CN115287894B - 一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115287894B CN115287894B CN202210970017.4A CN202210970017A CN115287894B CN 115287894 B CN115287894 B CN 115287894B CN 202210970017 A CN202210970017 A CN 202210970017A CN 115287894 B CN115287894 B CN 115287894B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法,该方法包括以下步骤:将碳材料和改性剂于溶剂中搅拌均匀,得到稳定的混合分散液;将混合分散液以高能射线辐照处理,诱发碳材料与改性剂之间发生化学缀合反应获得改性碳材料,将辐照后的分散液涂覆在织物表面;将涂覆后的织物浸入交联剂溶液中进行交联固定,随后冲洗表面后冷冻处理,最后风干,得到辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布。与现有技术相比,本发明具有工艺流程短、条件温和、设备简单、操作简便、成本低廉、适宜规模化生产等优点,有实现技术产业转化的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光热材料领域,具体涉及一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法。
背景技术
太阳能驱动的界面水蒸发技术是将太阳光转换来的热能集中在水~空气界面而最大限度的减少能量损失,并将大部分能量用于液~气相转移,有效提高光热水蒸发效率的一种新兴太阳能利用技术。因其成本低、效率高、能耗低、绿色环保,在水质净化、海水淡化和工业废水零排放处理等领域具有巨大的应用前景。光热材料是构建太阳能驱动界面水蒸发***的核心。理想的光热材料对太阳光具有较大的光谱吸收范围和较高的吸收强度,并且传热和热辐射损失要低。
基于此,研究人员将光吸收剂,如碳材料、纳米金属颗粒、金属氧化物半导体材料和共轭有机聚合物等,通过共混浇铸、涂敷、化学或物理沉积等方法与织物或膜材料复合开发出力学强度高、柔软性好的光热织物或膜材料。后者很方便地应用于太阳能驱动的界面水蒸发***,并获得比粒状光热材料更高的蒸发效率。受制于自身结构,光热织物或膜材料的理论水蒸发速率仅1.6kg m-2h-1左右。为进一步提高太阳能驱动的界面水蒸发***的蒸发速率,研究人员并以此光热织物或膜材料构建了各种结构复杂的光热界面水蒸发器件。然而,过于复杂的器件构造导致其制造成本和技术难度大增,亦不利于***维护。而且,光吸收剂与载体织物或膜材料的结合力较弱,容易脱落流失,导致光热性能下降,因而在应用中受到较多的限制。
光热水凝胶具有特殊的分子筛“活化水”效应,能够有效降低液态水在水凝胶中的蒸发焓,减少液~汽转化所需的能量从而加快光热蒸汽转化速率。其在一个标准太阳光下的水蒸发速率>2.5kg m-2h-1,普遍高于其他光热材料。然而,现今使用的光吸收剂(碳材料、半导体/金属/高分子纳米颗粒等)与凝胶基质之间的界面相互作用较弱,以及凝胶基蒸发器的表面易吸水膨胀、形貌不可控,难以满足实际应用中的严苛环境(潮汐、风浪、高盐)和复杂工况对其机械强度、光热效能稳定性等方面的高要求。
发明内容
本发明的目的就是为了克服上述现有技术存在的缺陷而提供一种力学强度高、光热性能稳定的辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法。解决现有太阳能界面蒸发用复合光热织物材料和光热水凝胶中光吸收剂与基材结合作用较弱,导致力学性能和光热稳定性较差,以及现有制备工艺成本较高、批量化生产困难等问题。
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案来实现:
一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
将碳材料和改性剂于溶剂中搅拌均匀,得到稳定的混合分散液;
将混合分散液以高能射线辐照处理,诱发碳材料与改性剂之间发生化学缀合反应获得改性碳材料,将辐照后的分散液涂覆在织物表面;
将涂覆后的织物浸入交联剂溶液中进行交联固定,随后冲洗表面后冷冻处理,最后风干,得到辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布。
进一步地,所述的碳材料包括石墨烯及其衍生物、纳米碳管及其衍生物、碳纤维、碳纳米线、碳量子点、富勒烯及其衍生物、天然石墨粉、无定形碳粉或生物炭中的一种或几种。其物理形状为粉末状、颗粒状、片状或线状;规格为市售常规规格。优选生物质石墨烯、氧化石墨烯或天然石墨粉。
进一步地,所述的改性剂为聚合物或小分子物质;所述的聚合物包括聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸及其盐、聚甲基丙烯酸及其盐、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯亚胺、聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)、聚丙烯酰胺、聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、聚甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素或羟乙基纤维素、纳米晶纤维素、葡聚糖、右旋糖酐、环糊精、淀粉、海藻酸钠或明胶中的一种或几种;所述的小分子物质包括甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯、丙烯酸羟丙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丁酯、丙烯酸羟丁酯、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、醋酸乙烯酯或2-氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯中的一种或几种。优选聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钠或丙烯酸羟乙酯。
进一步地,混合分散液中含有分散剂,该分散剂包括硬脂酸盐、油酸盐、月桂酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、木质素及其衍生物、壳聚糖及其衍生物、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、二辛基琥珀酸磺酸盐、十二烷基苯磺酸盐、甘胆酸盐、司班类表面活性剂、吐温类表面活性剂、卵磷脂、聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯共聚物、聚乙二醇或聚氧乙烯中的一种或几种。优选木质素磺酸钠或十二烷基苯磺酸钠。
进一步地,所述的高能射线包括电子束或伽马射线;所述电子束为工业电子加速器或实验室用电子加速器释放的电子束流,其吸收剂量为1-5000kGy;辐照剂量率为0.01-50000kGy h-1。更优地,吸收剂量为20-500kGy,剂量率为10-1000kGy h-1;所述伽马射线主要来自钴-60和铯-137等射线源,其吸收剂量为0.1-500kGy,剂量率为1-20000Gy h-1。更优地,吸收剂量为1-100kGy,剂量率为100-4000Gy h-1。最终优选地,吸收剂量为15-30kGy,剂量率为1000-2000Gy h-1。
进一步地,所述的织物包括织造布或非织造布;所述的织造布包括使用天然纤维或化学纤维纺织、混纺或交织而成的织物;所述的非织造布,亦即无纺布包括定向或随机排列的化学纤维通过摩擦、抱合或粘合而相互结合制成的薄片、纤网或絮垫。
进一步地,所述的交联剂包括硼酸盐、1,3-苯二硼酸盐、1,4-苯二硼酸盐、4,4'-联苯二硼酸盐、2,5-噻吩二硼酸盐、表氯醇、己二醛、戊二醛、丁二醛、乙二醛、钙盐、镁盐、铜盐、铁盐或多巴胺及其衍生物中的一种或几种。
进一步地,所述的混合分散液中碳材料的质量分数为0.01-5%,分散剂的质量分数为0-5%,改性剂的质量分数为1-15%;所述的交联剂溶液中交联剂的质量分数为0.5-50%。更优选地,交联剂的质量分数为2-10%。碳材料在溶剂中质量百分比为0.1-1%。
进一步地,所述的冷冻处理包括冷冻干燥或冷冻后利用溶剂进行融冰置换解冻处理;所述冷冻的方式为使用液氮、干冰直接接触冷冻或使用冰柜间接冷冻;冷冻的温度为-200~-4℃,时间为0.1-24h。优选地,时间为0.5-48h;更优选地,时间为6-48h。
进一步地,所述交联反应的时间为0.1-24h。更优选地,交联反应时间为0.5-6h。
进一步地,所述的溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、水、丙酮、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮或二甲基亚砜常用溶剂中的一种或几种。交联剂溶液的溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、水、丙酮、丁酮、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮或二甲基亚砜等常用溶剂中的一种或几种。
进一步地,高能射线辐照处理的气氛为真空、空气、氧气、一氧化氮、二氧化碳、氮气、氩气或氦气中的一种或几种;
进一步地,辐照处理为常温、常压、静态进行。
进一步地,涂敷方法为浇铸、喷涂、刮涂、浸涂、辊涂、丝网印刷等中的一种或几种;其具体涂敷工艺为使用相关领域常规装置在常规条件下的常规处理工艺。
进一步地,清洗剂为水和常用有机溶剂;清洗处理方法为超声清洗、机械搅拌泡洗、高压冲洗中的一种或几种;清洗剂每次用量不低于样品质量的2倍,每次清洗时间不低于15分钟,清洗次数不低于3次。
进一步地,有机溶剂融冰置换处理中的有机溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、丙酮、四氢呋喃等中的一种或几种。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点:
(1)本发明的辐照改性碳材料的方法,在室温下即可进行,无需活化、催化等特殊工艺,操作比常规化学改性法更简便易行;
(2)本发明改性碳材料后无需纯化过程,反应后物料直接作为后续涂敷的料液,简化了工艺步骤和实验装置;
(3)本发明制备光热凝胶布的方法不涉及任何苛刻的化学反应条件,复杂的反应设备或装置、繁琐的工序;
(4)本发明的过程及反应体系的配制过程相当简便,所用试剂均为廉价易得的试剂;所涉及的工艺大部分可在水相中进行,具有很好的环保性;
(5)本发明制备的光热凝胶布结合了织物的柔韧性和力学强度与水凝胶的“活化水”的特性,获得性能更优异的光热材料;
(6)综上,本发明所提供的一种基于辐照改性碳材料制备光热凝胶布的方法,具有工艺流程短、条件温和、设备简单、操作简便、成本低廉、适宜规模化生产等优点,有实现技术产业转化的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所得的辐照改性碳材料经过充分洗涤纯化后所得试样和未改性碳材料的红外谱图;
图2为实施例1所得光热凝胶布与空白棉布的SEM图;
图3为实施例1所得光热凝胶布光热测试示意图及测试浮台的红外热图;
图4为实施案1所得光热凝胶布在纯水、3.5%食盐水和100ppm甲基橙溶液中的光热测试结果;
图5为实施例2所得光热凝胶布在纯水、3.5%食盐水和100ppm甲基橙溶液中的光热测试结果;
图6为实施例3所得光热凝胶布在纯水、3.5%食盐水和100ppm甲基橙溶液中的光热测试结果。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。本实施例在以本发明技术方案为前提下进行实施,给出了详细的实施方式和具体的操作过程,但本发明的保护范围不限于下述的实施例。
一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布及其制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将碳材料、改性剂和分散剂于溶剂中搅拌均匀,得到稳定的混合分散液;碳材料为石墨烯及其衍生物、纳米碳管及其衍生物、碳纤维、碳纳米线、碳量子点、富勒烯及其衍生物、天然石墨粉、无定形碳粉、生物炭等中的一种或几种;其物理形状为粉末状、颗粒状、片状或线状;规格为市售常规规格。分散剂为硬脂酸盐、油酸盐、月桂酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、木质素及其衍生物、壳聚糖及其衍生物、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、二辛基琥珀酸磺酸盐、十二烷基苯磺酸盐,甘胆酸盐、司班类表面活性剂、吐温类表面活性剂、卵磷脂、聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯共聚物、聚乙二醇、聚氧乙烯等中的一种或几种。改性剂为聚合物或小分子物质;所述高分子改性剂为聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸及其盐、聚甲基丙烯酸及其盐、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯亚胺、聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)、聚丙烯酰胺、聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、聚甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素或羟乙基纤维素、纳米晶纤维素、葡聚糖、右旋糖酐、环糊精、淀粉、海藻酸钠、明胶中的一种或几种;所述小分子改性剂为甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯、丙烯酸羟丙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丁酯、丙烯酸羟丁酯、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、醋酸乙烯酯、2-氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯等中的一种或几种。所述混合分散液中碳材料的质量分数为0.01~5%,分散剂的质量分数为0.01~5%,改性剂的质量分数为1~15%;碳材料在溶剂或混合溶剂中质量百分比为0.1%~1%。溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、水、丙酮、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮或二甲基亚砜常用溶剂中的一种或几种。
(2)上述混合分散液在一定气氛下,以高能射线辐照处理,诱发碳材料与改性剂之间发生化学缀合反应获得改性碳材料;一定气氛为真空、空气、氧气、一氧化氮、二氧化碳、氮气、氩气或氦气中的一种或几种;辐照处理为常温、常压、静态进行。高能射线为电子束或伽马射线;所述电子束为工业电子加速器或实验室用电子加速器释放的电子束流,其吸收剂量为1-5000kGy;辐照剂量率为0.01-50000kGy h-1;更优地,吸收剂量为20-500kGy,剂量率为10-1000kGy h-1;所述伽马射线主要来自钴-60和铯-137等射线源,其吸收剂量为0.1-500kGy,剂量率为1-20000Gy h-1。更优地,吸收剂量为1-100kGy,剂量率为100-4000Gy h-1。
(3)辐照后的分散液涂覆在织物表面。涂覆后的织物被浸入交联剂溶液中进行交联固定。随后用溶剂冲洗表面后冷冻干燥,或冷冻后利用溶剂进行融冰置换解冻处理,最后自然风干,得到辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布。织物为织造布或非织造布;所述织造布为使用天然纤维或化学纤维纺织、混纺或交织而成的织物;所述非织造布,亦即无纺布为定向或随机排列的化学纤维通过摩擦、抱合或粘合而相互结合制成的薄片、纤网或絮垫。交联剂为硼酸盐、1,3-苯二硼酸盐、1,4-苯二硼酸盐、4,4'-联苯二硼酸盐、2,5-噻吩二硼酸盐、表氯醇、己二醛、戊二醛、丁二醛、乙二醛、钙盐、镁盐、铜盐、铁盐、多巴胺及其衍生物中的一种或几种。交联剂溶液的溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、水、丙酮、丁酮、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮或二甲基亚砜等常用溶剂中的一种或几种。涂敷方法为浇铸、喷涂、刮涂、浸涂、辊涂、丝网印刷等中的一种或几种;其具体涂敷工艺为使用相关领域常规装置在常规条件下的常规处理工艺。交联剂溶液中交联剂的质量分数为0.5-50%,更优选地,交联剂的质量分数为2-10%。交联反应的时间为0.1-24h,更优选地,交联反应时间为0.5-6h。清洗剂为水和常用有机溶剂;清洗处理方法为超声清洗、机械搅拌泡洗、高压冲洗中的一种或几种;清洗剂每次用量不低于样品质量的2倍,每次清洗时间不低于15分钟,清洗次数不低于3次。冷冻处理为使用液氮、干冰等直接接触冷冻或使用冰柜等间接冷冻;所述冷冻温度为-200~-4℃,冷冻时间0.1-24h。冷冻干燥处理或有机溶剂融冰置换处理的时间为0.5-48h;所述有机溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、丙酮、四氢呋喃等中的一种或几种。
实施例1
称取1.5g生物质石墨烯、150mg木质素磺酸钠和46g的水/乙醇(体积比为1:1)溶液加入辐照管中,超声分散30min后,加入2.5g聚乙烯醇,60℃下搅拌5h,使其充分溶解得到均匀的混合分散液。往分散液通入氮气,鼓泡脱氧15min后密封并放入钴(60Co)源中,按吸收剂量率为2kGy h-1,吸收剂量为30kGy的条件室温下辐照处理。为验证生物质石墨烯的改性,取部分辐照后的分散液加入清水稀释并于离心机中12000rpm下离心10min后去除上清液,再加入清水并超声分散5min后重复离心-去上清-加水分散-离心的过程。如此重复5次后,收集离心沉淀真空干燥后分析其化学成分。其余的辐照后分散液被均匀浸涂在棉布表面并将浸涂后的棉布浸泡在质量分数为5%的硼酸钠溶液中30min。然后,再用大量清水充分冲洗棉布。清洗过的棉布置于冷冻室中(-18℃)冷冻24h后浸泡于无水乙醇中融冰置换24h,最后将样品光热凝胶布自然风干。
将所得光热凝胶布于图3所示的装置上,在1个标准太阳光照射下,分别测试其对纯水、3.5%的食盐水和100ppm甲基橙溶液的光热蒸发效能。测得纯水的蒸发速率为2.97kgm-2h-1;食盐水的蒸发速率为2.48kg m-2h-1,脱盐率达到99.5%;甲基橙溶液的蒸发速率为2.63kg m-2h-1,染料脱除率为99.3%。
实施例2
称取1g生物质石墨烯、100mg木质素磺酸钠和46g的水/乙醇(体积比为1:1)溶液加入辐照管中,超声分散30min后,加入3g聚乙烯醇,60℃下搅拌5h,使其充分溶解得到均匀的混合分散液。密封后并放入钴(60Co)源中,按吸收剂量率为2kGy h-1,吸收剂量为30kGy的条件室温下辐照处理。随后将辐照后分散液均匀浸涂在棉布表面。浸涂后的棉布被浸泡在质量分数为5%的戊二醛溶液(pH~1)中12h。然后,再用大量清水充分冲洗棉布。清洗过的棉布置于冷冻室中(-18℃)冷冻24小时后浸泡于无水乙醇中融冰置换24h,最后将样品光热凝胶布自然风干。
将所得光热凝胶布于图3所示的装置上,在1个标准太阳光照射下,分别测试其对纯水、3.5%的食盐水和100ppm甲基橙溶液的光热蒸发效能。测得纯水的蒸发速率为2.26kgm-2h-1;食盐水的蒸发速率为1.88kg m-2h-1,脱盐率达到99.6%;甲基橙溶液的蒸发速率为2.1kg m-2h-1,染料脱除率为99.4%。
实施例3
称取0.75g生物质石墨烯、50mg木质素磺酸钠和47g的水溶液加入辐照管中,超声分散30min后,加入2.25g羧甲基纤维素钠,60℃下搅拌10h,使其充分溶解得到均匀的混合分散液。往混合均匀的分散液通入氮气,鼓泡脱氧15min后密封并放入钴(60Co)源中,按吸收剂量率为5kGy h-1,吸收剂量为60kGy的条件室温下辐照处理。随后将辐照后分散液均匀浸涂在棉布表面。浸涂后的棉布被浸泡在质量分数为5%的氯化铜溶液中12h。然后,再用大量清水充分冲洗棉布。清洗过的棉布置于冷冻室中(-18℃)冷冻24h后浸泡于无水乙醇中融冰置换24h,最后将样品光热凝胶布自然风干。
将所得光热凝胶布于图3所示的装置上,在1个标准太阳光照射下,分别测试其对纯水、3.5%的食盐水和100ppm甲基橙溶液的光热蒸发效能。测得纯水的蒸发速率为1.92kgm-2h-1;食盐水的蒸发速率为1.68kg m-2h-1,脱盐率达到99.3%;甲基橙溶液的蒸发速率为1.81kg m-2h-1,染料脱除率为99.5%。
实施例4
称取0.25g氧化石墨烯和47.5g水溶液加入辐照管中,超声分散30min后,加入2.5g海藻酸钠,60℃下搅拌2h,使其充分溶解得到均匀的混合分散液。密封后放入钴(60Co)源中,按吸收剂量率为2kGy h-1,吸收剂量为50kGy的条件室温下辐照处理。随后将辐照后分散液均匀浸涂在天丝布表面。浸涂后的天丝布被浸泡在质量分数为3%的氯化钙的乙醇溶液中24h。然后,再用大量清水充分冲洗棉布。清洗过的棉布置于冷冻室中(-18℃)冷冻24小时后浸泡于无水乙醇中融冰置换24h,最后将样品光热凝胶布自然风干。
将所得光热凝胶布于图3所示的装置上,在1个标准太阳光照射下,分别测试其对纯水、3.5%的食盐水和100ppm甲基橙溶液的光热蒸发效能。测得纯水的蒸发速率为1.37kgm-2h-1;食盐水的蒸发速率为1.18kg m-2h-1,脱盐率达到99.7%;甲基橙溶液的蒸发速率为1.23kg m-2h-1,染料脱除率为99.4%。
实施例5
称取1g生物质石墨烯、50mg十二烷基苯磺酸钠和47.5g的水加入辐照管中,超声处理30min后,加入2g丙烯酸羟乙酯充分磁力搅拌30min。往混合均匀的分散液通入氮气,鼓泡脱氧10min后密封并放入钴(60Co)源中,按吸收剂量率为1kGy h-1,吸收剂量为15kGy的条件室温下辐照处理。随后将辐照后分散液均匀浸涂在维纶布表面。浸涂后的维纶布被浸泡在质量分数为5%的戊二醛溶液(pH~1)中9h。然后,再用大量清水充分冲洗棉布。清洗过的棉布置于冷冻室中(-18℃)冷冻24小时后浸泡于无水乙醇中融冰置换24h,最后将样品光热凝胶布自然风干。
将所得光热凝胶布于图3所示的装置上,在1个标准太阳光照射下,分别测试其对纯水、3.5%的食盐水和100ppm甲基橙溶液的光热蒸发效能。测得纯水的蒸发速率为2.17kgm-2h-1;食盐水的蒸发速率为1.78kg m-2h-1,脱盐率达到99.4%;甲基橙溶液的蒸发速率为1.98kg m-2h-1,染料脱除率为99.6%。
实施例6
称取0.5g天然石墨粉、25mg木质素磺酸钠和48.5g的水加入辐照管中,超声处理30min后,加入1g丙烯酸羟乙酯充分磁力搅拌30min得到均匀的分散液。往混合均匀的分散液通入氮气,鼓泡脱氧15分钟后密封并放入钴(60Co)源中,按吸收剂量率为2kGy h-1,吸收剂量为30kGy的条件室温下辐照处理。随后将辐照后分散液均匀浸涂在棉布表面,并将棉布浸泡在质量分数为5%的戊二醛溶液(pH~1)中6h。然后,再用大量清水充分冲洗棉布。清洗过的棉布置于冷冻室中(-18℃)冷冻24小时后浸泡于无水乙醇中融冰置换24h,最后将样品光热凝胶布自然风干。
将所得光热凝胶布于图3所示的装置上,在1个标准太阳光照射下,
分别测试其对纯水、3.5%的食盐水和100ppm甲基橙溶液的光热蒸发效能。测得纯水的蒸发速率为1.67kg m-2h-1;食盐水的蒸发速率为1.38kg m-2h-1,脱盐率达到99.2%;甲基橙溶液的蒸发速率为1.53kg m-2h-1,染料脱除率为99.3%。
对比案例:为了阐述本实验做出样品的优越性,以下是不按照本专利设定条件做出的样品。
对比例1:
分别称取2.5g聚乙烯醇、47.5g的水/乙醇(体积比为1:1)的溶液加入烧杯中,60℃下搅拌4h,使得聚乙烯醇充分溶解。随后称取500mg生物质石墨烯加入烧杯中,超声处理30min和磁力搅拌30min后,将分散液均匀浸涂在棉布表面,然后,再用大量清水充分冲洗棉布。清洗过的棉布置于冷冻室中(-18℃)冷冻24小时后浸泡于无水乙醇中融冰置换24h,最后将样品自然风干,所得样品呈灰色。
将所得光热凝胶布于图3所示的装置上,在1个标准太阳光照射下,测得纯水的蒸发速率为0.66kg m-2h-1。其原因在于上述过程未经过交联处理,碳材料未被固定于棉布上,导致蒸发性能低下。
对比例2:
分别称取2.5g聚乙烯醇、47.5g的水/乙醇(体积比为1:1)的溶液加入烧杯中,60℃下搅拌4h,使得聚乙烯醇充分溶解。随后称取500mg生物质石墨烯加入烧杯中,磁力搅拌使其充分分散于聚乙烯醇溶液中。随后将分散液均匀浸涂在棉布表面,并将棉布浸泡在质量分数为5%的硼酸钠溶液中30min。然后,再用大量清水充分冲洗棉布。然后,再用大量清水充分冲洗棉布。清洗过的棉布置于冷冻室中(-18℃)冷冻24h后浸泡于无水乙醇中融冰置换24h,最后将样品自然风干,所得颜色呈斑驳黑灰色。
将所得光热凝胶布于图3所示的装置上,在1个标准太阳光照射下,测得纯水的蒸发速率为1.08kg m-2h-1。然而,经过8h蒸发实验后,样品表面有黑色材料脱落。这是因为上述对比例未对碳材料做改性处理,碳材料的分散性差,聚集严重,且未与凝胶网络交联,导致其物理稳定性差,在光热蒸发过程中脱落,也影响了其蒸发性能。
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非是对本发明作其它形式的限制,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员可能利用上述揭示的技术内容加以变更或改型为等同变化的等效实施例。但是凡是未脱离本发明技术方案内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与改型,仍属于本发明技术方案的保护范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法,其特征在于,该方法包括以下步骤:
将碳材料和改性剂于溶剂中搅拌均匀,得到稳定的混合分散液;
将混合分散液以高能射线辐照处理,将辐照后的分散液涂覆在织物表面;
将涂覆后的织物浸入交联剂溶液中进行交联固定,随后冲洗表面后冷冻处理,最后风干,得到辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布;
混合分散液中含有分散剂;
所述的混合分散液中碳材料的质量分数为0.01-5%,分散剂的质量分数为0-5%,改性剂的质量分数为1-15%;所述的交联剂溶液中交联剂的质量分数为0.5-50%;
所述的碳材料包括石墨烯及其衍生物、碳纤维、碳纳米线、碳量子点、富勒烯及其衍生物、天然石墨粉、无定形碳粉或生物炭中的一种或几种;
所述的改性剂为聚合物或小分子物质;所述的聚合物包括聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯亚胺、聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、聚甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素或羟乙基纤维素、纳米晶纤维素、葡聚糖、右旋糖酐、环糊精、淀粉、海藻酸钠或明胶中的一种或几种;所述的小分子物质包括甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯、丙烯酸羟丙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丁酯、丙烯酸羟丁酯、醋酸乙烯酯或2-氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯中的一种或几种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法,其特征在于,所述分散剂包括硬脂酸盐、油酸盐、月桂酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、木质素及其衍生物、壳聚糖及其衍生物、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、二辛基琥珀酸磺酸盐、十二烷基苯磺酸盐、甘胆酸盐、司班类表面活性剂、吐温类表面活性剂、卵磷脂、聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯共聚物、聚乙二醇或聚氧乙烯中的一种或几种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的高能射线包括电子束或伽马射线;吸收剂量为1-5000 kGy;辐照剂量率为0.01-50000kGy h−1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的织物包括织造布或非织造布;所述的织造布包括使用天然纤维或化学纤维纺织、混纺或交织而成的织物;所述的非织造布包括定向或随机排列的化学纤维通过摩擦、抱合或粘合而相互结合制成的薄片、纤网或絮垫。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的交联剂包括硼酸盐、1,3-苯二硼酸盐、1,4-苯二硼酸盐、4,4'-联苯二硼酸盐、2,5-噻吩二硼酸盐、表氯醇、己二醛、戊二醛、丁二醛、乙二醛、钙盐、镁盐、铜盐、铁盐或多巴胺及其衍生物中的一种或几种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的冷冻处理包括冷冻干燥或冷冻后利用溶剂进行融冰置换解冻处理;所述冷冻的方式为使用液氮、干冰直接接触冷冻或使用冰柜间接冷冻;冷冻的温度为-200~-4℃,时间为0.1-24h。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种辐照改性碳基光热凝胶布的制备方法,其特征在于,所述交联反应的时间为0.1-24 h。
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