CN115308486A - Electric energy harmonic wave metering method and system - Google Patents
Electric energy harmonic wave metering method and system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an electric energy harmonic wave metering method and system, and belongs to the technical field of electric energy metering. The invention utilizes a zero crossing point detection method to detect the fundamental wave frequency in the power grid in real time, and determines each subharmonic voltage signal and current signal according to the fundamental wave frequency, thereby realizing the calculation of the electric energy harmonic wave. The method can eliminate the influence of adjacent harmonic waves and fundamental waves, overcomes the problem of frequency spectrum leakage of a fast Fourier transform method, can accurately realize the calculation of the electric energy harmonic waves, is simple to realize, has small operand, and can improve the calculation efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an electric energy harmonic wave metering method and system, and belongs to the technical field of electric energy metering.
Background
The waveform distortion of the power grid caused by the power harmonic wave has great influence on the safe and economic operation of the power system. Meanwhile, due to the fact that harmonic current caused by the nonlinear load can cause electric energy consumption on the linear load, the nonlinear load pollutes the power grid but pays less electric charge by using a traditional full electric energy metering mode, and a linear user receives harmonic pollution but pays more electric charge, so that the harmonic content and the electric energy in the power grid need to be accurately measured.
At present, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm is usually used for a harmonic measurement algorithm, but the FFT algorithm has the problems of a barrier effect and spectrum leakage, so that a calculated harmonic parameter has a large error. Both windowing and interpolation add significant computational complexity and memory; synchronous sampling needs to be corrected in combination with a hardware phase-locked loop PLL mode, the mode is mainly that synchronization with signals is achieved by adjusting a sampling clock in real time, harmonic parameters are calculated through FFT, errors caused by leakage can be reduced, but design of the PLL needs a large number of analog circuits, and design cost is remarkably increased.
In addition, energy in the power grid is mainly concentrated on fundamental waves and low-frequency odd harmonics, amplitude and phase parameters of frequency points which are not harmonic components can be calculated through FFT calculation, the frequency points do not participate in calculation of harmonic electric energy, a lot of redundant calculation can be caused, and calculation efficiency is further influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an electric energy harmonic wave metering method and system, which are used for solving the problems of large error, complex calculation and low efficiency in the conventional method for metering electric energy by adopting FFT (fast Fourier transform).
The invention provides an electric energy harmonic wave metering method for solving the technical problems, which comprises the following steps:
1) Converting the electric energy signal to be measured into a digital signal, and filtering an interference signal of the converted digital signal;
2) Carrying out zero crossing point detection on the signal subjected to the interference signal filtering operation in the step 1) to obtain the fundamental wave frequency of the electric energy signal to be detected;
3) Separating out each harmonic voltage signal and current signal of the electric energy signal to be detected based on the obtained fundamental wave frequency;
4) And calculating the electric energy harmonic wave according to the obtained voltage signal and current signal of each subharmonic wave.
The invention utilizes a zero crossing point detection method to monitor the fundamental wave frequency in the power grid in real time, and determines each harmonic voltage signal and current signal according to the fundamental wave frequency, thereby realizing the calculation of the electric energy harmonic wave. The method can eliminate the influence of adjacent harmonic waves and fundamental waves, overcomes the problem of frequency spectrum leakage of a fast Fourier transform method, can accurately realize the calculation of the electric energy harmonic waves, is simple to realize, has small calculation amount, and can improve the calculation efficiency.
Further, the interference signal filtering in the step 1) includes filtering of a direct current component, an integer harmonic, a non-integer harmonic and noise, and the filtering of the direct current component adopts a high-pass filter; the filtering of integer harmonics, non-integer harmonics and noise is performed by interpolating low pass filters.
The invention adopts the high-pass filter to filter the direct current component, and adopts the interpolation low-pass filter to filter the integer subharmonic, the non-integer subharmonic and the noise, thereby avoiding the interference of the signals and improving the precision of the zero crossing point detection fundamental wave frequency.
Further, the interpolating low-pass filter includes a shaping filter and a de-imaging filter, both of which use finite impulse response filters, and transfer functions of the shaping filter and the de-imaging filter are:
in the formula: h is p (k) Is the impulse function of the prototype filter, h ir (k) Is the impulse function of the de-mirroring filter, M is h p (k) Number of 0 insertions, N p Is the number of coefficients of the shaping filter, N ir Is the number of coefficients of the de-mirroring filter.
The invention filters integer subharmonic, non-integer subharmonic and high-frequency noise by means of the shaping filter and the image-removing filter, and can conveniently and accurately realize the filtering of the signals.
Further, the calculation formula adopted by the fundamental frequency in step 2) is as follows:
f s is the signal sampling frequency, a, b are the sample point indices, y a 、y b Is the sample value of the corresponding index, y a *y a+1 < 0 and y a ＞0，y b *y b+1 < 0 and y b > 0, a < b, it is known that the zero crossing from positive to negative is between a and a + 1.
The invention determines the fundamental frequency by using the zero crossing point detection principle, and can conveniently and quickly determine the fundamental frequency.
Further, in step 3), a second-order band-pass filter with an adjustable center frequency point is adopted to separate voltage signals and current signals of each subharmonic, and a transfer function of the second-order band-pass filter with the adjustable center frequency point is as follows:
w＝2πf h fs is the angular frequency of the harmonic, f s Is the signal sampling frequency, f c Is the fundamental frequency, f h ＝hf c Is the h-th harmonic frequency, the parameter a controls the stop band attenuation of the band-pass filter, the larger the parameter value a,the greater the stopband attenuation of the bandpass filter.
The invention extracts each harmonic signal by designing a second-order band-pass filter with adjustable central frequency point, and can carry out corresponding adjustment according to the change of fundamental wave frequency, thereby ensuring the accuracy of harmonic wave measurement when the fundamental wave frequency fluctuates.
The invention also provides an electric energy harmonic wave metering system which comprises an analog-to-digital conversion module, a direct current removing module, an interpolation low-pass filter, a zero-crossing detection module, a harmonic component separation module and a calculation module; the analog-to-digital conversion module is used for converting the electric energy signal to be detected into a digital signal; the direct current removing module is used for filtering direct current components of the converted digital signals; the interpolation low-pass filter is used for filtering integer subharmonic, non-integer subharmonic and noise of the signal of the direct current component after being filtered; the zero-crossing detection module is used for carrying out zero-crossing detection on the signal filtered by the interpolation low-pass filter to obtain the fundamental frequency of the electric energy signal to be detected; the harmonic component separation module is used for separating each harmonic voltage signal and current signal of the electric energy signal to be detected according to the fundamental frequency; and the calculation module is used for calculating the electric energy harmonic wave according to the obtained harmonic wave voltage signals and current signals.
The invention utilizes a zero crossing point detection method to monitor the fundamental wave frequency in the power grid in real time, and determines each harmonic voltage signal and current signal according to the fundamental wave frequency, thereby realizing the calculation of the electric energy harmonic wave. The method can eliminate the influence of adjacent harmonic waves and fundamental waves, overcomes the problem of frequency spectrum leakage of a fast Fourier transform method, can accurately realize the calculation of the electric energy harmonic waves, is simple to realize, has small operand, and can improve the calculation efficiency.
Further, the dc removing module adopts a high pass filter.
Further, the interpolating low-pass filter includes a shaping filter and a de-imaging filter, both of which use finite impulse response filters, and transfer functions of the shaping filter and the de-imaging filter are respectively:
in the formula: h is p (k) Is the impulse function of the prototype filter, h ir (k) Is the impulse function of the de-mirroring filter, M is h p (k) Number of 0 insertions, N p Is the number of coefficients of the shaping filter, N ir Is the number of coefficients of the de-mirroring filter.
The invention adopts the high-pass filter to filter the direct current component, and adopts the interpolation low-pass filter to filter the integer subharmonic, the non-integer subharmonic and the noise, thereby avoiding the interference of the signals and improving the precision of the zero crossing point detection fundamental wave frequency.
Further, the formula of the zero-crossing detection module for calculating the fundamental frequency is as follows:
f c is the fundamental frequency, f s Is the signal sampling frequency, a, b are the sample point indices, y a 、y b Is the sample value of the corresponding index, y a *y a+1 < 0 and y a ＞0，y b *y b+1 < 0 and y b > 0, a < b, it is known that the zero crossing from positive to negative is between a and a + 1.
Furthermore, the harmonic component separation module adopts a second-order band-pass filter with an adjustable central frequency point to separate each harmonic voltage signal from each current signal, and the transfer function of the second-order band-pass filter with the adjustable central frequency point is as follows:
w＝2πf h fs is the angular frequency of the harmonic, f s Is the signal sampling frequency, f c Is the fundamental frequency, f h ＝hf c The frequency of the h-th harmonic wave, the parameter A controls the stop band attenuation of the band-pass filter, and the larger the parameter value A is, the larger the stop band attenuation of the band-pass filter is.
According to the invention, the second-order band-pass filter with the adjustable central frequency point is designed to extract each harmonic signal, and can be correspondingly adjusted according to the change of fundamental frequency, so that the accuracy of harmonic measurement when the fundamental frequency fluctuates is ensured.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of an implementation of the harmonic measurement method of the electric energy of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following further describes embodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings.
Embodiment of electric energy harmonic wave metering method
According to the invention, the zero crossing point detection is carried out on the signal to be detected, so that the fundamental frequency of the electric energy signal to be detected is obtained; separating each harmonic voltage signal and current signal of the electric energy signal to be detected by using the obtained fundamental wave frequency; and finally, calculating the electric energy harmonic wave according to the obtained harmonic wave voltage signals and current signals. The implementation flow of the method is shown in fig. 1, and the following detailed description is made for specific implementation steps.
1. And converting the electric energy signal to be measured into a digital signal, and filtering the converted digital signal to remove an interference signal.
The electric energy signal to be detected collected in the power grid is generally an analog signal, and the collected analog signal needs to be converted into a digital signal before subsequent processing. After the analog-to-digital conversion is performed on the signal to be detected, because the signal has direct current components, integer subharmonics, non-integer subharmonics and high-frequency noise, which all affect the precision of zero crossing point detection, the invention needs to filter the interference signals.
For the direct current component signal, the invention adopts a first-order high-pass filter to filter the direct current component, and the calculation formula is as follows:
y(n)＝x(n)-x(n-1)+αy(n-1)
n is the index of the sampling point, N =1, 2.. N, x (N) is the input value of the nth point, x (N-1) is the input value of the nth point, y (N) is the output of the nth point, the parameter alpha controls the attenuation degree of the direct current component, the smaller the alpha value, the larger the attenuation degree of the direct current component, but the convergence speed is slower; the larger the value of alpha, the smaller the attenuation amount, but the faster the convergence rate, and it can be adjusted according to the magnitude of the dc offset in actual use.
Typical sampling rates of the metering chip are 6.4KHz,7.2KHz and 12.8KHz, and f is designed c The filter order of the passband (the fundamental frequency of China is usually about 50 Hz) is very high, and for signals of integer subharmonic, non-integer subharmonic and high-frequency noise, the invention adopts an interpolation low-pass filter for filtering so as to further improve the precision of zero crossing point detection fundamental frequency. The interpolating low-pass filter employed in this embodiment comprises a cascade of shaping filters H sh (z M ) And a de-image filter H ir (z M ) Stage, shaping filter transfer function is as follows:
in the formula: h is p (k) Is the impulse function of the prototype filter, M is h p (k) Number of 0 insertions, N p Is the number of shaping filter coefficients. The design criteria for the prototype filter are: pass band length = f pass * M, stop band length = f stop * M, pass band ripple passAtten and stop band ripple StopAtten, h can be obtained by designing fdantool tool box in matlab according to the design index p (k) At h in p (k) And (4) interpolating M-1 zeros among all the coefficients to obtain an impulse function of the shaping filter.
The de-mirror filter is mainly used for removing h p (k) The transfer function of the virtual image brought by zero insertion is as follows:
h ir (k) Is the impulse function of the de-mirroring filter, N ir The number of coefficients of the image removing filter is as follows: pass band length = f pass ，
The passband ripple PassAtten and the stopband ripple StopAtten can be designed according to the design index by using fdantol tool box in matlab to obtain h ir (k)。
2. And carrying out zero crossing point detection on the signal subjected to the interference processing to obtain fundamental wave frequency.
In this embodiment, a zero-crossing detection method is adopted to perform fundamental frequency detection on a signal subjected to direct current, integer and non-integer harmonic removal and high-frequency noise filtering, and the formula is as follows:
in the formula: f. of s Is the signal sampling frequency, a, b are the sample point indices, y a 、y b Is the sampled value of the corresponding index, y a *y a+1 < 0 and y a ＞0，y b *y b+1 < 0 and y b Is more than 0, a is less than b, the zero crossing point of the positive value to the negative value is between a and a +1, the next zero crossing point of the positive value to the negative value is between b and b +1, and N is equal to b-a Is the number of sample points between index b and index a. Can take multiple cycles c And averaging results further improves the detection precision of the fundamental frequency.
3. And extracting the current and voltage signals of each subharmonic wave according to the fundamental wave frequency.
Extracting respective harmonic current and voltage signals from the analog-to-digital converted signal using an infinite impulse response band pass filter having a transfer function of:
wherein w =2 π f h Fs is the angular frequency of the harmonic, f h ＝hf c Is the h-th harmonic frequency, and parameter a controls the stop band attenuation of the band pass filter. The larger the parameter value a, the larger the stopband attenuation of the bandpass filter. The fundamental frequency in an actual power grid cannot be stabilized at 50Hz, in order to ensure the accuracy of harmonic measurement when the fundamental frequency fluctuates, the central frequency of the band-pass filter must be ensured to be consistent with the harmonic frequency, and after the zero crossing point detection fundamental frequency is changed, the parameter w is adjusted in real time, and the central frequency of the filter is changed.
4. And calculating the electric energy based on the extracted harmonic current and voltage signals.
And (4) calculating harmonic power, voltage and current effective values and energy according to the harmonic voltage and current signals obtained in the step (3).
Through the process, the fundamental frequency in the power grid is monitored in real time by using a zero crossing point detection method, the central frequency point of the band-pass filter is adjusted according to the fundamental frequency, the requirement of power grid frequency change can be met, the attenuation of a stop band can be adjusted to be more than 50dB by controlling a parameter A, and the influence of adjacent harmonic waves and fundamental waves can be eliminated; the invention overcomes the problem of frequency spectrum leakage of a fast Fourier transform method, can calculate each subharmonic power, voltage and current effective values and energy with smaller calculation amount, can improve the metering precision, can reduce the calculation amount and improve the calculation efficiency.
Embodiment of electric energy harmonic wave metering system
The electric energy harmonic wave metering system in the embodiment comprises an analog-to-digital conversion module, a direct current removing module, an interpolation low-pass filter, a zero-crossing detection module, a harmonic component separation module and a calculation module; the analog-to-digital conversion module is used for converting the electric energy signal to be detected into a digital signal; the direct current removing module is used for filtering direct current components of the converted digital signals; the interpolation low-pass filter is used for filtering integral harmonics, non-integral harmonics and noise of the filtered signal of the direct current component; the zero-crossing detection module is used for carrying out zero-crossing detection on the signal filtered by the interpolation low-pass filter to obtain the fundamental frequency of the electric energy signal to be detected; the harmonic component separation module is used for separating each harmonic voltage signal and each current signal of the electric energy signal to be detected according to the fundamental frequency; and the calculation module is used for calculating the electric energy harmonic wave according to the obtained harmonic wave voltage signals and current signals. The specific implementation of each module has been described in detail in the method embodiment, and is not described herein again.
Claims (10)
1. An electric energy harmonic wave metering method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) Converting the electric energy signal to be measured into a digital signal, and filtering an interference signal of the converted digital signal;
2) Carrying out zero crossing point detection on the signal subjected to the interference signal filtering operation in the step 1) to obtain the fundamental frequency of the electric energy signal to be detected;
3) Separating out each harmonic voltage signal and current signal of the electric energy signal to be detected based on the obtained fundamental wave frequency;
4) And calculating the electric energy harmonic wave according to the obtained voltage signal and current signal of each subharmonic wave.
2. The electric energy harmonic measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the interference signal filtering in step 1) includes filtering of direct current components, integer harmonics, non-integer harmonics and noise, and the filtering of the direct current components employs a high-pass filter; the filtering of integral harmonics, non-integral harmonics and noise is implemented by interpolating low-pass filter.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the interpolating low pass filter comprises a shaping filter and a de-imaging filter, and the shaping filter and the de-imaging filter both use finite impulse response filters, and the transfer functions of the shaping filter and the de-imaging filter are respectively:
in the formula: h is a total of p (k) Is the impulse function of the prototype filter, h ir (k) Is the impulse function of the de-mirroring filter, M is h p (k) Number of 0 insertions, N p Is the number of coefficients of the shaping filter, N ir Is the number of coefficients of the de-mirroring filter.
4. The harmonic measurement method of the electric energy according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the fundamental frequency in step 2) is calculated by the following formula:
f c is the fundamental frequency, f s Is the signal sampling frequency, a, b are the sample point indices, y a 、y b Is the sample value of the corresponding index, y a *y a+1 < 0 and y a ＞0，y b *y b+1 < 0 and y b With > 0, a < b, it is known that the zero crossing from positive to negative is between a and a + 1.
5. The electric energy harmonic wave metering method according to claim 1 or 3, wherein in step 3), a second-order band-pass filter with an adjustable central frequency point is adopted to separate voltage signals and current signals of each harmonic wave, and a transfer function of the second-order band-pass filter with the adjustable central frequency point is as follows:
w＝2πf h fs is the angular frequency of the harmonic, f s Is the signal sampling frequencyRate, f c Is the fundamental frequency, f h ＝hf c The frequency of the h-th harmonic wave, the parameter A controls the stop band attenuation of the band-pass filter, and the larger the parameter value A is, the larger the stop band attenuation of the band-pass filter is.
6. The electric energy harmonic wave metering system is characterized by comprising an analog-to-digital conversion module, a direct current removing module, an interpolation low-pass filter, a zero-crossing detection module, a harmonic component separation module and a calculation module; the analog-to-digital conversion module is used for converting the electric energy signal to be detected into a digital signal; the direct current removing module is used for filtering direct current components of the converted digital signals; the interpolation low-pass filter is used for filtering integral harmonics, non-integral harmonics and noise of the filtered signal of the direct current component; the zero-crossing detection module is used for carrying out zero-crossing detection on the signal filtered by the interpolation low-pass filter to obtain the fundamental frequency of the electric energy signal to be detected; the harmonic component separation module is used for separating each harmonic voltage signal and each current signal of the electric energy signal to be detected according to the fundamental frequency; and the calculation module is used for calculating the electric energy harmonic wave according to the obtained voltage signal and current signal of each subharmonic wave.
7. The harmonic power metering system of claim 6 wherein the de-dc module employs a high pass filter.
8. The harmonic power metering system of claim 6 wherein the interpolating low pass filter comprises a shaping filter and a de-imaging filter, wherein the shaping filter and the de-imaging filter each use a finite impulse response filter, and the transfer functions of the shaping filter and the de-imaging filter are respectively:
in the formula: h is p (k) Is the impulse function of the prototype filter, h ir (k) Is the impulse function of the de-mirroring filter, M is h p (k) Number of 0 insertions, N p Is the number of coefficients of the shaping filter, N ir Is the number of coefficients of the de-mirroring filter.
9. The electric energy harmonic measurement system according to claim 6 or 8, wherein the zero-crossing detection module performs fundamental frequency calculation according to the formula:
f c is the fundamental frequency, f s Is the signal sampling frequency, a, b are the sample point indices, y a 、y b Is the sample value of the corresponding index, y a *y a+1 < 0 and y a ＞0，y b *y b+1 < 0 and y b With > 0, a < b, it is known that the zero crossing from positive to negative is between a and a + 1.
10. The electric energy harmonic measurement system according to claim 6 or 8, wherein the harmonic component separation module separates each harmonic voltage signal from each current signal by using a second-order band-pass filter with an adjustable central frequency point, and a transfer function of the second-order band-pass filter with the adjustable central frequency point is as follows:
w＝2πf h fs is the angular frequency of the harmonic, f s Is the signal sampling frequency, f c Is the fundamental frequency, f h ＝hf c Is the h-th harmonic frequency, the parameter A controls the stop band attenuation of the band-pass filter, and the larger the parameter value A is, the larger the resistance of the band-pass filter isThe greater the band attenuation.
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