CN115336509A - Cultivation method for improving fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude - Google Patents
Cultivation method for improving fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application discloses a cultivation method for improving fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude, which comprises the following steps: 1) Selecting a Chinese chestnut forest with north latitude of less than 24 degrees, elevation of less than 1500 meters, valley hillside land and high soil humidity as a Chinese chestnut forest for interplanting fructus amomi; 2) Weeding, turning soil, applying base fertilizer and ridging are carried out on the interior of the chestnut forest; 3) And (4) transplanting the fructus amomi plant, selecting a strong fructus amomi seedling without diseases and insect pests, and transplanting in 4-5 months. The method is especially suitable for the areas with the north latitude below 24 degrees and the altitude below 1500 meters, the higher temperature makes the fructus amomi hyperplasia and division gradually slow, keeps the relative stability of fructus amomi plant groups, and is beneficial to the formation and the quality improvement of fructus amomi fruits.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method for improving fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude.
Background
Amomum fruit (academic name:Amomumvillosumlour.) is a perennial herb of the genus cardamom of the family zingiberaceae. The plant height can reach 3 m, and the stem grows scattered; the rootstock crawls the ground, the middle leaves are in a needle shape, the upper leaves are in a linear shape, the tail tip at the top end is smooth and unhairing on two surfaces, the leaf tongues are semicircular, the spike-shaped inflorescence is oval, and the total pedicel is brown and short villus; the scales are membranous, oval, the bracts are needle-shaped, and the membranous is adopted; the small bract is tubular, the top of the calyx has three shallow teeth, white, the inverted oval shape of the lobe, the round spoon shape of the labial lobe, white, and the ovary is white and soft hair. The capsule is elliptical, purple red when mature, brown after dry, polygonal in seed, strong in fragrance, and bitter and cool in taste. Blooming in 5-6 months; the results are obtained in 8-9 months. The fruits are used for medical purposes and mainly treat qi stagnation of spleen and stomach, indigestion, abdominal pain, distension, dysphagia, vomiting, cold diarrhea and cold dysentery.
Fructus Amomi prefers tropical south subtropical rainforest in warm humid climate, is cold-proof, and can resist short and low temperature, and die when frozen at-3 deg.C. The annual average temperature in a production area is 19 to 22 ℃. The water quantity is more than 1000 mm, the relative temperature of the air is more than 90 ℃, and the water logging is avoided. It needs to be properly shaded and prefers to diffuse light. The mountain valley forest with the forest kept intact, the side of the brook with the flowing water, the environment with rich pollination insect resources, the soil and sandy soil with deep, loose, strong water and fertility preservation of the upper layer are suitable for cultivation, and the cultivation on the clay and sandy soil is not suitable.
Along with the enlargement of the planting area of the fructus amomi, people put higher requirements on the quality of the fructus amomi, and the quality of the fructus amomi mainly relates to the content of volatile oil and borneol acetate. The seed groups of the amomum villosum and the green shell sand contain volatile oil which is not less than 3.0 percent (ml/g) specified by the Chinese pharmacopoeia in 2020; hainan sand seed ballContains volatile oil not less than 1.0% (ml/g); dry product borneol acetate (C) 12 H 20 O 2 ) The content should not be less than 0.90%.
The current patents on amomum fruit: the method for planting the amomum villosum has the advantages of improving the yield of the amomum villosum (201910541624.7), regulating the bee nest outlet time to be synchronous with the florescence of the amomum villosum, cultivating the amomum villosum (201810992298.7), breeding the high-quality seedlings of the amomum villosum, planting the amomum villosum (201811053464.3), processing the amomum villosum (201910403007.0), high-yield cultivation method for interplanting amomum between illicium verum and star-horn trees (202111303682. X), pruning method for the amomum villosum (202010633690. X), method for extracting the amomum villosum volatile oil, amomum flavone and amomum villosum polysaccharide by utilizing the amomum villosum (201610350733.7), and the like.
202111303682.X discloses that when an octagonal tree is interplanted with fructus Amomi, the octagonal tree can shade the fructus Amomi plant to prevent sunlight from directly irradiating the octagonal tree, and provide a living environment for the normal growth of fructus Amomi, thereby increasing the yield of fructus Amomi. However, the Octagon trees are still in the new-extraction period from 12 months to 3 months of the next year, so that the fructus amomi is in a hidden environment in one year, the balance and stability of the number of old, middle and young plants in the fructus amomi population are not facilitated, the yield of the fructus amomi in each year is influenced, and the yield of the fructus amomi is difficult to balance; and the interplanting method is not suitable for large-area interplanting in a region with a relatively low altitude below 24 degrees of north latitude.
However, the above prior arts all focus on the improvement of fructus amomi yield, fructus amomi seedling breeding and fructus amomi product processing research, and no cultivation method capable of improving the content of fructus amomi volatile oil is disclosed at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides a cultivation method for improving fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude, which is used for solving the technical problem that the fructus amomi planting method provided by the prior art cannot effectively improve the content of the fructus amomi volatile oil.
The application provides a cultivation method for improving fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude, which comprises the following steps:
1) Selecting a Chinese chestnut forest with the soil humidity of 25 to 38 percent in a valley slope land with the north latitude of less than 24 degrees and the altitude of less than 1500 meters;
2) Carrying out weeding, soil turning, base fertilizer application and ridging operations on soil in the chestnut forest;
3) Selecting fructus amomi seedlings with plant height of more than or equal to 45cm, stem thickness of more than or equal to 8mm, and number of buds of more than or equal to 3 and no plant diseases and insect pests, transplanting the fructus amomi seedlings into the soil in the Chinese chestnut forest treated in the step 2) within 4~5 months, wherein the relative humidity of the air in the Chinese chestnut forest is more than 85% during transplanting;
4) Performing field management and protection on the transplanted fructus amomi plant, additionally applying 1~2 times of boric fertilizer in the bud stage of the fructus amomi, and additionally applying 1~2 times of potassium fertilizer on the fruit in the fruit stage;
5) And in the middle ten days of August of the current year of transplantation, harvesting fructus amomi when the fruit turns from bright red to purple red.
The method can effectively improve the survival rate of the fructus amomi and shorten the time required by the stabilization of the fructus amomi population by interplanting the fructus amomi in the Chinese chestnut forest in the geographical environment, and the fructus amomi plants can be transplanted and maintained after reaching the population balance, thereby maintaining the yield balance of the fructus amomi every year. The method makes full use of the hidden environment of the Chinese chestnut under forest to match the dimensionality and the elevation low-temperature characteristic, improves the dry weight and the weight of a single fructus amomi, improves the content of volatile oil in the fructus amomi, and improves the quality of the fructus amomi.
Preferably, the base fertilizer in the step 2) consists of a conventional compound fertilizer and an organic fertilizer; wherein the application amount of the conventional compound fertilizer is as follows: 15-25 Kg/mu; the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 1-2 tons/mu.
Preferably, the conventional compound fertilizer is N: P 2 O 5 :K 2 O is mixed according to the mass ratio of 15; the organic fertilizer is prepared by decomposing and composting cow dung and sheep dung. The base fertilizer is applied before transplantation, so that sufficient nutrients can be provided for the transplanted fructus amomi, the current-year growth of the fructus amomi is promoted, the number of buds of the fructus amomi grown in two years is increased, and organic fertilizers contained in the base fertilizer are prepared by fermenting cow dung and sheep dung, so that the soil quality is improved, and the soil hardening is prevented. The conventional compound fertilizer used in the application is prepared according to a conventional method or is a commercially available product; the organic fertilizer is prepared by treating the animal wastes according to the conventional animal manure fermentation method.
Preferably, applying boron fertilizer for 1-2 times in the bud period in the step 4): and (3) spraying a boron-magnesium fertilizer solution with the mass concentration of 0.1 to 0.3 percent on the front and back surfaces of the villous amomum fruit leaves in the afternoon in sunny weather. The fertilizer has the effects of improving the fruit setting rate of fructus amomi, supplementing magnesium element, promoting photosynthesis and supplementing nutrition consumed by plants in the flowering phase.
Preferably, step 4) additionally applying 1-2 times of potassium fertilizer in the fruit stage of fructus amomi: 0.1-1% of monopotassium phosphate is selected to be sprayed on the villous amomum fruit leaves and fruits in the morning on a sunny day. When the fertilizer is sprayed, the effects of promoting fruit expansion, facilitating the growth of fructus amomi root systems, increasing creeping stems and the like are achieved, and the content of volatile oil in the fructus amomi fruits is facilitated to be increased.
Preferably, the transplantation density of fructus amomi in the step 3) is as follows: 50-62 grains of fructus amomi are interplanted in the chestnut forest according to the total seedling number of the fructus amomi per square meter. The fructus amomi is planted according to the density, so that the fruit setting rate of the fructus amomi and the content of volatile oil in nuts can be effectively improved.
Preferably, the organic fertilizer fermentation method used in the step 2) comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing the fallen leaves, the rice straws, the fresh cow dung and the sheep dung according to a mass ratio of 1 to 2, adjusting the water content to be 60%, transferring the obtained mixed material into a compost box for composting, turning the compost when the temperature is increased to be higher than 50 ℃, turning the compost every 3d for 1 time, reducing the temperature to be lower than 50 ℃, and turning the compost every 7d for 1 time until the temperature of the compost is reduced to the ambient temperature, and finishing composting. After the organic fertilizer obtained by fermentation by the method is used as a base fertilizer, the volatile oil content in the fructus amomi fruits during final harvest can be effectively improved.
The beneficial effects that this application can produce include:
1) The cultivation method for improving the fructus amomi volatile oil at the medium-low altitude is particularly suitable for areas with the north latitude below 24 degrees and the altitude below 1400 meters, the higher temperature in the areas enables fructus amomi to grow and divide plants gradually and slowly, the relative stability of fructus amomi plant groups is kept, and the formation and the quality improvement of fructus amomi fruits are facilitated; under the latitude and altitude environment, the Chinese chestnut forest can provide proper canopy closure degree for the fructus amomi in spring, summer and autumn, soil and environment humidity are kept, and rapid accumulation of nutrients such as fructus amomi volatile oil and the like is facilitated; applying boron fertilizer in the bud period to improve the fruit setting rate of the fructus amomi; the potassium fertilizer is added in the fruit period, which is beneficial to improving the quality of the amomum fruit.
2) According to the cultivation method for improving the fructus amomi volatile oil at the medium-low altitude, the chestnut trees and the fructus amomi are selected for interplanting, the operation and fertilization method is adopted, excessive field management is not needed, the characteristic of leaf falling in winter can be utilized, and the fructus amomi volatile oil content in an interplanted area is 3.95-4.66 mL/g per square meter; the effect of producing 12.01 mL-31.32 mL of volatile oil per square meter of fructus amomi is achieved, the content of the volatile oil of the fructus amomi per mu is obviously improved, and the quality of the fructus amomi is improved.
3) According to the cultivation method for improving the fructus amomi volatile oil at the medium-low altitude, after 3 years of interplanting, the sheep manure and the cow manure are beneficial to improving soil quality, the boron fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer grow from buds and stolons, the population stability of fructus amomi plants can be realized, and the number of old, strong and young seedlings is basically maintained as 1:1:1, the population stability of the subsequent years can be effectively maintained, the fluctuation of the yield of the interplanting of the fructus amomi can be avoided, and the yield can be effectively maintained.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a cultivation method for increasing fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude provided by the application.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. The components of embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, as presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
Technical means which are not described in detail in the present application and are not used for solving the technical problems of the present application are all arranged according to common knowledge in the field, and various common knowledge arrangement modes can be realized.
Examples
Plants and fertilizers used in the following examples were obtained commercially without specific reference.
Example 1 cultivation method for improving fructus Amomi volatile oil at low altitude
The method comprises the following steps:
1) Selecting a Chinese chestnut forest with the soil humidity of 30% in a valley hillside land with the north latitude of less than 24 degrees and the altitude of less than 1500 meters;
2) Carrying out weeding, soil turning, base fertilizer application and ridging operations on soil in the chestnut forest; the base fertilizer in the step 2) consists of a conventional compound fertilizer and an organic fertilizer; wherein the application amount of the conventional compound fertilizer is as follows: 20 Kg/mu; the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 1 ton/mu. The conventional compound fertilizer is N: P 2 O 5 :K 2 O is mixed according to the mass ratio of 15; the organic fertilizer is prepared by decomposing and composting cow dung and sheep dung.
The organic fertilizer is subjected to composting fermentation according to the following steps:
uniformly mixing the fallen leaves, the rice straws, the fresh cow dung and the sheep dung according to a mass ratio of 1 to 2, adjusting the water content to be 60%, transferring the obtained mixed material into a compost box for composting, turning the compost when the temperature is increased to be higher than 50 ℃, turning the compost every 3d for 1 time, reducing the temperature to be lower than 50 ℃, and turning the compost every 7d for 1 time until the temperature of the compost is reduced to the ambient temperature, and finishing composting.
3) Selecting fructus amomi seedlings with plant height of 45cm, stem thickness of 8mm, 3 buds and no plant diseases and insect pests, transplanting the fructus amomi seedlings into the soil in the Chinese chestnut forest treated in the step 2) within 4~5, wherein the relative humidity of air in the Chinese chestnut forest is 85% during transplanting; the transplanting density of the fructus amomi in the step 3) is as follows: and (3) interplanting fructus amomi in the chestnut forest according to 60 grains per square meter of the total seedlings of the fructus amomi.
4) Performing field management and protection on the transplanted fructus amomi plant, additionally applying boron fertilizer for 1 time in the bud period of the fructus amomi, and additionally applying potassium fertilizer for 2 times on the fruits in the fruit period; step 4), additionally applying boron fertilizer for 1 time in the bud period: and (3) spraying a boron-magnesium fertilizer solution with the mass concentration of 0.2% on the front and back surfaces of the villous amomum fruit leaves in the afternoon in sunny weather. Step 4), additionally applying 1 time of potassium fertilizer in the amomum fruit period: 0.5 percent of monopotassium phosphate is selected to be sprayed on the villous amomum fruit leaves and fruits in the morning of sunny weather.
5) And in the middle ten days of August of the current year of transplantation, harvesting fructus amomi when the fruit turns from bright red to purple red.
The photograph of the field planting is shown in figure 1.
Example 2
The difference from example 1 is that: the humidity of soil in the transplanted Chinese chestnut forest is 25 percent; the application amount of the conventional compound fertilizer is as follows: 15 Kg/mu; the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 1 ton/mu. And selecting fructus amomi seedlings with plant height of 50cm, stem thickness of 9mm, 10 buds and no plant diseases and insect pests. The relative humidity of the air in the Chinese chestnut forest is 95% during transplanting. 50 amomum villosum seeds are interplanted in the chestnut forest according to the total seedling number of the amomum villosum per square meter.
1~2 boron fertilizer is additionally applied to fructus Amomi in bud stage, and 1 potassium fertilizer is additionally applied to fruits in fruit stage; step 4), additionally applying 2 times of boron fertilizer in the bud period: and (3) spraying a boron-magnesium fertilizer solution with the mass concentration of 0.3% on the front and back surfaces of the villous amomum fruit leaves in the afternoon in sunny weather. Step 4), additionally applying 2 times of potash fertilizer in the amomum fruit period: 1 percent of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed on the villous amomum fruit leaves and fruits in the morning on a sunny day.
Example 3
The difference from example 1 is that: the soil humidity in the transplanted Chinese chestnut forest is 38 percent; the application amount of the conventional compound fertilizer is as follows: 25 Kg/mu; the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 2 tons/mu. And (3) selecting fructus amomi seedlings with plant height of 47cm, stem thickness of 10mm, 5 buds and no plant diseases and insect pests. The relative humidity of air in the Chinese chestnut forest is 91% during transplanting. 62 grains of fructus amomi are interplanted in the chestnut forest according to the total seedling number of the fructus amomi per square meter.
1~2 times of boron fertilizer is additionally applied to the fructus amomi in the bud stage, and 2 times of potassium fertilizer is additionally applied to the fruits in the fruit stage; step 4), additionally applying boron fertilizer for 1 time in the bud period: and (3) spraying a boron-magnesium fertilizer solution with the mass concentration of 0.1% on the front and back surfaces of the villous amomum fruit leaves in the afternoon in sunny weather. Step 4), additionally applying 1 time of potassium fertilizer in the amomum fruit period: 0.1 percent of monopotassium phosphate is selected to be sprayed on the villous amomum fruit leaves and fruits in the morning of sunny weather.
According to the method disclosed in the embodiment 1, in a valley hilly land with the altitude of less than 1500 meters and the north latitude of the Yunnan lanchoe county, a Chinese chestnut forest with the soil humidity of 25 to 38 percent in a Chinese chestnut production area is interplanted with 50 to 62 amomum villosum per square meter of the total seedlings in the Chinese chestnut forest.
After 3 years of interplanting of the fructus amomi (the transplanting day is the 3 rd year), the number of old seedlings, 18-24 strong seedlings and 16-17 seedlings of the fructus amomi in each square meter in the interplanting area are 16-21. The method has the advantages that the fructus amomi naturally forms balanced old, strong and young quantities after interplanting, the fructus amomi population is naturally balanced and stable, the yield of the fructus amomi in each year after population stabilization is favorably maintained, the situations of too many old seedlings and population fading of the fructus amomi population after interplanting can be effectively avoided, and the problems of too many seedlings and too low yield can also be avoided.
The number of the fresh fructus amomi per square meter in the interplanting area is 4-8; the weight of the single fruit of fructus amomi is 3.8g to 4.2g. Although the fruit number is reduced, the weight of the single fruit is increased, which shows that the method provided by the application can effectively promote the quality of the single fruit, thereby effectively increasing the content of effective components in the single fruit.
The yield of the fresh fructus amomi per square meter in the interplanting area is 15.2 g-33.6 g; the yield of the dried amomum villosum fruits per square meter is 3.04g to 6.72g; the interplanting method provided by the application has the advantages that the yield of the obtained dry fruits is high, the content of effective components in a single fruit is effectively improved, and the quality of the fructus amomi is favorably improved.
The content of the volatile oil of the collected fructus amomi is 3.95 mL/g-4.66 mL/g; the yield of volatile oil per square meter of fructus amomi is 12.01 mL-31.32 mL. After the interplanting method provided by the application is adopted, the content of the volatile oil in the fructus amomi is obviously improved, and the content of the fructus amomi volatile oil per mu yield in an interplanting area is obviously improved.
In conclusion, the chestnut forest interplanting elder Miao is basically consistent in the number of strong seedlings and young seedlings, the fructus amomi plant population is relatively stable, although the fruit quantity is relatively small, the weight of a single fruit is high, the dry matter accumulation is sufficient, and the yield of the fructus amomi volatile oil is improved.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in the embodiments and/or modifications of the invention can be made, and equivalents and modifications of some features of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A cultivation method for improving fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) Selecting a Chinese chestnut forest with the soil humidity of 25 to 38 percent in a valley slope land with the north latitude of less than 24 degrees and the altitude of less than 1500 meters;
2) Carrying out weeding, soil turning, base fertilizer application and ridging operations on soil in the chestnut forest;
3) Selecting fructus amomi seedlings with plant height of more than or equal to 45cm, stem thickness of more than or equal to 8mm, and number of buds of more than or equal to 3 and no plant diseases and insect pests, transplanting the fructus amomi seedlings into the soil in the Chinese chestnut forest treated in the step 2) within 4~5 months, wherein the relative humidity of the air in the Chinese chestnut forest is more than 85% during transplanting;
4) Performing field management and protection on the transplanted fructus amomi plant, additionally applying 1~2 boron fertilizers for 5363 times in the bud period of the fructus amomi, and additionally applying 1~2 potassium fertilizers on the fruit in the fruit period;
5) And in the middle ten days of August of the current year of transplantation, harvesting fructus amomi when the fruit turns from bright red to purple red.
2. The cultivation method for improving the volatile oil content of fructus amomi at the medium-low altitude as claimed in claim 1, wherein the base fertilizer in the step 2) consists of a conventional compound fertilizer and an organic fertilizer; wherein the application amount of the conventional compound fertilizer is as follows: 15-25 Kg/mu; the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 1-2 tons/mu.
3. The cultivation method for improving volatile oil content of fructus Amomi at medium-low altitude as claimed in claim 2, wherein the conventional compound fertilizer is N: P 2 O 5 :K 2 O is mixed according to the mass ratio of 15; the organic fertilizer is prepared by decomposing and composting cow dung and sheep dung.
4. The cultivation method for improving the fructus amomi volatile oil at the medium-low altitude according to claim 1, wherein the boron fertilizer is applied for 1-2 times in the bud period in the step 4): and (3) spraying a boron-magnesium fertilizer solution with the mass concentration of 0.1 to 0.3 percent on the front and back surfaces of the villous amomum fruit leaves in the afternoon in sunny weather.
5. The cultivation method for improving fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step 4), potassium fertilizer is applied for 1-2 times in the fructus amomi fruit stage: 0.1-1% of monopotassium phosphate is selected to be sprayed on the villous amomum fruit leaves and fruits in the morning on a sunny day.
6. The cultivation method for improving fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude according to claim 1, wherein the transplanting density of the fructus amomi in the step 3) is as follows: 50-62 grains of fructus amomi are interplanted in the chestnut forest according to the total seedling number of the fructus amomi per square meter.
7. The cultivation method for improving fructus amomi volatile oil at medium-low altitude according to claim 2, wherein the organic fertilizer fermentation method used in the step 2) comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing the fallen leaves, the rice straws, the fresh cow dung and the sheep dung according to a mass ratio of 1 to 2, adjusting the water content to be 60%, transferring the obtained mixed material into a compost box for composting, turning the compost when the temperature is increased to be higher than 50 ℃, turning the compost every 3d for 1 time, reducing the temperature to be lower than 50 ℃, and turning the compost every 7d for 1 time until the temperature of the compost is reduced to the ambient temperature, and finishing composting.
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