CN115184990B - Microseism monitoring and observing method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a microseism monitoring and observing method, which relates to the technical field of microseism monitoring and observing, and is characterized in that according to geological parameters such as stratum inclination angle, interface depth, longitudinal and transverse wave velocity, density and absorption factor Q, engineering parameters such as relative position of a fracturing well monitoring well, well track and the like, through forward modeling, wave front diffusion compensation, stratum absorption attenuation, transmission coefficient and the like are combined, and the direct wave amplitude of a ground observation point and the first arrival wave of an observation point in the monitoring well are obtained; determining the effective receiving range of the ground detector by taking a preset threshold as a critical point according to the direct wave amplitude curve of the ground observation point; determining an effective receiving area of a geophone in a well according to the distribution condition of the first-motion waves; and arranging the detectors according to the effective receiving range of the ground detectors and/or the effective receiving area of the borehole detectors to carry out microseismic monitoring observation. The invention can simultaneously or respectively carry out micro-seismic ground observation and micro-seismic well observation, and improves the utilization rate of the geophone by reasonably designing the position of the geophone.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of microseism monitoring observation, in particular to a microseism monitoring observation method.
Background
The micro-seismic monitoring technology is a new geophysical technology developed in the 20 th century, and is a geophysical technology for monitoring the influence, effect and underground state of production activities by observing and analyzing micro-seismic events generated in the production activities. The method can be applied to a plurality of fields such as oil gas development, coal mine monitoring, mine pressure monitoring, geological disaster monitoring and the like.
According to the arrangement position of the geophone, the microseism monitoring technology is divided into borehole microseism monitoring and ground microseism monitoring, when the geophone is arranged, only two parameters of the depth of a target layer and the length of a horizontal well section are usually referred, and factors influencing seismic wave propagation distance and energy such as stratum speed, dip angle and absorption attenuation are not considered, so that more ineffective geophones are generated, resource waste is caused, and meanwhile, the detection accuracy is influenced.
Therefore, how to improve the effectiveness of the detector setting, improve the utilization rate of the detector, and more scientifically perform microseism monitoring observation is a problem that needs to be solved urgently by the technical personnel in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present invention provides a microseism monitoring and observing method to overcome the above technical problems.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a microseism monitoring observation method comprises the following steps:
collecting geological parameters and engineering parameters;
according to geological parameters and engineering parameters, a work area geological model is established, the position of a micro-seismic excitation point is determined, and the effective receiving range of a ground detector and/or the effective receiving area of a borehole detector are/is determined through forward simulation;
and setting the detectors to carry out microseism monitoring observation according to the effective receiving range of the ground detectors and/or the effective receiving area of the borehole detectors.
Optionally, the method for determining the effective receiving range of the ground detector comprises: according to geological parameters and engineering parameters, a work area geological model is established, the position of a microseism excitation point is determined, and through forward simulation, wave front diffusion compensation, stratum absorption attenuation and transmission coefficients are combined to obtain the direct wave amplitude of a ground observation point; and determining the effective receiving range of the ground detector by taking a preset threshold as a critical point according to the amplitude curve of the direct wave of the ground observation point.
Optionally, the method for determining the effective receiving area of the borehole detector comprises: according to geological parameters and engineering parameters, establishing a work area geological model, determining the position of a micro-seismic excitation point and the relative position of an observation point and the micro-seismic excitation point in a monitoring well, and acquiring a first-arrival wave of the observation point in the monitoring well through forward simulation; and determining the effective receiving area of the detector in the well according to the distribution of the first arrival waves.
Optionally, the geological parameters include a formation dip angle, an interface depth, a longitudinal and transverse wave velocity, a density, an absorption factor Q, and the like, and the engineering parameters include a relative position of a fracturing well monitoring well, a well trajectory, and the like.
Through the geological parameters, factors such as the wave front diffusion effect of seismic waves, stratum absorption attenuation, the polarization characteristic of the seismic waves, stratum inclination angles and the like are considered during forward simulation, and the amplitude energy can be reflected more accurately.
Optionally, the preset threshold is 50% of the energy of the microseism excitation point, and a range in which the amplitude of the direct wave of the ground observation point is greater than 50% of the energy of the microseism excitation point is determined as an effective receiving range of the ground detector.
Optionally, the forward simulation is performed by ray tracing.
Optionally, the method for determining the effective receiving area of the borehole geophone according to the distribution of the first-motion waves comprises: and determining the region taking the initial wave as the direct wave as the effective receiving region of the borehole geophone.
Optionally, the detectors are arranged in the effective receiving range of the ground detector and/or the effective receiving area of the borehole detector at equal intervals, the detection signals of the detectors are remotely transmitted to a terminal, the positions of the micro-seismic event points are obtained through data processing, the positions of the points are displayed in a three-dimensional mode, and micro-seismic monitoring and observation are achieved.
According to the technical scheme, the invention discloses and provides a microseism monitoring and observing method, and compared with the prior art, the microseism monitoring and observing method has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The method can determine the effective receiving length of the ground micro-seismic monitoring measuring line in different directions through forward simulation according to a geological model (comprising parameters such as a stratum inclination angle, an interface depth, a longitudinal and transverse wave speed, density, an absorption factor Q and the like), so that a more targeted observation effect is formed, the current situation of mechanical uniform measuring line distribution is broken through, the observation effect is more accordant with the actual geological model, and the utilization rate of the detector is improved.
(2) When the micro-earthquake monitoring and observation device is used for monitoring and observing the micro-earthquake, the influence of various parameters on the earthquake wave propagation process is fully considered, the longitudinal and transverse wave propagation rules are simulated, the effective receiving range is determined, and the geophones are arranged in the effective range, so that on one hand, the geophone waste is avoided, and on the other hand, the interference of the geophones on positioning is reduced.
(3) The invention can simultaneously or respectively carry out micro-seismic ground observation and micro-seismic well observation, and provides a basis for the improvement of micro-seismic monitoring construction design.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the attenuation of seismic wave energy in example 1;
FIG. 2 (a) is a schematic diagram of total reflection of an inclined layered medium in a short range of a detector arrangement in example 2;
FIG. 2 (b) is a schematic diagram of total reflection of a tilted layered medium in the case of a longer range of the detector arrangement in example 2;
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the attenuation of the seismic wave energy in the dipping strata in example 3;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the ray tracing result at the nearest monitoring distance;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a forward modeling result of a waveform at a closest monitoring distance;
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating ray tracing results at the farthest monitoring distance;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a forward modeling result of a waveform at the farthest monitoring distance;
FIG. 8 is a software function interface diagram;
FIG. 9 is a diagram of a pre-set interface for micro-seismic ground observation;
FIG. 10 is a ray tracing and ray energy diagram for a microseismic ground survey;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view of observation and ray analysis in a microseismic well;
FIG. 12 is a graph showing the results of single interface ray energy analysis;
FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of the method steps of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a Fermat principle schematic;
FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of the variation of the wavefront in a homogeneous medium.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The embodiment of the invention discloses a microseism monitoring and observing method, which is shown in figure 13 and has the following design principle:
1. and collecting and determining geological parameters and engineering parameters.
The geological parameters comprise a stratum inclination angle, an interface depth, a longitudinal wave speed, a transverse wave speed, a density, an absorption factor Q and the like, and the engineering parameters comprise a relative position of a fracturing well monitoring well, a well track and the like.
2. And determining the effective receiving range of the ground detector.
A geological model of a work area is built, a stratum inclination angle, an interface depth, a longitudinal wave velocity, a transverse wave velocity, a density, an absorption factor Q and a relative position of a fracturing well monitoring well are input, forward modeling is carried out through ray tracing, wave front diffusion compensation, stratum absorption attenuation, a transmission coefficient and the like are considered, and the direct wave amplitude of a ground observation point is obtained; determining the effective receiving range of the ground detector by taking a preset threshold as a critical point according to the amplitude curve of the direct wave of the ground observation point;
the specific method for performing forward simulation through ray tracing comprises the following steps:
ray tracing is to obtain the seismic wave propagation path and propagation time from the excitation point to the demodulator probe according to the geologic model under the condition of setting the positions of the excitation point and the demodulator probe. The calculation method includes a pilot shot method and a bending method.
The shooting method is based on Snell's law: assuming that the longitudinal and transverse wave velocities of different layers are respectively upsilon P1 ，υ S1 ，υ P2 ，υ S2 ，···，υ Pi ，υ Si The angle of incidence of the wave is represented by θ P1 ，θ S1 ，θ P2 ，θ S2 ，···，θ Pi ，θ Si Expressed, then snell's law can be expressed as:
wherein P is a ray parameter.
The trial projection method determines a ray path by modifying the emergent direction of rays at an excitation point and calculating a proper incident angle at which the emergent rays can reach a detection point.
The bending method is based on the fermat principle: the propagation path of a wave in various media satisfies the condition that the time taken is the shortest. According to the method, the initial path connecting the excitation point and the receiving point is disturbed, the intersection point coordinates of the ray path and each stratum interface are continuously and iteratively modified until the travel time minimum criterion is met, and the calculation efficiency of the method is improved.
The Fermat principle is as follows: in fig. 14, the solid line represents the actual propagation path of the seismic wave, the dotted line represents other imaginary paths, and the solid line represents the shortest propagation time among all paths.
1. Wave front diffusion compensation:
assuming that the medium is uniform, when the seismic wave propagates in the underground medium, as the propagation time increases, the wavefront surface can be regarded as a spherical surface with the seismic source as the center, which is continuously enlarged, so that under the condition that the total energy emitted by the seismic source is not changed, the energy per unit area on the wavefront surface is continuously reduced, and the amplitude of the received seismic wave is continuously reduced.
As shown in fig. 15, assuming the total energy of the source is E, the energy density on the wavefront surface at any time is:
wherein E is the total energy; r-wave propagation distance; v-the propagation velocity of the wave; t-the propagation time of the wave.
According to equation 2, the energy density of the wavefront at r =1 is:
from equation 2 and equation 3, equation 4 can be derived, which can represent the wavefront diffusion energy attenuation ratio:
2. absorption and attenuation of stratum:
since the formation medium is usually not completely elastic, in addition to the attenuation of the amplitude of the seismic wave due to wave front diffusion, the absorption of the formation also causes the amplitude of the seismic wave to be exponentially attenuated with increasing propagation distance. Assume that the initial amplitude produced when the seismic source excites a seismic wave is A 0 Where A is the amplitude of the seismic wave at a distance r from the seismic source, and α is the absorption coefficient of the medium, then:
A＝A 0 e -αr (formula 5)
The amplitude attenuation factor due to formation absorption is:
in the formula, t is the travel time of the seismic wave propagation distance r; beta-the attenuation coefficient of the medium.
β = α ν (formula 7)
Where ν is the propagation velocity of seismic waves in the medium.
In the actual process of processing seismic data, a quality factor Q is often used to describe the attenuation energy of the formation to the seismic wave, and the quality factor represents the ratio of the originally stored energy E to the consumed energy Δ E after the seismic wave propagates by a wavelength λ, that is:
and (3) removing high-order terms after the above formula is expanded to obtain the relation between the quality factor Q and the absorption coefficient:
in the formula, f represents the frequency of seismic waves;
the relationship between the quality factor and the attenuation factor can be obtained from equation 6 and equation 9:
thus in a non-perfectly elastic medium, the high frequency components of the seismic waves attenuate faster than the low frequency components.
3. Transmission coefficient:
according to the Zoeppritz equation, the reflection coefficient and the projection coefficient are related to the formation velocity, the density, the incident angle, and the like as follows:
wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
in the formula, R PP ，R PS ，T PP ，T PS The reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient of a reflected P wave, a reflected SV wave, a transmitted P wave and a transmitted SV wave expressed by displacement amplitude respectively; b 1 ，B 2 ，B 3 ，B 4 ，B 5 Is the displacement amplitude of each wave. ρ is a unit of a gradient 1 ，ρ 2 ，υ P1 ，υ P2 ，υ S1 ，υ S2 The density and the longitudinal and transverse wave propagation speeds of the medium are shown, alpha represents an incident angle, beta represents a reflection angle, and alpha ′ And beta ′ Is the transmission angle. According to snell's law, the reflection angle and the transmission angle can be expressed as a function of the incident angle α, and thus the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient are actually related to the incident angle as well as the medium density and the longitudinal and transverse wave velocities.
In the following, taking an inclined stratum model as an example, the observation optimization is performed by considering factors such as a total reflection critical point and stratum attenuation, and the like as follows.
Example 1: observation optimization with formation attenuation factor as constraint
Due to different propagation paths of seismic waves, micro-seismic signals received by the ground detectors are attenuated to different degrees, and the amplitude energy received by each detector is also obviously different. When the attenuation degree of the amplitude energy is large, the detector cannot monitor an effective signal easily, and a plurality of factors causing the amplitude attenuation exist.
In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 1, a red explosion symbol indicates a fracture position of a destination layer, that is, a position of an excitation point, and an arrangement design in different directions is performed by using a projection of the position on the ground as a coordinate origin, where both sides of the design origin in fig. 1 have an arrangement length of 2000m, and energy of the excitation point is 1, and an amplitude of a direct wave received by each receiving point is calculated. When the wave front diffusion effect of the seismic waves is considered, the green curve in fig. 1 reflects the amplitude energy (the coordinate axis marks the amplitude) of the direct waves of different receiving points; after adding absorption attenuation to the formation, the amplitude energy is further reduced (see blue curve in fig. 1); further considering the polarization characteristics of the seismic waves, a red hyperbola is obtained through simulation, and the amplitude energy can be reflected more objectively. In a specific embodiment, the signal cannot be effectively received and identified when the amplitude is determined to be attenuated to half of the initial energy, and the effective receiving length of the array is determined to be about 1400m through numerical simulation of the geological model.
Example 2: observing and optimizing by taking total reflection critical point as constraint
When a well is designed for ground micro-seismic monitoring, the present embodiment determines the array monitoring length to be 3200m according to the design criteria required by technical regulations. However, the shallow velocity of the well is lower than the deep velocity, the signal is propagated from the deep layer to the shallow interface and may be totally reflected at a certain critical point, and the arrangement beyond the critical point cannot receive the direct wave transmission signal and is regarded as invalid arrangement in microseism monitoring.
When a crack occurs, if the detector array is short, the ray emergence angle is small, and all the arranged detectors can receive microseismic signals (see fig. 2 (a)); if the alignment length is increased, total reflection occurs in the formation in the direction of the formation inclination (see fig. 2 (b)). Through ray tracing, it is determined that the formation updip direction can receive direct wave transmission signals within the range of 2800m of the ground surface projection point, no effective signals can be monitored within the range of 2900-3200m in an arrangement mode, and detector waste is avoided.
Example 3: observation optimization by taking stratum inclination angle as constraint
When the formation inclination angle is larger (see fig. 3), the difference between the signal energies received by the detectors on two sides perpendicular to the structure trend is larger, and the energy received in the upward inclination direction is far smaller than that received in the downward inclination direction under the condition of the same offset distance. Under the geological model of FIG. 3, the amplitude energy received by a detector with a formation dip offset of 2000m is comparable to the amplitude energy received at 1600m dip. Therefore, when designing, the arrangement length can be proportionally distributed according to the amplitude energy variation characteristics, and the ratio of the arrangement length in the upward direction to the arrangement length in the downward direction from the central point is set as 4.
3. An effective receiving area of the borehole geophone is determined.
In the process of microseism monitoring in a well, the closer the detector is to a target layer, the better the monitoring effect is generally considered. However, in some specific geological environments, direct waves and refracted waves monitored by a detector close to a target layer interfere with each other, accurate picking up of the first arrival of the direct waves cannot be achieved, and positioning accuracy of a micro seismic event in a well is reduced, so that in-well observation optimization is performed by taking a development range of the refracted waves as a constraint, and detection efficiency can be effectively improved.
The shale gas exploration block target layer takes shale as a main part, the speed is low, high-speed layers are arranged above and below the target layer, when the monitoring distance is large, refracted waves can be generated on a high-speed layer interface, the first-arrival waves received by the detector are refracted waves, the direct-arrival first-arrival waves are difficult to pick up, and micro-seismic event positioning cannot be carried out.
Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating the ray tracing result at the nearest monitoring distance. In fig. 4, the red solid line is the fractured well track, the black dots represent the position of each detector, and ray tracing simulation is carried out on the primary waves of the detectors at different depths. Simulation results show that when the target point A (the target point A is a fracture position closest to the detector) is excited, (1) the primary wave received by the detector in the area is a direct wave, and (2) the primary wave received by the detector in the area (near a target layer) is a refracted wave. Fig. 5 shows that the target point a is excited, and seismic waves received by the geophone are forward recorded, (1) direct waves in the area are first arrival waves, and the direct waves can be accurately picked up when arriving for positioning the micro-seismic event, but (2) refracted waves and the direct waves in the high-speed layer in the area are mixed up, so that the first arrival waves are difficult to pick up, and the positioning precision of the micro-seismic event is influenced, so that the positioning precision of the micro-seismic event is influenced.
This phenomenon is more obvious as the monitoring distance increases, and the development range of the refracted wave increases after the monitoring distance increases, as shown in fig. 6 and 7, which are the ray tracing result and the waveform forward simulation diagram at the farthest monitoring distance, respectively. Simulation results show that a target point B (a fracturing position farthest from a detector) performs seismic source excitation, and a primary wave received by the detector in the area (1) is a direct wave; (2) the direct wave received by the area detector interferes with the waveform of the refracted wave, and the signal is weakened after reverse superposition, so that first arrival pickup cannot be carried out; (3) the first arrival wave received by the area detector is a refracted wave, and direct wave pickup is difficult. Under such a monitoring distance, the closer the geophone to the target layer is, the more difficult it is to pick up reliable direct wave first arrival time, and the positioning of the microseism event cannot be realized, so that in order to ensure that the microseism signal received by the target point B can be accurately positioned, the depth of the geophone cannot exceed the area (1).
4. And carrying out microseism monitoring observation.
According to the position of the micro-seismic excitation point, the effective receiving range of the ground detector and the effective receiving area of the borehole detector, the detectors are arranged in the effective receiving range of the ground detector and the effective receiving area of the borehole detector at equal intervals or in other modes, then the detection signals of the detectors are remotely transmitted to a terminal and are displayed in a three-dimensional mode, and the micro-seismic monitoring observation is realized, referring to fig. 8.
The software of the micro-seismic monitoring and observing system is designed and obtained according to the method, the basic functions of the software are shown in figures 8-13, and functions of displaying micro-seismic events in sections and whole sections, self-media demonstration and the like are integrated in the software.
The embodiments in the present description are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (6)
1. A microseism monitoring and observing method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
collecting geological parameters and engineering parameters;
according to geological parameters and engineering parameters, a work area geological model is established, the position of a micro-seismic excitation point is determined, and the effective receiving range of a ground detector and/or the effective receiving area of a borehole detector are/is determined through forward simulation; the method specifically comprises the following steps: according to geological parameters and engineering parameters, a work area geological model is established, the position of a micro-seismic excitation point is determined, and through forward modeling, wave front diffusion compensation, stratum absorption attenuation and transmission coefficients are combined to obtain the direct wave amplitude of a ground observation point; determining the effective receiving range of the ground detector by taking a preset threshold as a critical point according to the direct wave amplitude curve of the ground observation point; according to the geological parameters and the engineering parameters, a work area geological model is established, the micro-seismic excitation point position and the relative position of the observation point and the micro-seismic excitation point in the monitoring well are determined, and the first arrival wave of the observation point in the monitoring well is obtained through forward simulation; determining an effective receiving area of a geophone in a well according to the distribution condition of the first-motion waves;
and setting the detectors to carry out microseism monitoring observation according to the effective receiving range of the ground detectors and/or the effective receiving area of the borehole detectors.
2. The microseism monitoring observation method of claim 1, wherein the geological parameters comprise formation dip, interface depth, longitudinal and transverse wave velocity, density and absorption factor Q, and the engineering parameters comprise relative position of a fracturing well monitoring well and well track.
3. The microseism monitoring and observation method according to claim 1, wherein the preset threshold is 50% of the energy of the microseism excitation point, and the range in which the direct wave amplitude of the ground observation point is greater than 50% of the energy of the microseism excitation point is determined as the effective receiving range of the ground geophone.
4. A microseismic monitoring observation method according to claim 1 wherein forward modeling is performed by ray tracing.
5. A microseismic monitoring observation method according to claim 1, wherein the method for determining the effective receiving area of the geophone in the well according to the distribution of the first-motion waves comprises the following steps: and determining the region of the first-motion wave as the direct wave as the effective receiving region of the borehole geophone.
6. The microseism monitoring and observing method according to claim 1, wherein the geophones are equidistantly arranged in the effective receiving range of the ground geophone and/or the effective receiving area of the borehole geophone, detection signals of the geophones are remotely transmitted to a terminal, the position of a microseism event point is obtained, the position is three-dimensionally displayed, and microseism monitoring and observing is realized.
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| GB2273358A (en) * | 1992-12-12 | 1994-06-15 | Schlumberger Ltd | Improving signal to noise ratio from a geophone array |
| FR2775349B1 (en) * | 1998-02-20 | 2000-04-07 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE PERMANENT MONITORING OF A SUBTERRANEAN FORMATION |
| US6944096B2 (en) * | 2002-08-21 | 2005-09-13 | Westerngeco, L.L.C. | Method of accurately determining positions of deployed seismic geophones |
| CN104950327B (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2017-06-06 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司地球物理勘探公司 | The method for determining the position of the wave detector of ground micro-seismic observation system |
| CN105572725B (en) * | 2016-02-17 | 2017-11-14 | 西南石油大学 | A kind of ground micro-seismic monitors station distribution design method |
| CN106054239B (en) * | 2016-05-23 | 2018-05-18 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | A kind of microseism Fracturing Monitoring observation procedure |
| CN109655918B (en) * | 2017-10-11 | 2021-06-25 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Method and system for determining position of ground shallow well micro-seismic monitoring observation station |
| CN112415601A (en) * | 2020-11-03 | 2021-02-26 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | Method and device for determining surface quality factor Q value |
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