CN115423182A - Hydropower station downward-leakage ecological flow evaluation method and device, storage medium and equipment - Google Patents
Hydropower station downward-leakage ecological flow evaluation method and device, storage medium and equipment Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a hydropower station downward leakage ecological flow evaluation method, a hydropower station downward leakage ecological flow evaluation device, a storage medium and hydropower station downward leakage ecological flow evaluation equipment, wherein the method comprises the following steps: calculating by adopting a plurality of calculation modes based on hydrological data to obtain a plurality of ecological flows; determining the generating capacity corresponding to each ecological flow based on the installed capacity and the generating flow; respectively determining a change index of a hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to flow change and habitat change before and after generating power generation of a hydropower station based on the hydrological data and the habitat data; and determining the ecological flow discharged by the hydropower station from the plurality of ecological flows by taking the ecological flow as an objective function and taking the maximum generated energy, the minimum variation coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum deviation coefficient of the habitat as constraint conditions. By implementing the method, the game relation of water resources, energy resources and an ecological system is comprehensively considered, various calculation results and schemes of the discharged ecological flow are evaluated, and the optimization of the maximum generating capacity of the hydropower station, the minimum hydrological change degree and the highest suitability of the river habitat is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ecological flow evaluation, in particular to a method, a device, a storage medium and equipment for evaluating ecological flow of a hydropower station leakage.
Background
Hydroelectric power generation plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the development of hydropower also has certain influence on the river ecosystem, and the development of hydropower changes the natural flow state of the river, thereby influencing other ecological factors and causing the river ecosystem to be degraded. Particularly, the development of water-diversion type small hydropower easily causes the cutoff of the river section under the river dam, and has larger influence on the river ecosystem. Therefore, in the process of evaluating the environmental impact in the design stage of the hydropower station, corresponding environmental protection measures or environmental impact mitigation measures are generally required to be built, a certain ecological flow needs to be drained, and the influence of hydropower operation on the reduction of the dehydrated river reach under the dam is mitigated.
The global existing ecological flow calculation methods are more than 200, and are roughly divided into four major categories, namely a hydrological method, a hydraulics method, a habitat method and an integral method. However, hydrology is still the most commonly used method at present due to the high data requirements for calculating ecological flux. In addition, the current research mainly focuses on the ecological flow of large and medium-sized hydropower stations, and the current research attracts more attention because of more involved ecological elements and generally has rich data support. However, in the prior art, the ecological flow is calculated mainly on the hydrology and ecology aspects, and the economic and social factors such as power generation and the like are rarely considered.
Therefore, the current ecological flow calculation mode lacks consideration on the generating benefit of the hydropower station; there is a lack of consideration of hydropower stations for varying degrees of hydrological changes.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the embodiment of the present invention provides a method, an apparatus, a storage medium, and a device for evaluating ecological flow of a hydropower station leakage, so as to solve the problem that the current calculation mode of ecological flow in the prior art lacks consideration on the power generation benefit of the hydropower station; the technical problem of lack of consideration of hydropower stations for varying degrees of hydrographic changes.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
the first aspect of the embodiment of the invention provides a hydropower station leakage ecological flow evaluation method, which comprises the following steps: acquiring hydrological data and habitat data; calculating by adopting a plurality of calculation modes based on the hydrological data to obtain a plurality of ecological flows; determining the generating capacity corresponding to each ecological flow based on the installed capacity and the generating flow determined by the relation between each ecological flow and the river flow; respectively determining a change index of a hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to flow change and habitat change before and after the hydropower station generates the generated power based on the hydrological data and the habitat data; and determining the ecological flow discharged from the hydropower station from a plurality of ecological flows by taking the ecological flow as an objective function and taking the maximum generated energy, the minimum variation coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum habitat deviation coefficient as constraint conditions.
Optionally, calculating a plurality of ecological flows by adopting a plurality of calculation methods based on the hydrological data, including: calculating to obtain a plurality of annual ecological flows based on the flow duration curve and the average flow for many years; calculating monthly ecological flow based on the monthly average flow and the perennial average flow; and calculating a plurality of daily ecological flows based on the flow duration curve or the annual minimum ecological flow or the daily minimum ecological flow.
Alternatively, the power generation amount of the jth hydraulic generator in the hydropower station in the Δ t time period is expressed by the following formula:
in the formula, τ h P (t) represents the installed capacity, Q, for the number of hours the hydro-generator operates per day hydr o(t)＝q d (t)-Q ef (t)，Q hydr o (t) represents the hydraulic generator power generation flow at time t, q d (t) represents river discharge; q ef (t) represents hydrogenDynamic flow rate, Q dj Representing the design flow rate.
Optionally, determining a change index of the hydrological indicator and a habitat deviation coefficient according to a flow change and a habitat change before and after the hydropower station generates the power generation amount based on the hydrological data and the habitat data, respectively, and including: determining a change index of a hydrological index according to flow changes in hydrological data before and after the generation of the generated energy by the hydropower station; performing hydraulic simulation according to river terrain data and habitat species data in the habitat data to determine hydraulic parameters; constructing a habitat model according to the hydraulic parameters and a weighted available area method; and substituting the change of the hydraulics parameters before and after the hydropower station generates the generated energy into the habitat model to obtain a habitat deviation coefficient.
Optionally, constructing a habitat model from the hydraulic parameters and a weighted usable area method, comprising: determining a water depth suitability index and a flow velocity suitability index according to the hydraulic parameters; determining a comprehensive suitability index of the habitat according to the water depth suitability index, the flow velocity suitability index, the river sediment suitability index and the river vegetation suitability index; and constructing a habitat model according to the comprehensive suitability index of the habitat, the number of habitat units and the area.
Optionally, substituting the change of the hydraulic parameter before and after the hydropower station generates the power generation amount into the habitat model to obtain a habitat deviation coefficient, including: substituting the hydraulic parameters before the hydropower station generates the generated energy into the habitat model to obtain a natural habitat weighted available area; substituting the hydraulic parameters generated by the hydropower station into the habitat model to obtain the affected habitat weighted available area; determining a habitat deviation factor as a function of a ratio of the natural habitat weighted available area and the affected habitat weighted available area.
Optionally, with ecological flow as an objective function, and with constraints of the maximum power generation amount, the minimum change coefficient of the hydrological indicator, and the minimum deviation coefficient of the habitat, determining a draining ecological flow of the hydropower station from a plurality of ecological flows, including: determining the corresponding ecological flow when the generated energy is maximum, the change coefficient of the hydrological index is minimum and the deviation coefficient of the habitat is minimum; and calculating the average value of the determined ecological flow to determine the lower leakage ecological flow of the hydropower station.
A second aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides an evaluation device for an ecological flow rate of a downcomer of a hydropower station, including: the data acquisition module is used for acquiring hydrological data and habitat data; the ecological flow calculation module is used for calculating a plurality of ecological flows by adopting a plurality of calculation modes based on the hydrological data; the generating capacity calculating module is used for determining the generating capacity corresponding to each ecological flow based on the installed capacity and the generating capacity determined by the relation between each ecological flow and the river flow; the index calculation module is used for respectively determining a change index of the hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to the flow change and the habitat change before and after the power generation amount is generated by the hydropower station based on the hydrological data and the habitat data; and the evaluation module is used for determining the ecological flow discharged from the hydropower station from a plurality of ecological flows by taking the ecological flow as an objective function and taking the maximum generated energy, the minimum change coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum deviation coefficient of the habitat as constraint conditions.
A third aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a computer-readable storage medium, where computer instructions are stored, and the computer instructions are configured to cause a computer to execute the method for evaluating a leakage ecological flow of a hydropower station according to any one of the first aspect and the first aspect of the embodiment of the present invention.
A fourth aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides an electronic device, including: the hydropower station leakage ecological flow rate evaluation method comprises a storage and a processor, wherein the storage and the processor are in communication connection with each other, the storage stores computer instructions, and the processor executes the computer instructions so as to execute the hydropower station leakage ecological flow rate evaluation method according to the first aspect of the embodiment of the invention.
The technical scheme provided by the invention has the following effects:
the hydropower station leakage ecological flow evaluation method, the hydropower station leakage ecological flow evaluation device and the storage medium provided by the embodiment of the invention are characterized in that hydrological data and habitat data are obtained; calculating by adopting a plurality of calculation modes based on hydrological data to obtain a plurality of ecological flows; determining the generating capacity corresponding to each ecological flow based on the installed capacity and the generating flow determined by the relation between each ecological flow and the river flow; respectively determining a change index of a hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to flow change and habitat change before and after generating power generation of a hydropower station based on the hydrological data and the habitat data; and determining the ecological flow discharged by the hydropower station from the plurality of ecological flows by taking the ecological flow as an objective function and taking the maximum generated energy, the minimum variation coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum deviation coefficient of the habitat as constraint conditions. Therefore, the evaluation method realizes that the generated energy and the changes of hydrology and habitat when the generated energy changes are considered when determining the ecological flow, namely, various calculation results and schemes of the discharged ecological flow are evaluated by comprehensively considering the game relation of water resources, energy and an ecological system, and the discharged ecological flow is determined by multi-objective constraint optimization. The evaluation method improves the technical economy of the ecological flow calculation result, and realizes the optimization of the maximum power generation amount of the hydropower station, the minimum hydrological change degree and the maximum suitability of the river habitat.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for evaluating the ecological flow of a hydropower station letdown according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a survey area of river biological habitats according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a traffic duration curve according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a water depth single factor suitability curve according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a structure of a hydropower station let-down ecological flow rate evaluation device according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a computer-readable storage medium provided according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth," and the like in the description and in the claims, as well as in the drawings, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It will be appreciated that the data so used may be interchanged under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments described herein may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed, but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for assessing the ecological flow of a hydropower station let down, it being noted that the steps illustrated in the flow chart of the drawings may be performed in a computer system such as a set of computer executable instructions, and that while a logical order is illustrated in the flow chart, in some cases the steps illustrated or described may be performed in an order different than here.
In this embodiment, a method for evaluating ecological flow of leakage of a hydropower station is provided, which may be used in electronic devices, such as a computer, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, and the like, and fig. 1 is a flowchart of the method for evaluating ecological flow of leakage of a hydropower station according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1, the method includes the following steps:
step S101: hydrological data and habitat data are obtained. The hydrologic data includes runoff data disclosed in each website or paper data, such as hydrologic station actual measurement flow data, natural runoff data, river runoff data sets and the like. The habitat data comprise river terrain data, hydraulic parameter data, habitat species and other data. The habitat data may be obtained by a field monitoring survey, or may be obtained by other methods, which is not limited in the embodiment of the present invention.
Step S102: and calculating to obtain a plurality of ecological flows by adopting a plurality of calculation modes based on the hydrological data. Specifically, in calculating the ecological traffic, annual ecological traffic, monthly ecological traffic, and daily ecological traffic may be calculated. And when calculating the ecological flow, the method can also adopt a plurality of calculation modes to calculate, thereby obtaining a plurality of ecological flows.
Step S103: and determining the generating capacity corresponding to each ecological flow based on the installed capacity and the generating flow determined by the relation between each ecological flow and the river flow. The power generation is mainly limited by two factors, namely the installed capacity, namely the power generation capacity of the generator set, and the power generation flow, namely the river flow entering the generator set, and the power generation cannot be realized when the river flow is lower than the sum of the ecological flow and the rated flow. Therefore, the amount of power generation of the generator set can be determined based on the installed capacity and the power generation flow determined from the ecological flow and the river flow. Further, since the plurality of ecological flow rates are determined by calculation in the previous step, a plurality of power generation amounts can be obtained by combining the power generation flow rate determined based on the plurality of ecological flow rates with the installed capacity.
Step S104: and respectively determining a change index of the hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to the flow change and the habitat change before and after the hydropower station generates the generated power based on the hydrological data and the habitat data. In particular, after the operation of the hydroelectric project, i.e. after the power generation of the generator set in the hydropower station, a certain influence is caused on the river ecosystem. In this example, the influence on hydrology and habitat is mainly considered. Therefore, hydrological data, habitat data and the like before and after power generation of the generator set are obtained, and the change index of the hydrological index and the habitat deviation index before and after power generation are calculated. Further, since the power generation amounts are different from each other, the data before and after the generation of the different power generation amounts are acquired, and the change index of the plurality of hydrological indicators and the habitat deviation index can be obtained.
Step S105: and determining the ecological flow discharged from the hydropower station from a plurality of ecological flows by taking the ecological flow as an objective function and taking the maximum generated energy, the minimum variation coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum habitat deviation coefficient as constraint conditions. Specifically, according to the above calculation process, a plurality of ecological flows and corresponding power generation amounts, variation coefficients of hydrological indicators, and habitat deviation coefficients can be obtained. Thus, when the final ecological flow rate of the letdown is determined, the ecological flow rate corresponding to the maximum power generation amount, the minimum hydrological index variation coefficient and the minimum habitat deviation coefficient is determined by taking the maximum power generation amount, the minimum hydrological index variation coefficient and the minimum habitat deviation coefficient as constraint conditions; and calculating the average value of the determined ecological flow to determine the drainage ecological flow of the hydropower station.
The hydropower station leakage ecological flow evaluation method provided by the embodiment of the invention obtains hydrological data and habitat data; calculating by adopting a plurality of calculation modes based on hydrological data to obtain a plurality of ecological flows; determining the generating capacity corresponding to each ecological flow based on the installed capacity and the generating flow determined by the relation between each ecological flow and the river flow; respectively determining a change index of a hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to flow change and habitat change before and after generating power generation of a hydropower station based on the hydrological data and the habitat data; and determining the ecological flow discharged by the hydropower station from the plurality of ecological flows by taking the ecological flow as an objective function and taking the maximum generated energy, the minimum variation coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum deviation coefficient of the habitat as constraint conditions. Therefore, the evaluation method realizes that the generated energy and the changes of hydrology and habitat when the generated energy changes are considered when determining the ecological flow, namely, various calculation results and schemes of the discharged ecological flow are evaluated by comprehensively considering the game relation of water resources, energy and an ecological system, and the discharged ecological flow is determined by multi-objective constraint optimization. The evaluation method improves the technical economy of the ecological flow calculation result, and realizes the optimization of the maximum power generation amount of the hydropower station, the minimum hydrological change degree and the maximum suitability of the river habitat.
In one embodiment, the hydrological data specifically includes the following three types:
the first is the hydrological station real-time flow data of the people's republic of China hydrological yearbook. The hydrological yearbook daily flow data is used as an input source of actually measured flow data. Firstly, a target research area and a target hydropower station are determined, the downstream representative hydrological site name and the corresponding hydrological yearbook of the target hydropower station are identified, and the required actual measurement flow data are obtained by retrieving the hydrological yearbook. And then, according to the actual requirement of whether the natural flow data is needed, restoring the actual measurement flow data of the target hydrological station day by day year, and carrying out consistency processing on the actual measurement flow data according to the corresponding calculation specification to obtain the restored natural flow series data. The time sequence length of the target hydrological station series year is generally more than 30 years; the corresponding calculation specification can refer to ' SLT278-2020 hydrologic engineering hydrology calculation specification ' (SL 44-2006 Hydraulic and hydro-power engineering design flood calculation specification) ' and the like; the consistency processing should fully consider the factors of hydropower station scheduling influence, underlying surface change influence, climate change influence and the like.
The second is a Chinese site scale natural runoff quantity estimation data set (1961-2018). Specifically, a set of long-time-sequence and high-quality Chinese natural river runoff data set is reconstructed by using a VIC (Variable InfiltrationCapacity) distributed hydrological model of a certain university topic group and combining data quality control methods such as flow direction correction, parameter uncertain analysis, statistical post-processing and the like, and data in the data set covers natural monthly runoff flow of 330 hydrological stations in 1961-2018 in the nation.
Three, 900 River runoff datasets are shared globally (Dai and Trenberth Global River Flow and continuous Discharg). The data set is collected and collated by a topic group of a college and university, the data of the perennial and monthly runoff of 900 major rivers in the world are collected, the current data are updated to 2018, users (free) need to be registered on a UCNR website for downloading the data, and then the data set 'Dai and Trenberth Global River Flow and content Discharge Dataset' is found.
The river terrain data in the habitat data specifically comprise river section data, river sediment data, river vegetation data and the like. The hydraulic parameter data adopts common hydraulic parameters for describing fish habitats, and the hydraulic parameters are shown in the following table 1:
TABLE 1
The data of habitat species and the like mainly take fish as representative species, and the machine life history stage of the target fish species is determined by means of investigation. For the fishes, the difference of four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter and the difference of three stages of early development stage, sexual maturity stage and sexual maturity earthing terminal are mainly considered, and the three stages of fishes are represented by larval fishes, juvenile fishes and adult fishes respectively.
Wherein, for habitat data which adopts on-site monitoring investigation, a river organism habitat investigation method is adopted for investigation and acquisition. First, the survey area needs to be determined, and as shown in fig. 2, the survey area is generally measured in a range of 500m river length, including a river channel, within 50m from both banks (usually, the survey area is measured on each of the left and right banks). 10 points are distributed at equal intervals along the river length of 500m, and the related data of the river channel and the river bank are recorded on the measuring points. And (3) respectively arranging a cross section on each measuring point, arranging 5 measuring points on the cross section, and recording parameters such as water depth, flow velocity and habitat type of each measuring point. Since the investigation is performed on the left and right banks, the cross-sectional length is generally half of the cross-sectional area of the entire river.
In addition, the sampling season is generally selected under the condition of basic flow (namely the horizontal period of the river), and the sampling is not generally carried out in the flood period, because the key characteristics of the water flow form and the substrate cannot be truly reflected at the time; sampling in summer is not selected, because the characteristic of the river channel is not obvious due to thick herbaceous plants; also, sampling in winter is not an option, and winter vegetation dies substantially, especially for channelized and degenerated rivers, and cannot show valuable wild habitats.
When obtaining habitat species data such as data of fish in four seasons and three stages, a fish sampling method which mainly adopts an electric fish method and assists other methods such as shrimp cage capturing, hand net throwing, diving and fishing and the like is adopted for determination. The electric fish method includes a backpack electric fish device method (backpack electric) and a square electric-grid fish collection method.
Specifically, the backpack electric fish device method is characterized in that a person carries a negative electric fish device (a storage battery with a power supply of 12V) to walk from downstream to upstream along a Z-shaped route, the fish is stunned in a spaced discharge mode, two assistants following behind the fish are used for taking the stunned fish out through a net, one person is responsible for taking care of the stunned fish, and the captured fish is prevented from being died due to oxygen deficiency. The recorded data comprises the acquisition time, the location, the fish species, the number of the fish species, the length and the quality of the fish, and the captured fish is put back to the original place after the data recording is finished. The backpack electric fish method is mostly suitable for river sections which can wade in the middle and upper reaches of rivers, and an electric fish boat or a square electric grid sampling method can be adopted in the middle and lower reaches. The square electric grid fish sampling method is that a square sampling grid is arranged on a riverbed, then a 5-minute copper pipe is laid along the long edge of the grid, and the downstream end of the copper pipe is connected with a generator on the bank by an insulated copper wire, so that a square electric field is formed during discharging. In a river with less serious pollution, the alternating current of 450W/120V is enough to syncope the fishes in the square grids and temporarily lose the escape capacity at the moment of electrifying. After the square sample lattice is laid, the artificial interference is avoided as much as possible, after the square sample lattice is recovered to a normal state for at least 11min, one person controls the generator on the shore, discharging is finished after 30s, another 2-3 persons hold the large-scale hand-operated net to stand at the downstream of the square sample lattice simultaneously, fishes flowing down in the sample lattice are fished up, the fish species, the number, the length, the quality and the like of the fishes are recorded, and the fishes are released to the original position after the recording is finished.
In one embodiment, the calculating a plurality of ecological flows based on the hydrological data by using a plurality of calculation methods includes: calculating to obtain a plurality of annual ecological flows based on the flow duration curve and the average flow for many years; calculating the monthly ecological flow based on the monthly average flow and the perennial average flow; and calculating a plurality of daily ecological flows based on the flow duration curve or the annual minimum ecological flow or the daily minimum ecological flow.
As shown in fig. 3, the Flow Duration Curve (FDC) is a graph of the percentage of time from high to low flow values equal to or exceeding these values, and is generally an empirical flow curve plotted according to the time duration or frequency of occurrence of the flow exceeding a certain flow. As a time proportion that a certain flow exceeds all historical records, the method can more fully reflect the runoff characteristics from low flow to flood in various flow states. And the annual average flow is the arithmetic average of annual average flows in the evaluation period.
When determining the annual average flow, the following six calculation methods can be adopted: firstly, drawing a flow duration curve by using annual average flow, and taking a 75% flow value at a duration point as annual ecological flow; secondly, drawing a flow duration curve by using the annual average flow, and taking a 95% flow value at a duration point as the annual ecological flow; thirdly, taking one third of the average flow in summer as the average flow in the year; fourthly, taking 5 percent of the average annual flow as the annual ecological flow; fifthly, taking 10 percent of the annual average flow as the annual ecological flow; sixthly, the annual ecological flow rate is 25 percent of the annual average flow rate.
Monthly ecological traffic includes ecological traffic of 12 months a year. When calculating the ecological flow of each month, the ecological flow is determined based on the relation between the monthly average flow and the perennial average flow. Specifically, when the monthly average flow is less than 0.4 times of the annual average flow, the monthly average flow is adopted as the monthly ecological flow; when the monthly average flow is more than 0.4 time of the perennial average flow and is less than the perennial average flow, adopting the 0.4 time of the perennial average flow as the monthly ecological flow; and when the monthly average flow is greater than the perennial average flow, adopting the monthly average flow which is 0.4 time as the monthly ecological flow.
When daily ecological flow is calculated, the following two calculation methods can be adopted: the method is characterized in that annual minimum ecological flow and daily minimum ecological flow are comprehensively considered, wherein the annual minimum ecological flow is represented by 5% of annual average flow, the daily minimum ecological flow is represented by daily average flow to draw a flow duration curve, and a 10% duration point flow value is taken as the daily minimum ecological flow. Then comparing the annual minimum ecological flow with the daily minimum ecological flow, and taking the minimum value of the annual minimum ecological flow and the daily minimum ecological flow as the daily ecological flow. Yet another way to calculate the flow rate is to plot a flow rate duration curve with the daily average flow rate, and take the 20% duration point flow rate value as the daily ecological flow rate.
In one embodiment, when calculating the power generation amount of the hydropower station, since the hydropower station generates power by means of a generator set in the hydropower station, when calculating the power generation amount of the hydropower station, the power generation amount of each generator is calculated, and then the power generation amounts are summed to obtain the power generation amount of the hydropower station. The power generation amount of the jth hydraulic generator in the hydropower station in the delta t time period is expressed by the following formula:
in the formula, τ h P (t) represents the installed capacity, Q, for the number of hours the hydro-generator operates per day hydro (t)＝q d (t)-Q ef (t)，Q hydro (t) represents the hydraulic generator power generation flow rate at time t, q d (t) represents river discharge; q ef (t) ecological flux, Q dj Representing the design flow rate. For the design flow, different types of hydraulic generators are set to different design flows, such as for large and medium hydraulic generators, Q dj The value is 10m 3 For small hydro-generators, Q dj The value was 3.5m 3 /s。
The precondition for the power generation of the hydraulic generator is that the rated flow Q is satisfied tech . Thus, the river flow is lower than the ecological flowVolume and rated flow Q tech When the sum is over, the power generation can not be carried out. Considering the ecological flow, the current generation amount of the hydraulic generator at the time t is expressed as: q hydro (t)＝q d (t)-Q ef (t)
Wherein Q hydro (t) is the flow rate of the water turbine generator, Q tech ≤Q hydro ≤Q dj ；q d (t) river discharge; q ef (t) is the ecological flow rate.
The generated flow rate during the Δ t period may be expressed as:
in the formula, q dj Is the daily average flow of the jth hydraulic generator and has the unit of m 3 /s；η tj Is the efficiency of the hydro-generator j.
In addition, the installed capacity at the time of calculating the power generation amount may be calculated using an empirical formula, and specifically, the installed capacity is expressed using the following formula:
wherein P (t) is installed capacity in MW, eta tj For the efficiency of the hydro-generator j, γ is the water volume weight, equal to about 9.81kN/m 3 ，H net The unit is m for the water purifying head, and the water purifying head is calculated by adopting the total head for the convenience of calculation and neglecting the head loss. Q dj Design flow for hydroelectric generator j, in m 3 /s。
When the installed capacity and the generated power flow rate are determined, the amount of power E (t) generated by the hydro-generator j in the time period Δ t can be expressed as:
in the formula eta g Efficiency of the water turbine; eta el To the efficiency of the power generation; water (W)Efficiency η of wheel generator j tj The invention adopts the efficiency eta of the water turbine g And η el The product of the power generation efficiency is expressed; hypothesis eta g And η el Are all constants, then g η el The product is calculated as 90%.
In one embodiment, the method for determining the change index of the hydrological index and the habitat deviation coefficient according to the flow change and the habitat change before and after the hydropower station generates the power generation amount based on the hydrological data and the habitat data comprises the following steps:
step S201: and determining the change index of the hydrological index according to the flow change in the hydrological data before and after the generation of the generated energy by the hydropower station. In this example, the hydrological index was selected to be 33 indices of five components. The five components specifically comprise monthly average flow, annual extreme flow occurrence time, high and low flow frequency and duration, and water flow condition change rate and frequency. The specific hydrological indicators are shown in the following table 2:
TABLE 2
After the hydrological index is determined, calculating a change index of the hydrological index based on the change of the hydrological index, wherein the specific calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, I i,j Is the index of variation, HI, of the hydrological index i of the component j i,j nfr natural flow state hydrological index, i.e. hydrological index before power generation or operation of hydroelectric engineering, HI i,j The afr is the hydrological index after the hydrological situation changes, namely the hydrological index after the power generation or the operation of the hydropower project, # HI i,j Representing the amount of the hydrological index of each component.
After the hydrological index is obtained through calculation, linear normalization processing can be further performed on the hydrological change index to obtain a number from 0 to 1, the specific method is to sort the calculation results, the minimum value is recorded as 0, the maximum value is recorded as 1, and other values are scaled to the numerical value between (0,1) in equal proportion. And dividing the hydrological situation change into four grades according to the value of the hydrological change index, specifically referring to the hydrological situation change grade in the table 3.
TABLE 3
| Serial number | Grade | Index of change of hydrological change index |
| 1 | Is low in | [0,0.25) |
| 2 | In | [0.25,0.5) |
| 3 | Height of | [0.5,0.75) |
| 4 | Is very high | [0.75,1] |
And the influence of the generated energy on the change of the flow can be evaluated through the hydrologic situation change grade.
Step S202: and performing hydraulic simulation according to the river terrain data and the habitat species data in the habitat data to determine hydraulic parameters. The hydraulic parameters of the fish habitat in three stages and four seasons can be obtained through hydraulic simulation, so that habitat simulation can be carried out according to habitat suitability curves and hydraulic parameters of the fish in different life history stages. In particular, the River2D model is used for hydraulic simulation, mainly because it is convenient to couple with the habitat model, and supports both steady-state simulation and transient simulation. During the hydraulic simulation, three modules, namely an R2D-Bed module, an R2D-Mesh module and a simulation module, are arranged in a River2D model, so that the data processing and simulation process is realized.
The R2D _ Bed module of the River2D model is used for data input and processing, specifically, river terrain data is input and edited and interpolated in the R2D _ Bed module. In addition, the method also comprises the step of rating the model roughness, specifically, the method is adjusted through iterative simulation, the simulated water level and the flow rate are used as rating conditions, and the rating threshold condition is set to be that the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) reaches 90 percent, namely the requirement is met. The Nash efficiency coefficient is expressed by the following formula:
wherein, NSE is a Nash efficiency coefficient, the closer the value is to 1, the better the simulation quality is, and the higher the model credibility is. Qo is the observed value, Q m Which is an analog value, t represents the time of day,
the overall average of the observations.
The R2D _ Mesh module is used to create a finite element Mesh and define hydraulic boundary conditions. Inputting the output of the R2D _ Bed module and the roughness after the rating into the R2D _ Mesh module, then dividing the Mesh and determining Mesh nodes; among them, the hydraulics boundary conditions mainly consider the upstream flow rate and the downstream water level.
The simulation module is used for inputting the data and results of the R2D _ Bed module and the R2D _ Mesh module and carrying out hydraulic simulation. And outputting the water depth and the flow speed of each grid unit in the simulation result through hydraulic simulation to serve as input values of habitat simulation.
In this embodiment, the River2D hydrodynamic module is simulated by using a steady-state simulation method, the simulation process is mainly based on mass balance and energy balance, a finite element method is used to solve two components of the representative mass and momentum of the saint-winan equation set of the two-dimensional water depth, and the specific calculation can be expressed as follows:
conservation of mass equation:
the conservation of momentum equation:
wherein H is water depth (m) and t is time(s); x represents the river flow direction; y represents the river cross-flow direction; u is the average flow velocity in the x direction (m/s); v is the average flow velocity in the y direction (m/s); q. q.s x Is the unit flow (m) in the x direction 3 /s)；q y Is the unit flow (m) in the y direction 3 /s)；S fx Is the slope roughness (m/m) in the x-direction; s fy Is the slope roughness (m/m) in the y-direction; g is the acceleration of gravity (m/s) 2 ) (ii) a ρ is the density of water (kg/m) 3 ) (ii) a τ ijs is the shear stress (Pa).
The slope roughness in the x and y directions can be calculated according to the following formula:
wherein n is the Mannich roughness coefficient.
Step S203: constructing a habitat model according to the hydraulic parameters and a weighted available area method; specifically, a habitat model is constructed based on a Weighted Usable Area method (WUA) by adopting a habitat module of a River2D model, wherein the WUA reflects the Usable Area of the habitat at a specific life history stage of fishes. The River2D Habitat module uses a Habitat suitability index (HSC) to characterize the preferences of different species for Habitat parameters, such as water depth, flow rate, substrate, vegetation, etc., by integrating the hydraulic parameters of water depth, flow rate, etc. Specifically, the Suitability status of a fish habitat can be characterized by calculating a Composite Suitability Index (CSI). The comprehensive suitability index of the habitats ranges between 0 and 1 and represents the suitability status of different fish habitats, and the suitability status of specific fish habitats is classified as shown in a table.
TABLE 4
| Classification | CSI | Habitat suitability |
| Ⅰ | [0,0.3) | Difference (D) |
| Ⅱ | [0.3,0.6) | In |
| Ⅲ | [0.6.0.8) | Good wine |
| Ⅳ | [0.8,1] | Superior food |
In the embodiment, when calculating the comprehensive suitability index of the habitat, the suitability of the substrate and the vegetation is considered at the same time, and the comprehensive suitability index is calculated according to the water depth, the flow speed, the riverway substrate, the vegetation and other single-factor suitability indexes, and specifically comprises the following steps: water Depth Suitability Index (DSI), flow rate Suitability Index (VSI), and river bed Suitability Index (Ci) S SI) and river vegetation suitability index (Ci) C SI). The calculation formula of the comprehensive suitability index of a specific habitat can be expressed as follows:
in one embodiment, DSI, VSI, ci S SI、Ci C The single factor suitability index, SI, etc., is determined as follows: and (3) drawing an suitability curve based on the gradient response relation between the abundance of the fishes and the single factor of each monitoring point, and determining the value of the suitability index of the single factor as shown in fig. 4, wherein the value range is between 0 and 1, and the larger the value is, the higher the suitability of the habitat is, and the larger the abundance of the corresponding fishes is.
Each single factor suitability index calculation can be expressed as:
wherein, I SI Is a single factor suitability index for different environmental factors, herein DSI, VSI, ci S SI、Ci C SI and Y are the abundance of the fishes subjected to smooth regression fitting under different environmental factor conditions; ymax and Ymin are respectively notThe maximum value and the minimum value of the predicted value of the abundance of the fishes under the same environmental factor condition.
After determining the habitat comprehensive suitability index, WUA is calculated by calculating the comprehensive suitability index for each habitat unit and its area. The specific calculation can be expressed as:
wherein, the CSI i Representing the habitat comprehensive suitability index, i.e. CSI SC N is the number of units representing the habitat, A i Is the area (m) of the ith cell 2 )。
The WUA and the traffic have a nonlinear envelope relationship, and generally, the WUA and the traffic are curves which firstly increase, then keep unchanged and finally gradually decrease with the increase of the traffic. The study of this example corresponds to an optimum flow of 25m 3 S, as the flow rate increases from 25 to 420m 3 Is gradually decreased by s.
Step S204: and substituting the change of the hydraulics parameters before and after the hydropower station generates the generated energy into the habitat model to obtain a habitat deviation coefficient. Specifically, hydraulic parameters before the hydropower station generates the generated power are substituted into the habitat model to obtain a natural habitat weighted available area; substituting the hydraulic parameters generated by the hydropower station into the habitat model to obtain the affected habitat weighted available area; determining a habitat deviation factor as a function of a ratio of the natural habitat weighted available area and the affected habitat weighted available area. When the hydraulic parameters are substituted into the habitat model for calculation, the comprehensive suitability index of the habitat can be calculated and determined, and then the weighted available area of the habitat can be determined according to the product of the comprehensive suitability index and the area.
It should be noted that the weighted usable area of the natural habitat is the natural WUA of the fish in the natural flow state in different seasons and different life history stages, and the time scale is the daily scale. The daily scale WUA can be processed into a seasonal scale WUA using an arithmetic mean. The weighted available area of the habitat after influence is WUA of the fishes after influence in different seasons and different life history stages, and the time scale is a day scale. The daily scale WUA can be processed into a seasonal scale WUA by means of arithmetic mean.
Specifically, the maximum habitat weighted available area WUA in the natural state is set max 80% as threshold for optimum habitat suitability, WUA max As a threshold for general habitat suitability; values below 50% are indicative of poor habitat suitability. Calculating WUA of fish at different seasons, different stages of life history lower than 50% max And 80% WUA max The time of (c). Habitat suitability can be analyzed.
In one embodiment, the constraints are set as follows: the maximum power generation amount Obj1, the minimum hydrological change index Obj2, and the maximum habitat suitability Obj 3. Obj1 is expressed as annual energy production, obj2 is expressed as five indexes, obj3 is expressed as habitat deviation coefficient, namely the deviation of the affected WUA and the natural WUA is expressed in percentage form, and the specific formula can be expressed as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the coefficient is a habitat condition deviation coefficient, the unit is% and positive values indicate that the habitat weighted available area is increased, and negative values indicate that the habitat weighted available area is decreased;
weighting the affected habitat with the mean value of the available area in m 2 ，
The natural habitat is weighted by the average of the available areas in units of 2m.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a hydropower station leakage ecological flow evaluation device, as shown in fig. 5, the device comprises:
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring hydrological data and habitat data; for details, reference is made to the corresponding parts of the above method embodiments, which are not described herein again.
The ecological flow calculation module is used for calculating a plurality of ecological flows by adopting a plurality of calculation modes based on the hydrological data; for details, reference is made to the corresponding parts of the above method embodiments, and details are not repeated herein.
The generating capacity calculating module is used for determining the generating capacity corresponding to each ecological flow based on the installed capacity and the generating flow determined by the relation between each ecological flow and the river flow; for details, reference is made to the corresponding parts of the above method embodiments, which are not described herein again.
The index calculation module is used for respectively determining a change index of the hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to flow change and habitat change before and after the hydropower station generates the generated energy on the basis of the hydrological data and the habitat data; for details, reference is made to the corresponding parts of the above method embodiments, which are not described herein again.
And the evaluation module is used for determining the ecological flow discharged by the hydropower station from a plurality of ecological flows by taking the ecological flow as a target function and taking the maximum generated energy, the minimum variation coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum deviation coefficient of the habitat as constraint conditions. For details, reference is made to the corresponding parts of the above method embodiments, which are not described herein again.
The hydropower station leakage ecological flow evaluation device provided by the embodiment of the invention obtains hydrological data and habitat data; calculating by adopting a plurality of calculation modes based on hydrological data to obtain a plurality of ecological flows; determining the generating capacity corresponding to each ecological flow based on the installed capacity and the generating flow determined by the relation between each ecological flow and the river flow; respectively determining a change index of a hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to flow change and habitat change before and after generating power generation of a hydropower station based on the hydrological data and the habitat data; and determining the ecological flow discharged by the hydropower station from the plurality of ecological flows by taking the ecological flow as an objective function and taking the maximum generated energy, the minimum variation coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum deviation coefficient of the habitat as constraint conditions. Therefore, the evaluation device realizes the consideration of the generated energy and the change of hydrology and habitat when the generated energy changes when determining the ecological flow, namely, the calculation results and schemes of various discharged ecological flows are evaluated by comprehensively considering the game relation of water resources, energy and an ecological system, and the discharged ecological flow is determined by multi-objective constraint optimization. The evaluation device improves the technical economy of the ecological flow calculation result, and realizes the optimization of the maximum power generation amount of the hydropower station, the minimum hydrological change degree and the maximum suitability of the river habitat.
The function description of the hydropower station leakage ecological flow evaluation device provided by the embodiment of the invention refers to the description of the hydropower station leakage ecological flow evaluation method in the embodiment in detail.
An embodiment of the present invention further provides a storage medium, as shown in fig. 6, on which a computer program 601 is stored, where the instructions, when executed by a processor, implement the steps of the method for evaluating the ecological flow rate of the hydropower station leakage in the foregoing embodiment. The storage medium is also stored with audio and video stream data, characteristic frame data, interactive request signaling, encrypted data, preset data size and the like. The storage medium may be a magnetic Disk, an optical Disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Flash Memory (Flash Memory), a Hard Disk Drive (Hard Disk Drive, abbreviated as HDD), or a Solid State Drive (SSD); the storage medium may also comprise a combination of memories of the kind described above.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that all or part of the processes of the methods of the embodiments described above can be implemented by a computer program, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, and when executed, can include the processes of the embodiments of the methods described above. The storage medium may be a magnetic Disk, an optical Disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Flash Memory (Flash Memory), a Hard Disk (Hard Disk Drive, abbreviated as HDD), a Solid State Drive (SSD), or the like; the storage medium may also comprise a combination of memories of the kind described above.
An embodiment of the present invention further provides an electronic device, as shown in fig. 7, the electronic device may include a processor 51 and a memory 52, where the processor 51 and the memory 52 may be connected by a bus or in another manner, and fig. 7 takes the connection by the bus as an example.
The processor 51 may be a Central Processing Unit (CPU). The Processor 51 may also be other general purpose processors, digital Signal Processors (DSPs), application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) or other Programmable logic devices, discrete Gate or transistor logic devices, discrete hardware components, or combinations thereof.
The memory 52, which is a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, may be used to store non-transitory software programs, non-transitory computer executable programs, and modules, such as the corresponding program instructions/modules in the embodiments of the present invention. The processor 51 executes various functional applications and data processing of the processor by running the non-transitory software programs, instructions and modules stored in the memory 52, that is, the hydropower station leakage ecological flow rate evaluation method in the above method embodiment is implemented.
The memory 52 may include a storage program area and a storage data area, wherein the storage program area may store an operating device, an application program required for at least one function; the storage data area may store data created by the processor 51, and the like. Further, the memory 52 may include high speed random access memory, and may also include non-transitory memory, such as at least one magnetic disk storage device, flash memory device, or other non-transitory solid state storage device. In some embodiments, the memory 52 may optionally include memory located remotely from the processor 51, and these remote memories may be connected to the processor 51 via a network. Examples of such networks include, but are not limited to, the internet, intranets, local area networks, mobile communication networks, and combinations thereof.
The one or more modules are stored in the memory 52 and, when executed by the processor 51, perform a hydropower station let-down ecological flow rate evaluation method as in the embodiment shown in fig. 1-2.
The details of the electronic device may be understood by referring to the corresponding descriptions and effects in the embodiments shown in fig. 1 to fig. 2, and are not described herein again.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and such modifications and variations fall within the scope defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A hydropower station downward-discharging ecological flow evaluation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring hydrological data and habitat data;
calculating by adopting a plurality of calculation modes based on the hydrological data to obtain a plurality of ecological flows;
determining the generating capacity corresponding to each ecological flow based on the installed capacity and the generating flow determined by the relation between each ecological flow and the river flow;
respectively determining a change index of a hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to flow change and habitat change before and after the hydropower station generates the generated power based on the hydrological data and the habitat data;
and determining the ecological flow of the hydropower station drainage from a plurality of ecological flows by taking the ecological flow as an objective function and taking the maximum generated energy, the minimum variation coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum deviation coefficient of the habitat as constraint conditions.
2. The hydropower station downward leakage ecological flow rate evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of ecological flow rates are calculated based on the hydrological data by adopting a plurality of calculation methods, and the method comprises the following steps:
calculating to obtain a plurality of annual ecological flows based on the flow duration curve and the average flow for many years;
calculating the monthly ecological flow based on the monthly average flow and the perennial average flow;
and calculating a plurality of daily ecological flows based on the flow duration curve or the annual minimum ecological flow or the daily minimum ecological flow.
3. The hydropower station downward leakage ecological flow evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein the generated energy of the jth hydraulic generator in the hydropower station in the delta t time period is expressed by the following formula:
in the formula, τ h P (t) represents the installed capacity, Q, for the number of hours the hydro-generator operates per day hydro (t)＝q d (t)-Q ef (t)，Q hydro (t) represents the hydraulic generator power generation flow rate at time t, q d (t) represents river discharge; q ef (t) ecological flux, Q dj Representing the design flow rate.
4. The method for evaluating the ecological flow of the hydropower station letdown according to claim 1, wherein determining a change index of a hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to a flow change and a habitat change before and after the hydropower station generates the power generation amount based on the hydrological data and the habitat data, respectively, comprises:
determining a change index of a hydrological index according to flow changes in hydrological data before and after the generation of the generated energy by the hydropower station;
performing hydraulics simulation according to the river terrain data and the habitat species data in the habitat data, and determining hydraulics parameters;
constructing a habitat model according to the hydraulic parameters and a weighted available area method;
and substituting the change of the hydraulic parameters before and after the hydropower station generates the generated energy into the habitat model to obtain a habitat deviation coefficient.
5. The hydropower station let-down ecological flow evaluation method according to claim 4, wherein the constructing of the habitat model according to the hydraulic parameters and the weighted usable area method comprises:
determining a water depth suitability index and a flow velocity suitability index according to the hydraulic parameters;
determining a comprehensive suitability index of the habitat according to the water depth suitability index, the flow velocity suitability index, the river sediment suitability index and the river vegetation suitability index;
and constructing a habitat model according to the comprehensive suitability index of the habitat, the number of habitat units and the area.
6. The hydropower station leakage ecological flow evaluation method according to claim 4, wherein the step of substituting the change of the hydraulic parameter before and after the hydropower station generates the power generation amount into the habitat model to obtain a habitat deviation coefficient comprises the steps of:
substituting the hydraulics parameters before the hydropower station generates the generated energy into the habitat model to obtain a natural habitat weighted available area;
substituting the hydraulic parameters generated by the hydropower station into the habitat model to obtain the weighted available area of the affected habitat;
determining a habitat deviation factor as a function of a ratio of the natural habitat weighted available area and the affected habitat weighted available area.
7. The method for evaluating the ecological flow rate of the hydropower station leakage of claim 1, wherein the ecological flow rate is used as an objective function, and the ecological flow rate of the hydropower station leakage is determined from a plurality of ecological flow rates under the constraint conditions of the maximum power generation amount, the minimum variation coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum habitat deviation coefficient, and the method comprises the following steps:
determining the corresponding ecological flow when the generated energy is maximum, the change coefficient of the hydrological index is minimum and the deviation coefficient of the habitat is minimum;
and calculating the average value of the determined ecological flow to determine the drainage ecological flow of the hydropower station.
8. The utility model provides a power station ecological flow evaluation device that lets out down which characterized in that includes:
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring hydrological data and habitat data;
the ecological flow calculation module is used for calculating a plurality of ecological flows by adopting a plurality of calculation modes based on the hydrological data;
the generating capacity calculating module is used for determining the generating capacity corresponding to each ecological flow based on the installed capacity and the generating flow determined by the relation between each ecological flow and the river flow;
the index calculation module is used for respectively determining a change index of the hydrological index and a habitat deviation coefficient according to flow change and habitat change before and after the hydropower station generates the generated energy on the basis of the hydrological data and the habitat data;
and the evaluation module is used for determining the ecological flow discharged from the hydropower station from a plurality of ecological flows by taking the ecological flow as an objective function and taking the maximum generated energy, the minimum change coefficient of the hydrological index and the minimum deviation coefficient of the habitat as constraint conditions.
9. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that the computer-readable storage medium stores computer instructions for causing the computer to perform the method for hydropower station let-down ecological flow assessment according to any one of claims 1-7.
10. An electronic device, comprising: a memory and a processor, the memory and the processor being communicatively connected to each other, the memory storing computer instructions, and the processor executing the computer instructions to perform the hydropower station let-down ecological flow rate evaluation method according to any one of claims 1-7.
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