CN115194180B - Heat treatment method for homogenizing titanium alloy tissue produced by additive - Google Patents
Heat treatment method for homogenizing titanium alloy tissue produced by additive Download PDFInfo
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- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001040 Beta-titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001931 thermography Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 101000686227 Homo sapiens Ras-related protein R-Ras2 Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 102100025003 Ras-related protein R-Ras2 Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- PXXKQOPKNFECSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum rhodium Chemical compound [Rh].[Pt] PXXKQOPKNFECSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/64—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by thermal means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
- B33Y40/20—Post-treatment, e.g. curing, coating or polishing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/16—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of other metals or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/18—High-melting or refractory metals or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/183—High-melting or refractory metals or alloys based thereon of titanium or alloys based thereon
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Abstract
The invention discloses a heat treatment method for homogenizing additive manufacturing titanium alloy tissues, which can avoid non-uniform precipitation of alpha phase in the traditional furnace-following heating or furnace-entering heat treatment method, so as to homogenize additive manufacturing titanium alloy tissues. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, completing preparation of a titanium alloy component manufactured by defect-free additive through optimization of technological parameters; then carrying out short-time homogenization treatment on the titanium alloy manufactured by the additive above the phase transition point, and then rapidly cooling to obtain a full beta-phase or martensitic structure; the homogenized titanium alloy component is quickly reached to the target temperature by controlling gas cooling and induction coil heating, and heat treatment is carried out; finally, the titanium alloy member is cooled to obtain a homogenized structure.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of metal additive manufacturing, in particular to a heat treatment method for homogenizing titanium alloy structures manufactured by additive manufacturing.
Background
The advanced aviation equipment pursues light weight, high performance and high reliability, and the application requirement on the titanium alloy integral structure is increasingly urgent, and the application level of the titanium alloy integral structure is also one of important indexes for measuring the advancement of the titanium alloy integral structure. The additive manufacturing technology based on the 'discrete and stacking' manufacturing concept can realize the die-free, rapid and high-performance near-net forming of the high-performance complex metal structure, has wide application prospect in the field of manufacturing high-end equipment titanium alloy integral components, and plays an important role in a plurality of key models in China.
However, the complex thermal cycle in the additive manufacturing process causes a non-uniform alpha phase in the titanium alloy member, and the non-uniform tissue characteristic seriously affects the mechanical properties of the formed member, particularly reduces the stability of the mechanical properties of the titanium alloy member in additive manufacturing, and becomes a significant obstacle for restricting the application of the technology in more fields. Because the phase transformation process of the titanium alloy follows the Bosch orientation relationship and the strong tissue genetics, the traditional heat treatment method of heating with the furnace or feeding the titanium alloy into the furnace can only reduce the non-uniformity degree of alpha phase to a certain extent, and the preparation of the titanium alloy component with uniform tissue characteristics still faces great challenges.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art and provides a heat treatment method for homogenizing titanium alloy structures produced by additive manufacturing. According to the method, the gas cooling and the induction coil heating are controlled to enable the titanium alloy component manufactured by the additive to quickly reach the target temperature and perform heat treatment, so that non-uniform precipitation of alpha phase in the traditional furnace-following heating or furnace-entering heat treatment method is avoided, and the structure of the titanium alloy manufactured by the additive is homogenized.
The aim of the invention can be achieved by adopting the following technical scheme:
a heat treatment method for homogenizing additive manufacturing titanium alloy tissue, which is characterized in that a titanium alloy component is freely formed in an inert gas protection chamber through additive manufacturing technology without a mould; then carrying out short-time homogenization treatment on the titanium alloy component manufactured by the additive above the alloy transformation point, and then rapidly cooling to obtain a full beta-phase or martensitic structure; the homogenized titanium alloy component is quickly reached to the target temperature by controlling gas cooling and induction coil heating, and heat treatment is carried out; finally, the titanium alloy member was cooled to obtain a homogenized structure.
The heat treatment method comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing a titanium alloy component in an inert gas protection chamber by adopting optimized additive manufacturing process parameters;
s2, carrying out homogenization treatment at a temperature higher than the transformation point of the titanium alloy, completely dissolving alpha phase on the premise of ensuring that original beta grains are not coarsened, and rapidly cooling to obtain a titanium alloy component with a single beta phase or martensitic structure;
s3, controlling gas cooling and induction coil heating to enable the homogenized titanium alloy component to quickly reach a target temperature and performing heat treatment;
and S4, cooling the titanium alloy member after heat treatment to obtain a homogenized structure.
Further, the heat source for additive manufacturing in step S1 is selected from one or more of laser, arc, and electron beam, and the selected high-energy heat source should be capable of melting titanium alloy with high melting point.
Further, in the step S1, the titanium alloy powder is selected from one of alpha+beta titanium alloy, alpha titanium alloy and beta titanium alloy, the grain size of the selected titanium alloy powder is 50-150 mu m, and the titanium alloy powder is dried in a vacuum oven at the temperature of about 100-120 ℃ so as to reduce the influence of moisture absorption of the powder on the formation of a sample and ensure that the powder has good fluidity.
Further, in step S2, the fast cooling mode is selected from one of air cooling, water cooling and oil cooling, and the fast cooling speed is enough to make the α phase not precipitate out, so that the homogenized structure at high temperature can be maintained.
Further, the temperature of the titanium alloy member in step S3 is directly obtained by a thermocouple or an infrared thermal imaging technique. The measurement accuracy is high, the temperature control accuracy is less than or equal to 2 ℃, when the thermocouple is used for measuring the temperature, a platinum rhodium thermocouple wire is welded on a titanium alloy member through spot welding, and an included angle of 30 degrees is formed between the anode and the cathode; when infrared thermal imaging temperature measurement is adopted, the titanium alloy component is not required to be contacted.
Further, the method of rapidly reaching the target temperature in step S3 is rapid cooling from a high temperature or rapid heating from a low temperature, i.e. cooling to the target temperature from above the phase transition point with extremely rapid cooling or heating from room temperature to the target temperature with a certain heating rate.
Further, the heat treatment in step S3 is one of annealing treatment, double annealing, multiple annealing, and solid solution aging treatment, and the morphology, size, volume fraction, and other characteristics of the α -phase are adjusted by adjusting the temperature, holding time, cooling rate, and the like of the heat treatment.
Further, the cooling mode of the sample in step S4 is one of furnace cooling, air cooling, water cooling, air cooling and oil cooling, and the morphology, size and volume fraction of the α -phase are adjusted by adjusting the cooling speed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
(1) According to the heat treatment method for homogenizing the titanium alloy structure for additive manufacturing, provided by the invention, the gas cooling and the induction coil heating are controlled to enable the titanium alloy component for additive manufacturing to quickly reach the target temperature and perform heat treatment, so that the non-uniform precipitation of alpha phase in the traditional furnace-following heating or furnace-entering heat treatment method is avoided, and the structure of the titanium alloy for additive manufacturing is homogenized.
(2) The heat treatment system is flexible to select, and can obtain the alpha lath in the crystal with more uniform distribution than the traditional heat treatment scheme on the premise of not changing the morphology and the size of the equiaxed beta crystal grains by combining the heat treatment schemes such as the traditional annealing treatment, double annealing, multiple annealing, solid solution aging treatment and the like, wherein the width of the alpha lath is controllable from nano level to micro level.
(3) The heat treatment method for manufacturing the titanium alloy structure by homogenizing the additive can obtain the intra-crystal alpha lath with uniform distribution and controllable size, and provides feasibility for solving the problems of poor mechanical property stability and predictability and the like caused by non-uniform alpha phase in the traditional heat treatment system.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation on the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a single beta phase structure of a Ti17 titanium alloy produced by laser additive material after homogenization treatment in example 1 of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the homogenization structure of Ti17 titanium alloy produced by laser additive manufacturing in example 1 of this invention in comparison with a conventional heat treatment process;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the comparison of the homogenized structure of Ti17 titanium alloy produced by laser additive manufacturing in example 1 of the present invention with the size distribution of alpha laths by a conventional heat treatment method;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a single martensitic structure of the TC21 titanium alloy produced by arc additive after homogenization treatment in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the homogenization structure of the TC21 titanium alloy for arc additive manufacturing in example 2 of the present invention in comparison to a conventional heat treatment process;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the comparison of the homogenization structure of the TC21 titanium alloy with the size distribution of the alpha slab of the conventional heat treatment process for arc additive manufacturing in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method of heat treatment for homogenizing an additive fabricated titanium alloy structure, as disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 7, the embodiment specifically discloses a method for homogenizing heat treatment of a Ti17 titanium alloy structure manufactured by laser additive, which comprises the following implementation steps:
the first step: setting the laser power (1500W), the spot diameter (5 mm) and the scanning speed (10 mm/s), and setting the powder feeding amount to 10r/min to finish the preparation of the Ti17 titanium alloy component by laser additive manufacturing.
And a second step of: and (3) carrying out short-time homogenization treatment for 20min at a temperature (910 ℃) higher than the transformation point of the Ti17 titanium alloy, completely dissolving alpha phase on the premise of ensuring that original beta grains are not coarsened, and carrying out air cooling to obtain the titanium alloy component with a single beta phase structure, wherein the obtained homogenized single beta phase structure is shown in figure 1.
And a third step of: the Ti17 titanium alloy member is rapidly heated to 720 ℃ by controlling gas cooling and induction coil heating, and is subjected to heat preservation annealing treatment for 1 hour.
Fourth step: and cooling the Ti17 titanium alloy member manufactured by the laser additive after heat treatment to obtain a homogenized structure, wherein the structure is a basket structure with uniformly distributed alpha strips.
Comparative example 1
For the traditional heat treatment method for manufacturing Ti17 titanium alloy by laser additive, manufacturing a Ti17 titanium alloy component by laser additive, testing by a metallographic method to obtain a phase transition point of 890+/-10 ℃, then heating to a temperature higher than the phase transition point of the Ti17 titanium alloy by using the same heat treatment furnace for short-time homogenization treatment, and then rapidly cooling to 720 ℃ for 1h of heat preservation annealing treatment; the homogenization temperature is 910 ℃; the homogenization time is 20min; the lofting mode is Wen Fangyang; the preparation method of the Ti17 titanium alloy by laser additive manufacturing is the same as the first step of the embodiment 1.
The comparison of the homogenized structure obtained in example 1 and comparative example 1 with the conventional heat-treated structure is shown in fig. 2, the corresponding width distribution of alpha laths is shown in fig. 3, the structure obtained by homogenizing heat treatment of the left half of fig. 2 and the left half of fig. 3 is a basket structure with concentrated alpha lath distribution, the conventional heat-treated structure of the right half of fig. 2 and the right half of fig. 3 is an uneven alpha lath with bimodal width distribution, and residual beta phase exists among part of the alpha laths.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 7, the embodiment specifically discloses a heat treatment method for homogenizing an arc additive manufacturing TC21 titanium alloy structure, which comprises the following implementation steps:
the first step: given the current (150A) and the scanning speed (1 m/min), the preparation of the TC21 titanium alloy component by arc additive manufacturing is completed.
And a second step of: and (3) carrying out homogenization treatment for 20min at a temperature (1000 ℃) higher than the transformation point of the TC21 titanium alloy, completely dissolving alpha phase on the premise of ensuring that the original beta crystal grains are not coarsened, and carrying out air cooling to obtain the titanium alloy component with a single martensitic structure, wherein the obtained homogenized martensitic structure is shown in figure 4.
And a third step of: the titanium alloy component is quickly heated to 800 ℃ by controlling gas cooling and induction coil heating, and then is cooled to 600 ℃ for 1h of heat preservation.
Fourth step: the heat treated arc additive manufactured TC21 titanium alloy member was cooled to obtain a homogenized structure, which was a uniformly distributed α -lath.
Comparative example 2
For the traditional heat treatment method for manufacturing TC21 titanium alloy by using the arc additive, testing by a metallographic method to obtain a phase transition point of 975+/-5 ℃, heating to a temperature higher than the phase transition point of TC21 titanium alloy by using the same heat treatment furnace for short-time homogenization treatment, rapidly cooling to 800 ℃ for 1h heat preservation treatment, and cooling to 600 ℃ for 1h heat preservation treatment; the homogenization temperature is 1000 ℃; the homogenization time is 20min; the lofting mode is Wen Fangyang; the arc additive manufacturing TC21 titanium alloy was prepared in the same manner as in the first step of example 2.
The comparison of the homogenized structure obtained by example 2 and comparative example 2 with the conventional heat-treated structure is shown in fig. 5, the corresponding width distribution of alpha laths is shown in fig. 6, the homogenized heat-treated structure in the left half of fig. 5 and the left half of fig. 6 is a uniformly distributed alpha lath, the conventional heat-treated structure is a non-uniform alpha lath having a bimodal width distribution, and the beta transus structure exists inside part of crystal grains in the right half of fig. 5 and the right half of fig. 6.
The above examples are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the above examples, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications that do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be made in the equivalent manner, and the embodiments are included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A heat treatment method for homogenizing an additive-fabricated titanium alloy structure, comprising the steps of:
s1, preparing a titanium alloy component in an inert gas protection chamber by adopting optimized additive manufacturing process parameters;
s2, carrying out homogenization treatment at a temperature higher than the transformation point of the titanium alloy, completely dissolving alpha phase on the premise of ensuring that original beta grains are not coarsened, and rapidly cooling to obtain a titanium alloy component with a single beta phase or martensitic structure;
s3, controlling gas cooling and induction coil heating to enable the homogenized titanium alloy component to quickly reach a target temperature and performing heat treatment; the method for quickly reaching the target temperature is to quickly cool from high temperature or quickly raise the temperature from low temperature, and the heat treatment mode is one of multiple annealing and solid solution aging treatment;
and S4, cooling the titanium alloy member after heat treatment, wherein the cooling mode is air cooling, and the intra-crystal alpha lath structure with uniform distribution and controllable size is obtained.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat source for the additive manufacturing in step S1 is one or more selected from the group consisting of laser, arc, and electron beam.
3. The heat treatment method for homogenizing additive manufacturing titanium alloy tissue of claim 1, wherein the titanium alloy powder in step S1 is selected from one of an alpha + beta titanium alloy, an alpha titanium alloy, and a beta titanium alloy.
4. The heat treatment method for homogenizing additive manufacturing titanium alloy structure of claim 1, wherein the rapid cooling mode in step S2 is one selected from air cooling, water cooling, and oil cooling.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the titanium alloy component in step S3 is obtained by thermocouple or infrared thermal imaging.
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