壁设有第一凹槽(11),所述第一滑块(10)与所述第一凹槽(11)相适配,所述箱体(1)的侧壁内设有传动部,所述传动部与所述第一滑块(10)传动连接;
所述传动部包括固接有在所述箱体(1)内壁内的第一电机(12),所述第一电机(12)的输出轴固接有连接辊(13),所述连接辊(13)上固接有连接绳(14)的一端,所述连接绳(14)的另一端依次穿过所述第一连接板(6)内、第一空腔(8)和所述第一滑槽(9)并与所述第一滑块(10)固接,所述第一滑块(10)与所述第一滑槽(9)的侧壁之间固接有第一弹簧(15),连接绳(14)位于所述第一弹簧(15)的底部;
所述散热部包括固接在所述顶盖(2)内壁的第二电机(18),所述第二电机(18)的输出轴固接有风扇(19),所述风扇(19)位于所述电热丝(5)的顶部;
所述顶盖(2)内设有第二空腔(20),所述第二空腔(20)内设有控制器(21),所述顶盖(2)的一侧设有温度调节钮(22),所述箱体(1)的内壁固接有温度传感器(23),所述控制器(21)分别与所述第一电机(12)、第二电机(18)、温度调节钮(22)、温度传感器(23)和电热丝(5)电性连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的热空气强制对流的有机固废热预处理方法,其特征在于:在步骤a中,实验材料的粒径小于1mm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的热空气强制对流的有机固废热预处理方法,其特征在于:在步骤c中,取出实验组并冷却至室温,将处理后的实验组保存在干燥环境中。
4.根据权利要求1所述的热空气强制对流的有机固废热预处理方法,其特征在于:在步骤d中,理化性质分析包括傅立叶变换红外光谱法研究官能团、X射线光电子能谱测定表面化学成分、原子力显微镜表征表面粗糙度因子、X射线衍射法计算结晶度、BET吸附性能、真空密度和接触角分析。
5.根据权利要求1所述的热空气强制对流的有机固废热预处理方法,其特征在于:所述第一滑槽(9)靠近所述第一空腔(8)的底部安装有第一定轮(16),所述第一连接板(6)内固接有第二定轮(17),所述第一定轮(16)和所述第二定轮(17)的表面分别设有所述连接绳(14)。
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