CN115462177A

CN115462177A - Electronic bridge for multiple heatable camera windows

Info

Publication number: CN115462177A
Application number: CN202280001688.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: T·加里内利; F·赫尔曼格; V·拉梅什库马尔; M·克维茨
Original assignee: Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Current assignee: Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Priority date: 2021-04-09
Filing date: 2022-03-30
Publication date: 2022-12-09
Also published as: DE202022002762U1; WO2022214368A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a plate (100) having an electrically heatable sensor region (3), the plate comprising at least: -a first plate (1) having a surface (III), -at least a first and a second electrically heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) applied on a portion of the surface (III) respectively and not in direct contact with each other, -a first and a second bus conductor (8.1, 8.2) provided for connection to a power source (5), which are connected with the at least first and second electrically heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) such that a current path (14) for a heating current is formed between the first and second bus conductors (8.1, 8.2), -an electrically conductive heating layer (6) surrounding the first and second heatable coating (9.1, 9.2), wherein the at least first and second electrically heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) are electrically conductively connected to each other by means of at least one electrically conductive bridge (7) and the at least first and second electrically heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) are completely separated from the heating layer (9.2) by the electrically conductive bridge (9.7) via the electrically conductive bridge (7) and wherein the electrically conductive bridge (9.2) separates the coating (9.1) from the heating layer (9.2) without the heating layer (9.1, 9.2) and the heating layer (9.2) being separated by the heating layer (9, wherein the heating layer (9) is completely separated by the heating layer (9.1, 10) and the heating layer (9.2).

Description

Electronic bridge for multiple heatable camera windows

Technical Field

The invention relates to a transparent pane having more than one heatable coating, to a method for producing said transparent pane and to the use thereof.

Background

Vehicles are increasingly equipped with various sensor or camera systems. Examples are camera systems such as video cameras, night vision cameras, afterglow intensifiers, laser range finders or passive infrared detectors. Vehicle identification systems are also increasingly being used, for example, to collect tolls.

The camera system may use light in the Ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS) and Infrared (IR) wavelength ranges. So that objects, vehicles and persons can be accurately identified even under severe weather conditions such as darkness and fog. These camera systems may be placed behind the wind deflector in the passenger compartment in the vehicle. The camera system thus also offers the possibility of timely identification of dangerous situations and obstacles in road traffic.

However, due to the sensitivity of the camera system to atmospheric influences or to the oncoming wind, such sensors must in all cases be protected by a plate that is transparent to the radiation. In order to ensure optimum functioning of the optical sensor, a clean and antifog plate is imperatively required. Moisture and ice formation significantly hamper the mode of action, because they significantly reduce the transmission of electromagnetic radiation. Wiping systems can be used for water droplets and dirt particles, which are often not sufficient when ice is present. In this case, it is necessary to heat the plate sections assigned to the sensors at least for a short time if necessary and thus to be able to use the system without interruption.

The plate may thus have an electrical heating function. Composite plates are therefore known which have a transparent, electrically conductive coating on the inside surface of one of the individual plates. By means of an external power supply, an electric current can be conducted through the electrically conductive coating, which current heats up the coating and thus the plate. WO2012/052315A1, for example, discloses such a heatable, metal-based, electrically conductive coating.

The electrical heating layer is typically electrically contacted by a bus conductor, as is known from US2007/0020465 A1. The busbar consists, for example, of an imprinted and calcined silver paste. The bus conductors typically run along the upper and lower edges of the plate. The bus conductors collect the current flowing through the conductive coating and conduct the current to external leads, which are connected to a power source.

The bus conductors running at the upper and lower edges can also be used to warm up segments of the heating layer in order thereby to provide a more uniform heating power distribution. Such an arrangement is thus known, for example, from US2878357 A1. US20120103961A1 discloses a coated and heatable board which is partially de-coated in locally defined areas. The partially uncoated region may be used, for example, as a sensor window. The locally defined region has two bus conductors which are arranged substantially parallel to the upper side of the plate and are connected to one another via an ohmic resistor. The uniformity of the electric field across the plate can thereby be improved, which minimizes hot and cold spots on the plate.

The applications US20130092676A1 and US20160174295 show a segmented heating layer which has been applied over a large area on a plate. The segments of the heating layer are partially connected to one another via a bridge, wherein the bridge is designed in the form of a strip. In this case, the segments are connected to one another such that the current path between the two busbar conductors is as long as possible. This enables a high voltage of 100V to 400V to be applied because the resistance or surface power is increased. There is no conductive coating around the heating layer.

An example of a heating area on a board together with a capacitive touch sensor is disclosed in US10638549B 2.

A general problem of heatable cladding is its still relatively high surface resistance, which requires a high operating voltage anyway in the case of large dimensions of the plates to be heated or in the case of long current paths, which is in any case higher than the usual on-board voltage of a vehicle. A further problem in this connection is the resulting likewise increased current consumption due to the high voltages required. If it is intended to reduce the surface resistance, this occurs with a reduction in the transmission of visible light in the case of the layer systems known hitherto, since the electrically conductive layer must be thicker. This problem becomes particularly relevant if the sensor region is particularly large in terms of its area extension, as may be required, for example, when more than one sensor is applied.

Disclosure of Invention

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved plate having an electrically heatable sensor region which can be heated quickly with the lowest possible voltage and current consumption.

According to the invention, the object of the invention is achieved by a panel according to independent claims 1, 13 and 15. Preferred embodiments emerge from the dependent claims.

The plate with an electrically heatable sensor area according to the invention comprises at least the following features:

-a first plate having a surface,

-a first and a second electrically heatable coating,

-first and second bus conductors arranged for connection to a power supply, and

-a conductive bridge.

At least first and second heatable coating layers are respectively applied to a portion of the surface and the first and second heatable coating layers are not in direct contact with each other. The first and second bus conductors are connected to at least the first and second electrically heatable coating, such that a current path for a heating current is formed between the first and second bus conductors. The at least first and second electrically heatable coating layers are electrically conductively connected to one another by means of at least one conductive bridge, wherein the current path runs at least via the first heatable coating layer, the conductive bridge and the second heatable coating layer.

In this case, the current path runs in particular via or through the first and second electrically heatable coating on the surface of the plate.

The first and second bus conductors and the at least first and at least second heatable coating are arranged in the sensor region. The sensor region may include first and second sensor windows disposed entirely within the respective first or second heatable coating. Wherein a first sensor window is assigned to the first heatable coating and a second sensor window is assigned to the second heatable coating. In the sense of the present invention, a sensor window refers to an area on the plate according to the present invention, which is provided for perspective with respect to the optical sensor, so that an optical beam extending through the sensor window can be detected by the sensor.

A plate with electrically heatable sensor regions which are suitable for the perspective of more than one sensor and in which the sensors are adjacent to one another, generally has a heatable coating of a larger area than that provided for the individual sensors. The heatable coating must furthermore allow as high a transmission as possible in order for the optical sensor to function properly. However, this often means that the electrically heatable coating is arranged as thinly as possible on or in the plate, which leads to an increased electrical resistance and the electrical power consumption associated therewith and possibly an increased required voltage. This relationship is based on a formula for calculating the electric power, which is derived by transformation:

in this case, it is preferable that the air conditioner,Pis power [ W]，UIs a voltage [ V ]]And isRIs resistance [ omega ]]. In order to heat a uniformly coated surface, as is the case with an electrically heatable coating, the formula per unit of area can be rewritten as:

in this case, it is preferable that the air conditioner,P _S is the power per area unit [ Wm ] ^-2 ]，R _S Is the layer resistance [ omega sq ] sq ^-1 ]And L is the distance between the bus conductors [ m ]]. In this connection, the distance between the bus conductors relates to the length of the current path formed between the bus conductors. I.e. the distance between the contact points of the different bus conductors, which are connected to the heatable coating.

The invention is based on the recognition that the electrical resistance between the first and second busbar conductors is reduced by arranging an electrically conductive bridge between the first and second heatable coating. Thanks to the invention, electrical power can be saved and the required voltage for heating the sensor area can be reduced. This advantage is particularly effective in the case of modern electric vehicles, where increased electric power consumption is associated with a smaller driving range. In a classical internal combustion engine, it is desirable again to be as standardized as possible and not to increase the voltage beyond 14V, since otherwise additional material costs may occur, for example for using a dc voltage converter.

In one advantageous embodiment of the invention, the conductive bridge comprises a first contact region, a second contact region and a connection region. The first contact region, the second contact region and/or the connection region are preferably designed in the form of strips, particularly preferably rectangular. The first contact region is connected to the first heatable coating and the second contact region is connected to the second heatable coating. The connection region spatially connects the first contact region directly with the second contact region. The first and second contact areas are in contact with the first and second heatable coatings along edge portions of the respective first and second heatable coatings by a length L. In a plan view of the plate according to the invention, the connecting area has a smaller width compared to the L length. The width of the connecting region is particularly preferably at most half the length L, very particularly preferably at most a quarter of the length L, in particular at most a fifth of the length L. In the sense of the present invention, the width of the connection region refers to the expansion of the connection region parallel to the length of the first and/or second contact region in a plan view of the plate according to the invention. In the sense of the present invention, the length of the first and second contact regions refers to the expansion in the direction of extension. By dividing the bridge into two contact regions and one narrow connecting region, space on the board can be saved and material costs or material outlay can be reduced.

The connection region preferably extends linearly from the first contact region to the second contact region of the conductive bridge. A straight-line connection between the contact areas is particularly advantageous, since a non-straight-line design results in a higher electrical resistance and thus a higher power consumption.

In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the connecting region is arranged outside the region between the first contact region and the second contact region. In this embodiment of the invention, the conductive bridge preferably has a U-shape or an H-shape. The region between the first and second heatable coating is not masked due to the connecting region which is arranged outside the region between the first contact region and the second contact region. Whereby a greater transparency of the panel according to the invention can be maintained in this area.

The number of electrically conductive bridges and electrically heatable coatings arranged in the sensor region can be determined freely. In this sense, the current path can run between the first and second busbar conductors via the first heatable coating, the conductive bridge, the second heatable coating and the further conductive bridge and the heatable coating.

In an advantageous embodiment of the plate according to the invention, the first plate has an electrically conductive heating layer surrounding the first and second heatable coating. Especially when a small area, in this case the first and second electrically heatable coating, is surrounded by an electrically conductive coating, it is important to keep the amount (Menge) and number of bus conductors small. The bus conductors must be guided in an electrically insulating manner over the surrounding electrically conductive heating layer in order to be able to be connected to the first and second electrically heatable coating layers. The material and the complex process steps for insulating the busbar can therefore be reduced by the sensor region according to the invention.

Furthermore, the first and second heatable coating are partially and preferably completely separated from the surrounding coating by a separating line without coating, either electrically or galvanically and/or materially. The width of the separation line is preferably 30 μm to 200 μm and particularly preferably 70 μm to 140 μm. The separation line may also have a wider result between the first and second heatable coating than in the remaining area. The separating line between the first and second heatable coating particularly preferably has a width of 1 cm to 10 cm. By means of such a separation line, the electrical structure within the sensor region can be insulated in a short-circuit-free manner from the heating layer in the surroundings of the sensor region.

The heating layer is preferably transparent and electrically conductive. The heating layer may be applied on a portion of the surface of the first plate. The heating layer may have an IR reflecting effect. Regardless of the IR-reflecting effect of the heating layer, a heating layer which is galvanically separated from the first and second heatable coating in the surroundings can also be used for heating the remaining plates.

For this purpose, preferably at least two outer bus conductors, which are provided for connection to a power supply or another power supply, are connected to the heating layer surrounding the sensor region, so that a current path for the heating current is formed between the outer bus conductors. The outer bus conductor is not electrically connected to at least the first, second and, if appropriate, third bus conductor. The outer bus conductors are preferably arranged in the edge regions along two opposite side edges of the heating layer.

In the sense of the present invention, "transparent" means that the total transmission of the composite plate complies with the legal requirements for windshields and preferably has a permeability for visible light of more than 50% and particularly preferably more than 60%, in particular more than 70%. This means that the layers of the composite panel in total comply with the legal requirements for wind deflectors. If a layer, such as a heating layer, is transparent, the layer has a light transmission that does not reduce the total transmission of the composite plate to a measure below statutory provisions. This relates to the see-through region of the composite panel. The composite plate may have a section that is not transparent.

Accordingly, "opaque" means a light transmission of less than 10%, preferably less than 5% and especially 0%.

The width of the first and/or second bus conductors and/or of the conductive bridges in the sensor region and, if appropriate, outside the sensor region is preferably from 2 mm to 30 mm, particularly preferably from 4 mm to 20 mm and in particular from 10 mm to 20 mm. A thinner busbar or conductive bridge leads to an excessively high electrical resistance and thus to an excessively high temperature rise of the busbar during operation. Furthermore, it is difficult to manufacture a thinner bus conductor or bridge by a printing technique such as screen printing. Thicker bus conductors or bridges require an undesirably high material usage. Furthermore, the thicker bus conductors or bridges result in an excessively large and unsightly limitation of the see-through area of the plate. The length of the busbar conductors or the conductive bridges depends on the expansion of the surface to be heated (ausdehnnung). In the case of a bus conductor constructed in the form of a strip, the longer of its dimensions (dimensions) is referred to as length, while the less long of its dimensions is referred to as width.

If a heating layer is used for heating, typically the external busbar conductors are preferably arranged on the heating layer along the side edges and in particular run approximately parallel to one another. The length of the outer bus conductor is typically substantially equal to the length of the side of the heating layer, but may also be slightly larger or smaller. More than two outer bus conductors may also be arranged on the heating layer, preferably in the edge regions along two opposite side edges of the heating layer. More than two external bus conductors may also be arranged on the heating layer, for example around two or more separate heating fields.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the first and/or the second bus conductor is applied to the surface of the first plate and/or to the heating layer and/or to the first and the second heatable coating by means of welding or gluing. The bus conductors thus applied are preferably configured as strips of wire or conductive film. The busbar conductors then comprise, for example, at least aluminum, copper, tin-plated copper, gold, silver, zinc, tungsten and/or tin or alloys thereof. The strips preferably have a thickness of 10 μm to 500 μm, particularly preferably 30 μm to 300 μm. Bus conductors made of conductive films having these thicknesses can be realized technically simply and have an advantageous current-carrying capacity. The strips may be conductively connected with the conductive structure, for example via solder, via a conductive adhesive or by direct placement.

Alternatively, at least the first and/or the second busbar conductor is configured as a stamped and calcined electrically conductive structure. The stamped busbar preferably comprises at least one metal, metal alloy, metal compound and/or carbon, particularly preferably a noble metal and in particular silver. The printing paste preferably contains metallic particles, metal particles and/or carbon and in particular noble metal particles, for example silver particles. The electrical conductivity is preferably achieved by conductive particles. The particles can be in an organic and/or inorganic matrix, for example a paste or ink, preferably as a printing paste with a glass frit.

The layer thickness of the embossed bus conductors is preferably 5 μm to 40 μm, particularly preferably 8 μm to 20 μm and very particularly preferably 8 μm to 12 μm. Embossed bus conductors with these thicknesses can be realized technically simply and have an advantageous current-carrying capacity.

Specific resistance p of at least the first and/or the second bus conductor _a Preferably 0.8 to 7.0 μ Ohm cm and particularly preferably 1.0 to 2.5 μ Ohm cm. A bus conductor with a specific resistance in this range can be realized technically simply and has a favorable current-carrying capacity.

Depending on the material of the heating layer and/or the electrically heatable coating, it may be advantageous to protect the coating with a protective layer, for example lacquer, a polymer film and/or a second plate.

The first and second bus conductors may have a material-to-material (stofflich) contact with the surrounding heating layer. In this case, however, the first and second bus conductors are surrounded by an electrically insulating layer in the region in materially contact with the heating layer, so that the bus conductors are not electrically connected to the heating layer. The insulating layer is preferably a polyimide based polymer jacket.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the conductive bridge is designed as a metal film or as a metal wire. The conductive bridge may be applied to the surface of the first plate and/or to the first and second heatable coating by means of welding or gluing. The conductive bridge is then, for example, at least aluminum, copper, tin-plated copper, gold, silver, zinc, tungsten and/or tin or alloys thereof. The strips preferably have a thickness of 5 μm to 400 μm, particularly preferably 40 μm to 250 μm. A conductive bridge with these thicknesses can be realized technically simply and has an advantageous current-carrying capacity. The conductive bridge may be conductively connected with the conductive structure (in this case the first and second heatable coating) for example via solder, via a conductive adhesive or by direct placement.

Alternatively, the conductive bridge is configured as a fired printing paste. The conductive bridge can thus be imprinted and preferably contains at least one metal, metal alloy, metal compound and/or carbon, particularly preferably a noble metal and in particular silver. The electrical conductivity is preferably achieved by conductive particles. The particles can be present in an organic and/or inorganic matrix, for example a paste or ink, preferably as a printing paste with a glass frit. The layer thickness of the imprinted conductive bridges is preferably from 5 μm to 40 μm, particularly preferably from 8 μm to 20 μm and very particularly preferably from 8 μm to 12 μm. Imprinted conductive bridges of these thicknesses are technically simple to implement and have an advantageous current-carrying capacity.

Specific resistance rho of the conductive bridge _a Preferably 0.8 to 7.0 μ Ohm cm and particularly preferably 1.0 to 2.5 μ Ohm cm. Depending on the material of the heating layer and/or the electrically heatable coating, it may be advantageous to protect the conductive bridges with a protective layer, for example a lacquer, a polymer film and/or a second plate.

The first and second electrically heatable coating and heating layers are, for example, from DE202008017611U1, US2002/0045037A1 or WO2012/052315A 1. The first and second electrically heatable coating layers and the heating layer typically comprise one or more, for example two, three or four, electrically conductive functional layers. The functional layer preferably comprises at least one metal, for example silver, gold, copper, nickel and/or chromium or a metal alloy. The functional layer particularly preferably comprises at least 90% by weight of metal, in particular at least 99.9% by weight of metal. The functional layer may consist of a metal or a metal alloy. The functional layer particularly preferably comprises silver or a silver-containing alloy. Such functional layers have a particularly advantageous electrical conductivity in the case of high transmission in the visible spectral range at the same time. The thickness of the functional layer is preferably from 5 nm to 50 nm, particularly preferably from 8 nm to 25 nm. Within this thickness range of the functional layer, an advantageously high transmission in the visible spectral range and a particularly advantageous electrical conductivity are achieved. The first and second electrically heatable coating layers are preferably each 10 cm ² To 1000 cm ² Particularly preferably 20 cm ² To 100 cm ² Extend over the area of (a).

At least one dielectric layer is typically arranged between two adjacent functional layers of the coating, respectively. A further dielectric layer is preferably arranged below the first functional layer and/or above the last functional layer. The dielectric layer comprises at least one single layer made of a dielectric material, for example comprising a nitride such as silicon nitride or an oxide such as aluminum oxide. However, the dielectric layer may also comprise a plurality of monolayers, such as a monolayer of a dielectric material, a smoothing layer, an adaptation layer, a barrier layer and/or an anti-reflection layer. The thickness of the dielectric layer is, for example, 10 nm to 200 nm.

Such a layer structure is usually obtained by a series of deposition processes carried out by vacuum methods, such as magnetic field assisted cathode sputtering.

In principle, the first and second electrically heatable coating layers and the heating layer can be each of the coating layers which should be electrically contacted and have sufficient transparency. The first and second electrically heatable coating layers and the heating layer are preferably transparent to electromagnetic radiation, particularly preferably to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of 300 nm to 1,300 nm and in particular to visible light.

In an advantageous embodiment, the first and second electrically heatable coating and/or heating layers are one layer or a layer structure of a plurality of individual layers having a total thickness of less than or equal to 2 μm, particularly preferably less than or equal to 1 μm.

Advantageous electrically heatable coating and heating layers have a surface resistance of 0.4 to 10 ohms/square. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the first and second electrically heatable coating layers have a surface resistance of 0.5 to 1 ohm/square. Coatings with such a surface resistance are particularly suitable for heating vehicle panels in the case of typical vehicle voltages of 12V to 48V or in the case of electric vehicles with typical vehicle voltages of up to 500V.

The heating layer may extend over the entire surface of the first plate. Alternatively, however, the heating layer may also extend over only a part of the surface of the first plate. The heating layer preferably extends over at least 50%, particularly preferably at least 70% and very particularly preferably at least 90% of the inner side surface of the first plate. In addition to the uncoated regions, the heating layer may also have one or more uncoated regions.

In an advantageous embodiment of the panel according to the invention, the surface of the first panel on which the first and second electrically heatable coating are arranged is connected in a planar manner to the second panel via a thermoplastic intermediate layer.

Substantially all electrically insulating substrates which are thermally and chemically stable and dimensionally stable under the conditions of manufacture and use of the plates according to the invention are suitable as first and, if desired, second plates.

The plurality of panels are interconnected by at least one thermoplastic interlayer. The interlayer preferably comprises at least one thermoplastic, preferably polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) and/or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). However, the thermoplastic interlayer may also for example comprise Polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), polyacrylate, polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyacetate resins, casting resins, acrylates, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, polyvinyl fluoride and/or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene or copolymers or mixtures thereof. The thermoplastic intermediate layer can be formed from one thermoplastic film or also from a plurality of thermoplastic films arranged one above the other, the thickness of the thermoplastic film preferably being 0.25 mm to 1 mm, typically 0.38 mm or 0.76 mm.

In the case of the composite plate according to the invention, which consists of the first plate, the intermediate layer and the second plate, the heating layer and/or the first and second electrically heatable coating can be applied directly to the first plate or to the carrier film or to the intermediate layer itself. The first and second plates have inner and outer side surfaces, respectively. The inner side surfaces of the first and second sheets face each other and are connected to each other via a thermoplastic intermediate layer. The outer side surfaces of the first and second sheets face away from each other and from the thermoplastic interlayer. First and second electrically heatable coatings are applied to the inside surface of the first plate. Naturally, other electrically heatable coatings and/or heating layers can also be applied on the inner side surface of the second plate. The outer side surfaces of the plates may also have a coating. The terms "first sheet" and "second sheet" are chosen to distinguish the two sheets in the case of a composite sheet according to the invention. Statements about the geometric arrangement are not associated with these terms. If the panel according to the invention is for example provided for separating an interior space from an exterior environment in an opening of for example a vehicle or a building, the first panel may face the interior space or the exterior environment.

In an advantageous embodiment of the panel according to the invention as a composite panel, the inner side surface of the first panel has a circumferential edge region with a width of 2 mm to 50 mm, preferably 5 mm to 20 mm, which edge region is not provided with a heating layer. The heating layer then has no contact with the atmosphere and is advantageously protected from damage and corrosion in the interior of the plate by the thermoplastic intermediate layer.

The first and second electrically heatable coating layers and the heating layer may particularly preferably comprise Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO 2: F) or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO: al).

The first plate and, if present, the second plate preferably comprise glass, particularly preferably flat glass, float glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, soda lime glass or clear plastic, preferably rigid clear plastic, in particular polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl chloride and/or mixtures thereof. The first and/or second panel is preferably transparent, especially for use of the panel as a windscreen or rear panel of a vehicle or other use where high light transmission is desired. However, for panels that are not in the driver's view in relation to traffic, such as for sunroof panels, the transmission may also be much lower, e.g. greater than 5%.

The thickness of the plate can vary widely and can therefore be excellently adapted to the requirements of the individual case. It is preferred to use panels with a standard thickness of 1.0 mm to 25 mm, preferably 1.4 mm to 2.5 mm for vehicle glazing and panels with a standard thickness of preferably 4 mm to 25 mm for furniture, appliances and buildings, in particular for electrical heaters. The size of the plate may vary widely and depends on the size of the use according to the invention. The first and optionally the second panel have a thickness of, for example, 200 cm, as is customary in the field of vehicle construction and construction ² Up to 20m ² The area of (c).

The plate may have any three-dimensional shape. The three-dimensional shape preferably has no shadow region, so that the three-dimensional shape can be coated, for example, by cathode sputtering. The first plate and/or the second plate are preferably flat or slightly or strongly curved in one or more directions in space. In particular using flat plates. The plates may be colorless or colored.

In an advantageous embodiment of the plate according to the invention, the first and/or the second heatable coating has a rectangular shape in a plan view of the surface of the plate. The advantage of this embodiment is that the bus conductors and the conductive bridges connected to the heatable coating can be applied along the edge-edge regions of the heatable coating without complex process steps. In this way, the entire surface of the heatable coating is heated with almost the same intensity, whereby local thermal maxima can be reduced.

The first and second bus conductors are electrically contacted by one or more connecting lines. The connection lines are preferably designed as flexible foil conductors (flat conductors ). This is understood to mean an electrical conductor whose width is significantly greater than its thickness. Such a thin-film conductor is, for example, a strip or a tape which contains copper, tin-plated copper, aluminum, silver, gold or alloys thereof or consists of these. The thin-film conductor has, for example, a width of 2 mm to 16 mm and a thickness of 0.03 mm to 0.1 mm. The film conductor can have an insulating, preferably polymeric, sheath, for example based on polyimide. Suitable film conductors for the electrically heatable coating or heating layer in the contact plate have a total thickness of, for example, only 0.3 mm. Such thin film conductors can be embedded without difficulty in the thermoplastic intermediate layer between the individual plates. A plurality of electrically conductive layers electrically insulated from each other may be located in the thin film conductor strip.

Alternatively, thin metal wires can also be used as electrical connection lines. The metal lines are in particular copper, tungsten, gold, silver or aluminum or an alloy of at least two of these metals. The alloy may also comprise molybdenum, rhenium, osmium, iridium, palladium, or platinum.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the at least one electrical connection is connected to the contact strip, for example by means of solder or an electrically conductive adhesive. The contact strip is then connected to the first and/or second bus conductor. In the sense of the present invention, a contact strip is an extension of a connection line, so that a connection surface between the contact strip and a busbar can be understood as a contact surface from which a distance extends in the direction of extension of the busbar. The contact strip preferably comprises at least one metal, particularly preferably copper, tin-plated copper, silver, gold, aluminum, zinc, tungsten and/or tin. This is particularly advantageous in terms of the conductivity of the contact strip. The contact strip may also comprise an alloy, which preferably comprises one or more of the elements mentioned and optionally further elements, for example brass or bronze.

The contact strip is preferably designed as a thin, electrically conductive film. The thickness of the contact strip is preferably from 10 μm to 500 μm, particularly preferably from 15 μm to 200 μm, very particularly preferably from 50 μm to 100 μm. Films with these thicknesses are technically simple to produce and readily available and, moreover, have a advantageously low resistance.

The invention furthermore comprises a method for producing a plate according to the invention with an electrically heatable sensor region, which method at least comprises:

(a) At least first and second electrically heatable coating layers are applied on a portion of the surface of the first plate such that the first and second electrically heatable coating layers do not have direct contact with each other.

(b) Applying first and second bus conductors, which are connected to a power source, connecting the first and second bus conductors with at least first and second electrically heatable coating, such that a current path for a heating current is formed between the first and second bus conductors. The at least first and second electrically heatable coating layers are electrically conductively connected to one another by means of at least one electrically conductive bridge. The current path is thereby extended via the at least first heatable coating, the at least one conductive bridge and the at least second heatable coating.

The application of the at least first and second electrically heatable coating in method step (a) can be carried out by methods known per se, preferably by magnetic field-assisted cathode sputtering. This is particularly advantageous in terms of a simple, fast, cost-effective and uniform coating of the first plate. However, the electrically heatable coating can also be applied, for example, by vapor deposition, chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced vapor deposition (PECVD) or by wet-chemical methods.

The first plate may be heat treated during method step (a) or after method step (a). The first plate with the at least first and second electrically heatable coating is brought to a temperature of at least 200 ℃, preferably at least 300 ℃. The heat treatment may be used to increase the transmission and/or to decrease the surface resistance of the first and second electrically heatable coating.

The first plate may be bent after method step (a), typically at a temperature of 500 ℃ to 700 ℃. This action is advantageous if the first plate should be bent, since coating a flat plate is technically simpler. Alternatively, however, it is also possible to bend the first plate before or during method step (a), for example when the first and/or second electrically heatable coating is not suitable for being subjected to a bending process without being damaged.

The application of the first and/or second busbar and/or the at least one conductive bridge in method step (b) is preferably carried out by stamping and firing the conductive paste in a screen printing method or in an inkjet method. Alternatively, the first and/or second bus conductors and/or the at least one conductive bridge may be applied, preferably placed, welded or glued as a strip of conductive film onto the respective first and/or second electrically heatable coating.

In the case of the screen printing method, the transverse forming is performed by masking of a fabric through which the printing paste with the metal particles is pressed. By suitable shaping of the shielding (Maskierung), the width of the bus conductors or the conductive bridges can be specified and varied particularly simply, for example.

An advantageous development of the method according to the invention comprises at least the following further steps:

(c) Arranging the coated surface of the first plate in a planar manner in a layer stack with the second plate via a thermoplastic intermediate layer, and

(d) The obtained layer stack is laminated to a composite board.

The thermoplastic intermediate layer can be formed by a single thermoplastic film or also by two or more thermoplastic films which are arranged one above the other.

The lamination of the first and second sheet in method step (d) is preferably carried out under the action of heat, vacuum and/or pressure. Methods known per se can be used for manufacturing the composite panel.

For example, the so-called autoclaving process can be carried out at an elevated pressure of about 10 to 15 bar and a temperature of 130 to 145 ℃ in about 2 hours. The vacuum bag or vacuum ring method known per se works, for example, at approximately 200 mbar and 80 ℃ to 110 ℃. The first sheet, the thermoplastic intermediate layer and the second sheet may also be pressed into a composite sheet in a calender between at least one pair of rolls. Apparatuses of this type are known for the production of panels and usually have at least one heating tunnel before the press. The temperature during the pressing process is, for example, 40 ℃ to 150 ℃. A combination of a calender process and a autoclaving process has proven particularly suitable in practice. Alternatively, a vacuum laminator may be used. These vacuum laminators consist of one or more heatable and evacuable chambers in which a first plate and a second plate can be laminated at a reduced pressure of 0.01 mbar to 800 mbar and a temperature of 80 ℃ to 170 ℃ within, for example, about 60 minutes.

The invention furthermore comprises the use of the panel according to the invention with electrical contacts in buildings, in particular in the area of entrance, window, roof or house facade, as a built-in part in furniture and installations, in means of transport for land, air or water traffic, in trains, ships and in particular motor vehicles, for example as wind deflector, rear window panel, side window panel and/or sunroof panel. The uses comprise optical sensors and camera systems, in particular for a vision-based driver assistance system FAS or an advanced driver assistance system ADAS, the beam path of which extends through the sensor area.

Drawings

The invention will be explained in more detail below on the basis of embodiments, in which reference is made to the appended drawings. In a simplified not to the right scale illustration:

figure 1A shows a plan view of one design of a plate according to the invention with an electrically heatable sensor area,

figure 1B shows an enlarged view of one design of the conductive bridge,

figure 1C shows an enlarged view of the sensor area from figure 1A,

FIG. 1D showsbase:Sub>A cross-sectional view according to FIG. 1A along cutting line A-A' through the plate, an

Fig. 2 to 4 show various enlarged embodiments of the sensor region of the plate according to the invention.

Detailed Description

Fig. 1A shows a top view of an exemplary embodiment of a plate 100 according to the invention with an electrically heatable sensor region 3. Fig. 1B shows an enlarged view of the conductive bridge mounted in the sensor area 3. Fig. 1C shows an enlarged view of the sensor region 3 from fig. 1A and fig. 1C showsbase:Sub>A cross section through the plate 100 according to the invention from fig. 1A along the cutting linebase:Sub>A-base:Sub>A'.

As shown in fig. 1A, the plate 100 according to the invention comprises in particular a heating layer 6 which is applied on the first plate 1. The heating layer 6 is a layer system comprising, for example, three electrically conductive silver layers, which are separated from one another by dielectric layers. The heating layer 6 conducts electric current and is transparent. If an electric current flows through the heating layer 6, the latter is heated up due to its resistance and joule heating. The heating layer 6 can be supplied with current, for example, by two or more bus conductors which are applied in the edge region at the upper and lower edges or lateral edges on the outer surface III of the first plate 1 and are in material-and electrical contact with the heating layer 6 (not shown here).

As shown in fig. 1A, the heating layer 6 extends, for example, over the entire outer surface III of the first plate 1 minus the sensor region 3 and a frame-shaped and uncoated region having a width of, for example, 8 mm surrounding the first plate 1. The uncoated region serves for electrical insulation between the heating layer 6 and the vehicle body. The uncoated region is sealed in a gas-tight manner by adhesion to the thermoplastic intermediate layer 13, in order to protect the sensor region 3 and the heating layer 6 from damage and corrosion.

Fig. 1C shows an enlarged sensor region 3 in a plan view of the outer side III of the plate 100. The sensor region 3 is surrounded by an uncoated separation line 11, which separates the first and second electrically heatable coating layers 9.1, 9.2 in the interior of the sensor region 3 from the surrounding heating layer 6 materially and galvanically (i.e. for direct currents). The separation line 10 has, for example, a width of 100 μm, wherein the heating layer 6 is completely removed. The separation line 10 is produced, for example, by laser structuring (laser ablation).

The first and second heatable coating 9.1, 9.2 are arranged in the sensor region 3 and each consist, for example, of a PET film which is coated with one or more silver layers. The first and second heatable coating layers 9.1, 9.2 do not come into contact with one another materially, but are separated by uncoated regions. The first and second heatable coating layers are arranged side by side in a top view of the plate 100 from the left side edge of the plate 100 to the right side edge of the plate 100. As shown in fig. 4, an arrangement from the upper edge of the plate 100 to the lower edge of the plate 100, i.e. from top to bottom, is likewise possible. The silver layer has a thickness of, for example, 300 nm and the PET film has a thickness of, for example, 0.1 mm. A heatable coating 9.1, 9.2 is arranged on the first plate 1. The first and second heatable coating 9.1, 9.2 are suitable for ensuring the perspective of the optical sensor 11. For this reason, the two sensor windows 2.1, 2.2, i.e. the regions of the plate 100 through which the optical sensor 11 can detect the optical beam path, are arranged completely within the heatable covers 9.1, 9.2. One of the sensor windows 2.1 is arranged in the first heatable coating 9.1, and the other sensor window 2.2 is arranged in the second heatable coating 9.2. Due to this arrangement, it is possible to position up to two optical sensors 11. One of the sensors 11 is schematically shown in cross-section in fig. 1D.

For the electrical contacting, a left-hand first busbar 8.1 is arranged at the left edge region of the first heatable coating 9.1 and a right-hand second busbar 8.2 is arranged at the right edge region of the second heatable coating 9.2, respectively, on the heatable coatings 9.1, 9.2. These outer bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 are spaced apart from one another by the total distance M in the region of the heatable coating 9.1, 9.2. Furthermore, an intermediate conductive bridge 7 is arranged between the first and second busbar 8.1, 8.2 and between the first and second heatable coating 9.1, 9.2. The bridge 7 comprises first and second contact areas 7.1, 7.2 and a connection area 7.3. For the sake of simplicity, the first contact region 7.1 is also referred to below as the left contact region and the second contact region 7.2 as the right contact region. The conductive bridges 7 are arranged with the left contact area 7.1 at the right edge area of the first heatable coating 9.1 and with the right contact area 7.2 at the left edge area of the second heatable coating 9.2 in such a way that they overlap and are in direct spatial contact with the first and second heatable coatings 9.1, 9.2. The left contact region 7.1 extends over the right edge region of the first heatable coating 9.1, for example, over a length L of 10 cm. The right contact region 7.2 extends over the left edge region of the second heatable coating 9.2, for example, over a length L of 10 cm.

The first busbar 8.1 is at a distance b.1 from the left contact region 7.1 of the conductive bridge 7. The second busbar conductor 8.2 is at a distance b.2 from the right contact region 7.2 of the conductive bridge 7. The connection region 7.3 materially and electrically connects the left contact region 7.1 with the right contact region 7.2, so that a heating current can flow via the current path 14 from the first busbar 8.1 via the first heatable coating 9.1, via the conductive bridge 7 and via the second heatable coating 9.2 to the second busbar 8.2. The connecting regions 7.3 of the conductive bridges 7 are connected to the left and right contact regions 7.1, 7.2 at the upper ends of the contact regions, so that a greek-like character is formed in a plan view of the sensor region 3 "

"in the shape of the figure. However, the design of the bridge 7 can also have quite different results, as is illustrated, for example, in fig. 2 and 4. Of course, the conductive bridge 7 can also take a completely different shape. For example, the connection region 7.3 of the conductive bridge 7 may also connect the lower ends of the left and right contact regions 7.1, 7.2 to each other, so that a shape resembling the letter "U" is formed in a top view of the sensor region 3, or the connection region 7.3 connects the upper end of the left contact region 7.1 with the lower end of the right contact region 7.2, so that a shape resembling the letter "N" is formed in a top view of the sensor region 3. Naturally, the shape of the conductive bridge 7 as a front-back reversed "N" is also possible.

Due to the arrangement of the bus conductors 8.1, 8.2, the total distance M is greater than the respective distances b.1, b.2 in total. The bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 and the conductive bridges 7 contain, for example, silver particles and have been applied in a screen-printing method and subsequently calcined. The first and second heatable coating layers 9.1, 9.2 have, for example, an electrical resistance of 1.0 ohm/square. In the example shown, the first and second bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 have a constant thickness of, for example, about 10 μm and a constant specific resistance of, for example, 2.3 μ Ohm cm. The first and second bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 shown in fig. 1C may have a material contact with the heating layer 6 surrounding the sensor region 3. In this case, however, the bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 are surrounded by an electrically insulating layer in the region in material contact with the heating layer 6, so that the bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 are not electrically connected to the heating layer 6. The insulating layer is for example a polyimide based polymer jacket.

By using the conductive bridge 7 between the first and second heatable coating 9.1, 9.2, the total resistance between the first and second bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 can be reduced compared to a first or second heatable coating arranged between the first bus conductor 8.1 and the second bus conductor 8.2 and having a length equal to the total distance M. Due to the smaller total resistance, the voltage applied by the first and second bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 can be reduced with the same electrical power or the electrical power can be increased with the same voltage being maintained.

This arrangement of the heatable coating 9.1, 9.2, the bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 and the conductive bridge 7 makes it possible to heat the first and second sensor windows 2.1, 2.2 using only the first and second bus conductors 8.1, 8.2. This arrangement thus avoids further material costs and increased space consumption on the board 100 for, for example, the third and fourth busbar conductors, compared to solutions of this type in which the first and second sensor windows 2.1, 2.2 are heated separately.

Both the first and the second bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 are led to a connection region, which is equipped with a connection line 4.1, 4.2, respectively, which connects the bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 to the power supply 5. The connecting lines 4.1, 4.2 can be designed as film conductors known per se, which are connected in an electrically conductive manner to the first and second busbar conductors 8.1, 8.2 via contact surfaces, for example by means of solder, conductive adhesive or by simple laying and pressing in the board 100. The thin-film conductor includes, for example, a tin-plated copper thin film having a width of 10 mm and a thickness of 0.3 mm. The foil conductor can be transferred into a connection cable, which is connected to the power source 5. The power supply 5 provides, for example, an onboard voltage which is customary for motor vehicles, preferably 12V to 15V and, for example, approximately 14V. Alternatively, the power supply 14V may also have a higher voltage, for example 35V to 45V and in particular 42V.

As is usual in glass technology, the first and second bus conductors 8.1, 8.2, the conductive bridges 7 and the connections and the connecting lines 4.1, 4.2 can be masked as a masking print by an opaque color layer known per se (not shown here).

As shown in fig. 1D, a panel 100 according to the invention comprises a first panel 1 and a second panel 12, which are connected to each other via a thermoplastic interlayer 13. The panel 100 is, for example, a vehicle panel, and in particular a wind deflector for a passenger car, having an upper side and an opposite lower side and two shorter sides. The first plate 1 is, for example, arranged to face the interior space in the installed position. The first plate 1 and the second plate 12 consist of soda lime glass. The thickness of the first plate 1 is, for example, 1.6 mm, and the thickness of the second plate 12 is 2.1 mm. The thermoplastic interlayer 13 for example comprises for the most part polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and has a thickness of 0.76 mm. The second panel 12 has an outer surface I facing the outside environment and an inner surface II facing the interior space. The first panel 1 has an outer surface III facing the outside environment and an inner surface IV facing the interior space.

The variant shown in fig. 2 substantially corresponds to the variant from fig. 1C, so that only the differences are discussed here and otherwise reference is made to the description relating to fig. 1C. The conductive bridge 7 comprises left and right contact areas 7.1, 7.2 and a connection area 7.3. The left and right contact areas 7.1, 7.2 are connected to the first and second heatable coating 9.1, 9.2 in the same way as shown in fig. 1C, whereas the connection area 7.3 is arranged centrally and laterally between the left and right contact areas 7.1, 7.2 arranged parallel to one another. The connecting region 7.3 of the conductive bridge 7 is materially and conductively connected to the first and second contact regions 7.1, 7.2. In a top view of the sensor region 3, the conductive bridge 7 is shaped like the letter "H".

The variant illustrated in fig. 3 substantially corresponds to the variant from fig. 1C, so that only the differences are discussed here and otherwise reference is made to the description relating to fig. 1C. As shown in fig. 1C, the first and second heatable coating 9.1, 9.2 are not arranged from left to right along the upper and lower edges of the plate 100 as shown in fig. 1C, but rather are arranged from top to bottom along the side edges. The first and second bus conductors 8.1, 8.2 are respectively not arranged along the left and right edge regions of the heatable coating 9.1, 9.2, but along the lower and upper edge regions. The conductive bridge 7 is accordingly arranged between the first and second heatable coating 9.1, 9.2, the left contact region 7.1 now being in material and electrically conductive contact with the upper edge region of the first heatable coating 9.1, and the right contact region 7.2 being in material and electrically conductive contact with the lower edge region of the second heatable coating 9.2.

The variant of the electrically heatable sensor region 3 shown in fig. 4 is an extension of the arrangement shown in fig. 1C. The sensor region 3 has been expanded with a further heatable coating 9.3 and a further conductive bridge 7, which is constructed in the form of the bridge shown in fig. 1B. In this way, further individually heatable sensor windows 2.3 are arranged. It is thus evident that, depending on the desired number of sensors, further heatable coatings 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 with sensor windows 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and conductive bridges 7 can be arranged side by side and between the two busbar conductors 8.1, 8.2. It goes without saying that the shape of the conductive bridge 7 is not limited to the shape shown in fig. 5.

List of reference numerals

1. First plate

2.1, 2.2, 2.3 sensor window

3. Electrically heatable sensor region

4.1, 4.2 connection line

5. Power supply

6. Heating layer

7. Conductive bridge

7.1 First contact area

7.2 Second contact area

7.3 Connection area

8.1 First bus conductor

8.2 Second bus conductor

9.1 First electrically heatable coating

9.2 Second electrically heatable coating

9.3 Other coatings capable of being electrically heated

10. Separation line

11. Sensor with a sensor element

12. Second plate

13. Thermoplastic interlayer

14. Current path

Distance B.1 and distance B.2

Total distance of M

I outer surface of the second plate 13

II inner surface of the second plate 13

III outer surface of first plate 1

IV inner surface of the first plate 1

A-A' cutting line

100. And (3) a plate.

Claims

1. A plate (100) with an electrically heatable sensor area (3), the plate comprising at least:

-a first plate (1) having a surface (III),

-at least a first and a second electrically heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) applied respectively on a portion of the surface (III) and not in direct contact with each other,

-first and second bus conductors (8.1, 8.2) provided for connection to a power source (5), which are connected with the at least first and second electrically heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) such that a current path (14) for a heating current is formed between the first and second bus conductors (8.1, 8.2),

-an electrically conductive heating layer (6) surrounding the first and second heatable coating layers (9.1, 9.2),

wherein

The at least first and second electrically heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) are electrically conductively connected to one another by means of at least one electrically conductive bridge (7), and the current path (14) runs at least via the first heatable coating (9.1), the electrically conductive bridge (7) and the second heatable coating (9.2),

wherein the first and second heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) are completely separated from the surrounding heating layer (6) in terms of current and material by a coating-free separation line (10), respectively.

2. The plate (100) according to claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive bridge (7) comprises a first contact area (7.1), a second contact area (7.2) and a connection area (7.3), wherein the first contact area (7.1) is connected with the first heatable coating (9.1) and the second contact area (7.2) is connected with the second heatable coating (9.2), and the connection area (7.3) spatially connects the first contact area (7.1) directly with the second contact area (7.2).

3. The board (100) according to claim 2, wherein the connection region (7.3) is arranged outside the region between the first contact region (7.1) and the second contact region (7.2), and the conductive bridge (7) preferably has a U-shape.

4. The plate (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the width of the uncoated separation lines (10) is preferably 30 to 200 μm and particularly preferably 70 to 140 μm.

5. The plate (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the first and/or second bus conductor (8.1, 8.2) is configured as a metal film and in particular comprises copper with a tin layer and preferably has a thickness of 0.8 μ Ohm-cm to 7.0 μ Ohm-cm and in particularPreferably a specific resistance ρ of from 1.0 μ Ohm-cm to 2.5 μ Ohm-cm _a 。

6. The plate (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the first and/or second busbar conductor (8.1, 8.2) is configured as a fired printing paste, preferably comprising metallic, metallic and/or carbon particles and in particular silver particles, and preferably having a specific resistance p of 0.8 to 7.0 μ Ohm-cm and particularly preferably 1.0 to 2.5 μ Ohm-cm _a 。

7. The plate (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the conductive bridges (7) are configured as a metal film, in particular comprising copper with a tin layer, or as a fired printing paste, preferably comprising metallic, metallic and/or carbon particles and in particular silver particles.

8. The panel (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first and/or second electrically heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) has a surface resistance of 0.4 to 10 ohm/square and preferably 0.5 to 1 ohm/square.

9. The panel (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the surface (III) of the first panel (1) is connected in a planar manner with the second panel (12) via a thermoplastic intermediate layer (13).

10. The plate (100) according to any one of claims 2 to 9, wherein the first contact area (7.1) extends over an edge area of the first electrically heatable coating (9.1) with a length L and the second contact area (7.2) extends over an edge area of the second electrically heatable coating (9.2) with a length L.

11. The panel (100) according to claim 10, wherein the width of the connection area (7.3) is smaller than the length L.

12. The board (100) according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the connection region (7.3) extends preferably linearly from the first contact region (7.1) to the second contact region (7.2).

13. A method for manufacturing a plate (100) with an electrically heatable sensor region (3) according to any one of claims 1 to 12, the method at least comprising:

(a) Applying at least a first and a second electrically heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) on a portion of the surface (III) of the first plate (1) such that the first and second electrically heatable coatings (9.1, 9.2) do not have a direct contact with each other,

(b) Applying a first and a second bus conductor (8.1, 8.2) which are provided for connecting to a power source (5) and which are connected to the at least first and second electrically heatable coating (9.1, 9.2) in such a way that a current path (14) for a heating current is formed between the first and second bus conductors (8.1, 8.2), wherein the at least first and second electrically heatable coatings (9.1, 9.2) are furthermore connected to one another in an electrically conductive manner by means of at least one electrically conductive bridge (7) in such a way that the current path (14) runs via the first and second heatable coatings (9.1, 9.2) and the at least one electrically conductive bridge (7).

14. Method for manufacturing a panel (100) according to claim 13, wherein subsequently

(c) Arranging the coated surface (III) of the first plate (1) in a layer stack in a planar manner with a second plate (12) via a thermoplastic intermediate layer (13), and

(d) The obtained layer stack is laminated to a composite board.

15. Use of a panel (100) according to one of claims 1 to 12 in a vehicle for land, air or water traffic, in particular in a motor vehicle, for example as a windshield, rear window, side window and/or sunroof panel, in particular for a vision-based driver assistance system (FAS) or Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS), the light path of which runs through the sensor region (3).