CN115368192B - Soil conditioner and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Soil conditioner and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115368192B CN115368192B CN202210982984.2A CN202210982984A CN115368192B CN 115368192 B CN115368192 B CN 115368192B CN 202210982984 A CN202210982984 A CN 202210982984A CN 115368192 B CN115368192 B CN 115368192B
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- 239000003516 soil conditioner Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims description 20
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000209149 Zea Species 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010053759 Growth retardation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010048259 Zinc deficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- YUWBVKYVJWNVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[P] Chemical compound [N].[P] YUWBVKYVJWNVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000001 growth retardation Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
- Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a soil conditioner, which comprises the following steps: firstly, alternately laying multiple layers of biochar and fermented pig manure in a filter screen up and down, performing heat action for more than 45min at the temperature higher than 85 ℃, spraying a proper amount of water onto the upper biochar layer at the temperature higher than 85 ℃, continuously performing heat action for more than 45min at the temperature higher than 85 ℃ based on the state that the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer are wet, standing for more than 30min at the negative pressure, and drying; and step two, repeating the operation of adding water to wet the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer in the environment with the temperature of more than 85 ℃ in the step one, performing heat action, standing in a negative pressure state, drying for multiple times, and uniformly mixing. The preparation method has simple raw material composition and is easy to obtain. The soil conditioner has the beneficial effects of controlling the release proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and improving the corn planting yield. Provides an application of a soil conditioner in corn planting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of special fertilizer for corn. More particularly, the invention relates to a soil conditioner and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
China is a large country for corn planting, the corn yield directly affects the income of peasants and the GDP value of the country, and the research on slow release fertilizers in recent years is many, which shows that the slow release of the fertilizers is beneficial to the yield increase of crops, but mainly aims at the slow release of chemical fertilizers. The biochar is charcoal serving as a soil conditioner, is a product of biomass energy raw materials after thermal cracking, can help plants grow, and can be applied to agricultural application and carbon collection and storage. The fermented pig manure is an organic fertilizer obtained by taking pig manure as a main material and adding other auxiliary materials such as straw and the like and a starter for fermentation, and can be effectively utilized. The novel soil conditioner is researched by combining biochar and fermented pig manure, and the biochar is used for regulating the nutrition release of the fermented pig manure, so that the corn planting yield is improved, and the research direction is feasible.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to solve at least the above problems and to provide at least the advantages to be described later.
To achieve these objects and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, there is provided a method for preparing a soil conditioner, comprising the steps of:
firstly, alternately laying multiple layers of biochar and fermented pig manure in a filter screen up and down, wherein the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer are both biochar layers, performing thermal action for more than 45min at the temperature higher than 85 ℃, spraying a proper amount of water onto the upper biochar layer at the temperature higher than 85 ℃, continuously performing thermal action for more than 45min at the temperature higher than 85 ℃ based on the wet state of the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer, standing for more than 30min at the negative pressure state, and drying;
and step two, repeating the operation of adding water to wet the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer in the environment with the temperature of more than 85 ℃ in the step one, performing heat action, standing in a negative pressure state, drying for multiple times, and uniformly mixing to obtain the soil conditioner.
Preferably, the biochar has a particle size of 75 to 200 mesh.
Preferably, the mass fraction of organic matters of the fermented pig manure is more than 45wt%, the total nitrogen is more than 1.5wt%, the phosphorus is more than 2wt%, and the total zinc is 100-300 mg/kg.
Preferably, the paving thickness of the biochar is 2-4 cm, and the paving thickness of the fermented pig manure is 1-3 cm.
Preferably, the pressure at the time of negative pressure standing is 0.02 to 0.08MPa.
Preferably, the number of repeated operations in the second step is 2 to 5.
The soil conditioner prepared by the preparation method is provided.
Provides an application of a soil conditioner in corn planting.
The invention at least comprises the following beneficial effects: the soil conditioner disclosed by the invention can control the release proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, improve the corn planting yield, improve the zinc content in soil and effectively accumulate in corn kernels.
Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to examples to enable those skilled in the art to practice the same by referring to the description.
The experimental methods described in the following embodiments are conventional methods unless otherwise indicated, and the reagents and materials are commercially available.
Purchasing raw material indexes:
the mass fraction of organic matters of the fermented pig manure is more than 45wt%, the total nitrogen is more than 1.5wt%, the phosphorus is more than 2wt%, and the total zinc is 100-300 mg/kg.
Biochar with particle size of 75 mesh, 100 mesh, 150 mesh, 180 mesh, 200 mesh.
Example 1 ]
The preparation method of the soil conditioner comprises the following steps:
firstly, alternately paving multiple layers of biochar and fermented pig manure in a filter screen up and down, wherein the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer are both biochar layers, then performing thermal action for 45min at the temperature of 85 ℃, then spraying a proper amount of water onto the upper biochar layer at the temperature of 85 ℃, taking the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer as the basis, continuing performing thermal action for 45min at the temperature of 85 ℃ and then standing for 30min at a negative pressure state, and drying, wherein the particle size of the biochar is 75 meshes, the paving thickness of the biochar is 2cm, the paving thickness of the fermented pig manure is 1cm, 15 layers (8 layers of the biochar and 7 layers of the fermented pig manure) are paved, and the pressure during the negative pressure standing is 0.02MPa.
And step two, repeating the operation of adding water to wet the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer in the environment of 85 ℃ in the step one, performing heat action, standing in a negative pressure state, and drying for 2 times, and uniformly mixing to obtain the soil conditioner.
Example 2 ]
The preparation method of the soil conditioner comprises the following steps:
firstly, alternately paving multiple layers of biochar and fermented pig manure in a filter screen up and down, wherein the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer are both biochar layers, then performing thermal action for 60min at the temperature of 95 ℃, then spraying a proper amount of water onto the upper biochar layer at the temperature of 95 ℃, taking the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer as the basis, continuing performing thermal action for 60min at the temperature of 95 ℃ and then standing for 50min at a negative pressure state, and drying, wherein the particle size of the biochar is 200 meshes, the paving thickness of the biochar is 4cm, the paving thickness of the fermented pig manure is 3cm, 7 layers (the biochar 4 layers and the fermented pig manure 3 layers) are paved, and the pressure during the negative pressure standing is 0.08MPa.
And step two, repeating the operation of adding water to wet the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer in the environment of 95 ℃ in the step one, performing heat action, standing in a negative pressure state, and drying for 5 times, and uniformly mixing to obtain the soil conditioner.
Example 3 ]
The preparation method of the soil conditioner comprises the following steps:
firstly, alternately paving multiple layers of biochar and fermented pig manure in a filter screen up and down, wherein the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer are both biochar layers, then performing thermal action for 50min at the temperature of 90 ℃, then spraying a proper amount of water onto the upper biochar layer at the temperature of 90 ℃, taking the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer as the basis, continuing performing thermal action for 50min at the temperature of 90 ℃ under the condition of being in a wet state, then standing for 40min under a negative pressure state, and drying, wherein the particle size of the biochar is 100 meshes, the paving thickness of the biochar is 3cm, the paving thickness of the fermented pig manure is 2cm, the paving thickness of the 9 layers (biochar 5 layers and fermented pig manure 4 layers) is 0.04MPa during the negative pressure standing.
And step two, repeating the operation of adding water to wet the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer in the environment of 90 in the step one, performing heat action, standing in a negative pressure state, drying for 3 times, and uniformly mixing to obtain the soil conditioner.
< corn planting >
Setting 5 treatment groups, namely a blank group (without fertilization) and a control group (a mixture of uniformly mixed biochar and fermented pig manure is applied); example 1 (application of the soil conditioner prepared by the method of example 1), example 2 (application of the soil conditioner prepared by the method of example 2); example 3 (application of soil conditioner prepared by the method of example 3). Each treatment group was replicated 3 times. The application method was one-time application, the test area was 8m long and 3.5m wide, and each treatment group was arranged randomly. All the field management measures of the treatment groups are carried out according to the technical specifications of the local high-yield spring corn production.
TABLE 1 corn kernel yield and zinc content in corn kernels for different treatment groups
The corn planting result shows that the soil conditioner can remarkably improve the corn yield and the zinc content in corn kernels, and is beneficial to improving the influence of various diseases such as growth retardation, dysnoesia, immunity and fertility reduction caused by zinc deficiency.
Comparative example 1 ]
The preparation method of the soil conditioner comprises the following steps:
firstly, alternately laying multiple layers of biochar and fermented pig manure in a filter screen, wherein the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer are both biochar layers, then performing thermal action for 50min at the temperature of 90 ℃, then spraying a proper amount of water onto the upper biochar layer at the temperature of 90 ℃, taking the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer as the basis, continuing performing thermal action for 50min at the temperature of 90 ℃ under the environment of 90 ℃, then standing for 40min under the negative pressure state, and drying, wherein the particle size of the biochar is 100 meshes, and the pressure during negative pressure standing is 0.04MPa.
And step two, repeating the operation of adding water to wet the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer in the environment of 90 in the step one, performing heat action, standing in a negative pressure state, drying for 3 times, and uniformly mixing to obtain the soil conditioner.
Comparative document 1 examined the effect of the laying thickness, and the laying thickness test table is shown in table 2:
TABLE 2 biochar layer and fermented pig manure layer thickness combinations
And (3) detecting by adopting a water immersion method, taking 7 groups of soil conditioners in the comparative example 1, immersing 100g in 1000mL of water, immersing for 1h, 2h, 4h, 8h, 12h, 24h and 48h respectively, filtering residues, and measuring the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc in clear liquid.
The data analysis shows that the nitrogen content and the phosphorus content of the three groups 2, 3 and 4 are in similar proportion relation under each soaking time, are close to 2:1, and the zinc content increases along with the soaking time, and have a uniform increasing trend with small slope. The contents of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the groups 1, 6 and 7 at each soaking time are irregular, the zinc content increases along with the soaking time and also tends to increase, but the slope of the increasing amount is firstly large and then is close to 0, which indicates that the zinc release speed is too high.
The corn is a typical nitrogen and phosphorus sensitive crop, and the absorption and utilization of the corn to nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients influence the growth and development conditions of the crop, so that the crop yield is obviously influenced. The nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer can promote the mutual absorption and utilization of nutrients and improve the utilization rate of the nutrients by being applied together. The soil conditioner disclosed by the invention contains rich nitrogen and phosphorus in fermented pig manure, and can further release the nitrogen and the phosphorus according to the proportion close to 2:1, so that the nitrogen and the phosphorus can be combined to act on corn in a better proportion, and the yield of the corn is obviously improved.
Comparative example 2 ]
The preparation method of the soil conditioner comprises the following steps:
firstly, alternately paving multiple layers of biochar and fermented pig manure in a filter screen, wherein the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer are biochar layers, then performing thermal action on the upper biochar layer for 50min under a temperature condition, spraying a proper amount of water on the upper biochar layer under a temperature condition, continuously performing thermal action on the upper biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer for 50min under a temperature condition based on the wet state of the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer, then standing for 40min under a negative pressure condition, and drying, wherein the particle size of the biochar is 100 meshes, and paving 9 layers (5 layers of biochar and 4 layers of fermented pig manure), and the pressure during the negative pressure standing is 0.04MPa.
And step two, repeating the operation of adding water to wet the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer in the environment in the step one, performing heat action, standing in a negative pressure state, and drying for 3 times, and uniformly mixing to obtain the soil conditioner.
Comparative example 2 examined the effect of the working temperature, which was the soaking time period required for detecting the release of nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc in half amounts, at normal temperature (group 1), 60 ℃ (group 2), and 90 ℃ (group 3), respectively. The time periods required for group 1, group 2 and group 3 are 35h, 38h and 49h respectively. The high temperature treatment can obviously prolong the release time of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc, which means that more nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc enter the biochar layer in a high temperature state and can be tightly combined with the inner wall of a pore in the biochar in the high temperature state, or the arrangement forms a structure different from that in a low temperature state in the high temperature state, and the arrangement forms enable the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the zinc to be more stable and not easy to dissolve out, and can release simultaneously in the dissolution, so that the content of the nitrogen and the phosphorus in the release liquid is in a state close to 2:1.
Comparative example 3 ]
The preparation method of the soil conditioner comprises the following steps:
firstly, alternately paving multiple layers of biochar and fermented pig manure in a filter screen, wherein the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer are both biochar layers, then performing thermal action for 50min under a temperature condition, then spraying a proper amount of water onto the upper biochar layer under the temperature condition, continuing performing thermal action for 50min under the temperature condition based on the wet state of the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer, and drying, wherein the particle size of the biochar is 100 meshes, 9 layers (5 layers of biochar and 4 layers of fermented pig manure) are paved, and the pressure during negative pressure standing is 0.04MPa.
And step two, repeating the operation of adding water to wet the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer in the environment in the step one, performing heat action and drying for 3 times, and uniformly mixing to obtain the soil conditioner.
Comparative example 3 the effect of negative pressure standing was examined, and the state of the soil conditioner of comparative example 3 and example 3 was observed, and it was found that the soil conditioner of example 3 had a significantly higher degree of fluffiness than comparative example 3, and that the soil conditioner was fluffy, which was favorable for air ingress, and was favorable for corn planting.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed above, it is not limited to the details and embodiments shown, it is well suited to various fields of use for which the invention is suited, and further modifications may be readily made by one skilled in the art, and the invention is therefore not to be limited to the particular details and examples shown and described herein, without departing from the general concepts defined by the claims and the equivalents thereof.
Claims (5)
1. The preparation method of the soil conditioner is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, alternately laying multiple layers of biochar and fermented pig manure in a filter screen up and down, wherein the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer are both biochar layers, performing thermal action for more than 45min at the temperature higher than 85 ℃, spraying a proper amount of water onto the upper biochar layer at the temperature higher than 85 ℃, continuously performing thermal action for more than 45min at the temperature higher than 85 ℃ based on the wet state of the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer, standing for more than 30min at the negative pressure state, and drying;
step two, repeating the operation of adding water to wet the biochar layer and the fermented pig manure layer in the environment with the temperature of more than 85 ℃ in the step one, performing heat action, standing in a negative pressure state, drying for multiple times, and uniformly mixing to obtain the soil conditioner;
wherein the paving thickness of the biochar is 2-4 cm, and the paving thickness of the fermented pig manure is 1-3 cm;
the pressure is 0.02-0.08 MPa when the negative pressure is kept still;
the repeated operation times in the second step are 2-5 times.
2. The method for preparing a soil conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the biochar has a particle size of 75 to 200 mesh.
3. The method for preparing the soil conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the mass fraction of organic matters of the fermented pig manure is more than 45wt%, total nitrogen is more than 1.5wt%, phosphorus is more than 2wt%, and total zinc is 100-300 mg/kg.
4. A soil conditioner prepared by the preparation method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3.
5. Use of the soil conditioner of claim 4 for planting corn.
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104844317A (en) * | 2015-04-08 | 2015-08-19 | 上海市农业科学院 | Crop compost and preparation method thereof |
| CN110776360A (en) * | 2019-10-30 | 2020-02-11 | 徐州得铸生物科技有限公司 | Preparation method of paddy field heavy metal soil remediation material based on biochar blended fertilizer |
| CN111704509A (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2020-09-25 | 北京市土肥工作站 | High-carbon organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN111777458A (en) * | 2020-07-25 | 2020-10-16 | 佛山市金净创环保技术有限公司 | Fermentation method of poultry manure mixed biochar and organic fertilizer product thereof |
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2022
- 2022-08-16 CN CN202210982984.2A patent/CN115368192B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104844317A (en) * | 2015-04-08 | 2015-08-19 | 上海市农业科学院 | Crop compost and preparation method thereof |
| CN110776360A (en) * | 2019-10-30 | 2020-02-11 | 徐州得铸生物科技有限公司 | Preparation method of paddy field heavy metal soil remediation material based on biochar blended fertilizer |
| CN111704509A (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2020-09-25 | 北京市土肥工作站 | High-carbon organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN111777458A (en) * | 2020-07-25 | 2020-10-16 | 佛山市金净创环保技术有限公司 | Fermentation method of poultry manure mixed biochar and organic fertilizer product thereof |
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