CN115180915B - High-performance concrete and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
High-performance concrete and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN115180915B CN115180915B CN202210946217.6A CN202210946217A CN115180915B CN 115180915 B CN115180915 B CN 115180915B CN 202210946217 A CN202210946217 A CN 202210946217A CN 115180915 B CN115180915 B CN 115180915B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- parts
- performance concrete
- concrete
- zeolite
- cement
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/18—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing mixtures of the silica-lime type
- C04B28/182—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing mixtures of the silica-lime type based on calcium silicate forming mixtures not containing lime or lime producing ingredients, e.g. waterglass based mixtures heated with a calcium salt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
- C04B40/0039—Premixtures of ingredients
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/24—Cements from oil shales, residues or waste other than slag
- C04B7/26—Cements from oil shales, residues or waste other than slag from raw materials containing flue dust, i.e. fly ash
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/36—Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
- C04B7/38—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches, e.g. mixing with fuel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2111/26—Corrosion of reinforcement resistance
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
- C04B2201/52—High compression strength concretes, i.e. with a compression strength higher than about 55 N/mm2, e.g. reactive powder concrete [RPC]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Abstract
The invention discloses high-performance concrete and a preparation method thereof. The adhesive comprises the following components in parts by weight: 50-60 parts of cementing material, 10-15 parts of sodium sulfate, 5-10 parts of water reducer, 20-50 parts of modified additive, 5-10 parts of lignin, 80-150 parts of cement and 60-100 parts of water. The concrete prepared by the method has high compressive strength, good mechanical property and excellent cracking resistance and stability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of concrete preparation, and particularly relates to high-performance concrete and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Concrete is usually used as the main building material, has the advantages of easy forming, low energy consumption, good durability, economy and practicability, and can be made into various bearing mechanisms by combining with steel, and is one of the most main civil engineering materials in the current generation. The artificial stone is prepared from cementing material, granular aggregate (also called aggregate), water, and additives and admixtures added if necessary according to a certain proportion through uniformly stirring, compacting, shaping, curing and hardening. The concrete has the characteristics of rich raw materials, low price and simple production process, so that the consumption of the concrete is increased. Meanwhile, the concrete has the characteristics of high compressive strength, good durability, wide strength grade range and the like. The characteristics lead the application range to be very wide, and the concrete is not only used in various civil engineering, namely shipbuilding industry, mechanical industry, ocean development, geothermal engineering and the like, but also is an important material. Along with the use requirement of the concrete at present becoming higher, the concrete in the traditional field can not meet the requirement, but the existing concrete has the problems of poor durability, low tensile strength, poor deformability in tension and easiness in cracking. Therefore, there is a need to develop a high-performance concrete having excellent mechanical strength and strong crack resistance.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the high-performance concrete and the preparation method thereof, and the high-performance concrete prepared by the method can effectively solve the problems that the existing concrete is easy to crack and has insufficient stability and durability.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
the high-performance concrete comprises the following components in parts by weight:
50-60 parts of cementing material, 10-15 parts of sodium sulfate, 5-10 parts of water reducer, 20-50 parts of modified additive, 5-10 parts of lignin, 80-150 parts of cement and 60-100 parts of water.
Further, the composition comprises the following components in parts by weight:
55 parts of cementing material, 15 parts of sodium sulfate, 5 parts of water reducer, 20 parts of modified additive, 5 parts of lignin, 100 parts of cement and 70 parts of water.
Further, the cementing material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of fly ash, 5-10 parts of mica powder and 5-10 parts of activated zeolite.
Further, the cementing material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 15 parts of fly ash, 10 parts of mica powder and 10 parts of activated zeolite.
Further, the preparation method of the activated zeolite comprises the following steps:
calcining zeolite at 100-300 deg.c for 1-2 hr, adding strong alkali in 0.1-1 wt% of the zeolite, calcining for 1-3 hr and crushing.
Further, the strong base is sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or limestone.
Further, the preparation method of the modified additive comprises the following steps:
mixing methyl cellulose, zinc stearate and nano silicon dioxide in a weight ratio of 0.1-1:0.5-1:1-2, and then uniformly stirring.
Further, the weight ratio of methylcellulose, zinc stearate and nano-silica is 0.5:0.5:2.
Further, the water reducer is a polycarboxylate water reducer.
Further, the cement is Portland cement.
The preparation method of the high-performance concrete comprises the steps of uniformly mixing the components according to the proportion.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the invention, the polycarboxylate water reducer is added in the formula, and the fly ash, the mica powder and the activated zeolite are used as cementing materials, so that the mica powder can relatively fill the pores of larger cement particles, reduce the volume of the pores, enable the concrete to be more compact, and greatly improve the durability of the concrete. The mica powder mainly comprises SiO 2 After the mica powder is added into the concrete, small particles in the water-contacting part are rapidly dissolved, and SiO in the solution 2 And the free Ca forms an adhesion layer to finally generate Ca (OH) generated by cement hydration, thereby generating C-S-H gel and greatly improving the strength of the concrete. In addition, the ether additive has the advantages of good diffusivity and low air content, so that the obtained concrete has high fluidity. The addition of fly ash to concrete saves a great deal of cement and fine aggregateThe method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The water consumption is reduced; improving workability of concrete mixture; the pumpability of the concrete is enhanced; creep of concrete is reduced; reducing hydration heat and thermal energy expansibility; improving the anti-seepage capability and the anti-cracking capability of the concrete.
The zeolite can be fully activated after calcination, and the chemical form of the zeolite can be changed after adding strong alkali to be fused and calcined together, so that the zeolite is alkali-resistant and is easier to crush into micro powder, the micro powder is added into concrete to serve as a nucleating agent, the crystallization performance of the concrete can be improved, meanwhile, the surface-rich charge effect of the alkali-fused zeolite can be matched with mica powder to supplement the mica powder, the hydration performance of the concrete is improved, the self flocculation process in the concrete can be further destroyed, meanwhile, the acidity of the concrete can be reduced, the steel bars of the concrete are not easy to corrode, and the concrete has high strength and toughness. In addition, the alkali-fused calcined zeolite has stronger water absorption and can be used as a supplement of a polycarboxylic acid reducing agent, so that the water reducing property of the additive is enhanced.
The modified additive is prepared from methylcellulose, zinc stearate and nano silicon dioxide, wherein the methylcellulose has thermal gelation property, and the zinc stearate has good water absorbability, can be used as a lubricant, and enhances the dispersibility of each component in a system. After the nano silicon dioxide is compounded, the effect of microcrystal nucleus can be achieved during the hydration of cement, the hydration process of cement is accelerated, meanwhile, part of microparticles are filled in the gaps of powder, the powder grading is optimized, the microcosmic compact filling effect is achieved, and therefore the strength of concrete is improved when the dosage of cementing materials is unchanged, or the strength of concrete is not reduced when the dosage of the cementing materials is reduced.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided to facilitate understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and all the inventions which make use of the inventive concept are protected by the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined and defined in the appended claims to those skilled in the art.
Example 1
The high-performance concrete comprises the following components in parts by weight:
55 parts of cementing material, 15 parts of sodium sulfate, 5 parts of polycarboxylate water reducer, 20 parts of modified additive, 5 parts of lignin, 100 parts of cement and 70 parts of water.
The cementing material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 15 parts of fly ash, 10 parts of mica powder and 10 parts of activated zeolite.
The preparation method of the activated zeolite comprises the following steps: calcining zeolite at 300 deg.c for 2 hr, adding strong alkali in 0.5wt% and calcining for 1.5 hr, and crushing.
The preparation method of the modified additive comprises the following steps:
mixing methyl cellulose, zinc stearate and nano silicon dioxide in a weight ratio of 0.5:0.5:2, and then uniformly stirring.
The preparation method of the high-performance concrete comprises the following steps:
the components are uniformly mixed according to the proportion.
Example 2
The high-performance concrete comprises the following components in parts by weight:
50 parts of cementing material, 10 parts of sodium sulfate, 5 parts of polycarboxylate water reducer, 20 parts of modified additive, 5 parts of lignin, 80 parts of cement and 60 parts of water.
The cementing material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 10 parts of fly ash, 5 parts of mica powder and 5 parts of activated zeolite.
The preparation method of the activated zeolite comprises the following steps:
calcining zeolite at 300 deg.c for 2 hr, adding strong alkali in 0.1wt% of the zeolite, calcining for 1 hr and crushing.
The preparation method of the modified additive comprises the following steps:
mixing methyl cellulose, zinc stearate and nano silicon dioxide in a weight ratio of 0.1:0.5:1, and then uniformly stirring.
The preparation method of the high-performance concrete comprises the following steps:
the components are uniformly mixed according to the proportion.
Example 3
The high-performance concrete comprises the following components in parts by weight:
60 parts of cementing material, 15 parts of sodium sulfate, 10 parts of polycarboxylate water reducer, 50 parts of modified additive, 10 parts of lignin, 150 parts of cement and 100 parts of water.
The cementing material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 15 parts of fly ash, 10 parts of mica powder and 10 parts of activated zeolite.
The preparation method of the activated zeolite comprises the following steps:
calcining zeolite at 300 deg.c for 2 hr, adding alkali in 1wt% of the zeolite, calcining for 3 hr and crushing.
The preparation method of the modified additive comprises the following steps:
mixing methylcellulose, zinc stearate and nano silicon dioxide according to the weight ratio of 1:1:2, and then uniformly stirring.
The preparation method of the high-performance concrete comprises the following steps:
the components are uniformly mixed according to the proportion.
Comparative example 1
In comparison with example 1, the activated zeolite and mica powder in the cement were replaced with silica fume, and the rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2
In comparison with example 1, the modified admixture was replaced with nano silica and slag, and the rest was the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 3
In comparison with example 1, the modified admixture was replaced with nano silica and slag, and the amount of the cement was raised to 100 parts, and the rest was the same as in example 1.
The 3d, 7d and 28d compressive strengths of the concretes prepared in examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 3 of the present invention were respectively measured, and the cracking resistance was measured by performing a plate cracking test, and the specific results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 concrete properties
As can be seen from the data in table 1, the concrete prepared in examples 1 to 3 of the present application is significantly superior to comparative examples 1 to 3 in compressive strength and crack resistance, indicating that it has excellent stability.
The formulation of the cement was modified in comparative example 1, and the activated zeolite and mica powder were replaced with silica fume, and it can be seen that neither the compressive strength nor the crack width could be compared with examples 1 to 3, and also significantly different from comparative examples 2 and 3.
In comparative example 2, the modified admixture is replaced by nano silicon dioxide and slag, and the compressive strength and crack gap of the prepared concrete are superior to those of comparative example 1, so that the influence degree of the cementing material on the concrete performance in the formula is larger than that of the modified admixture.
In comparative example 3, the amount of the modified admixture was changed, and the amount of the cementing material was increased, so that the compressive strength and the gap size of the crack were significantly improved, which was comparable to the effect of the present application.
Claims (7)
1. The high-performance concrete is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight:
50-60 parts of cementing material, 10-15 parts of sodium sulfate, 5-10 parts of water reducer, 20-50 parts of modified additive, 5-10 parts of lignin, 80-150 parts of cement and 60-100 parts of water;
the preparation method of the modified additive comprises the following steps:
mixing methyl cellulose, zinc stearate and nano silicon dioxide in a weight ratio of 0.1-1:0.5-1:1-2, and uniformly stirring to prepare the modified additive;
the cementing material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of fly ash, 5-10 parts of mica powder and 5-10 parts of activated zeolite;
the preparation method of the activated zeolite comprises the following steps:
and (3) calcining the zeolite at 100-300 ℃ for 1-2 hours, adding strong alkali accounting for 0.1-1 wt% of the zeolite, continuously calcining for 1-3 hours, and crushing.
2. The high-performance concrete according to claim 1, comprising the following components in parts by weight:
55 parts of cementing material, 15 parts of sodium sulfate, 5 parts of water reducer, 20 parts of modified additive, 5 parts of lignin, 100 parts of cement and 70 parts of water.
3. The high performance concrete of claim 1, wherein the cementitious material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 15 parts of fly ash, 10 parts of mica powder and 10 parts of activated zeolite.
4. The high performance concrete of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of methylcellulose, zinc stearate, and nanosilica is 0.5:0.5:2.
5. The high performance concrete according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the water reducing agent is a polycarboxylate water reducing agent.
6. The high performance concrete according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cement is portland cement.
7. The method for preparing the high-performance concrete according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which is characterized in that the components are uniformly mixed according to the proportion.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210946217.6A CN115180915B (en) | 2022-08-08 | 2022-08-08 | High-performance concrete and preparation method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210946217.6A CN115180915B (en) | 2022-08-08 | 2022-08-08 | High-performance concrete and preparation method thereof |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN115180915A CN115180915A (en) | 2022-10-14 |
| CN115180915B true CN115180915B (en) | 2023-08-01 |
Family
ID=83523588
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210946217.6A Active CN115180915B (en) | 2022-08-08 | 2022-08-08 | High-performance concrete and preparation method thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN115180915B (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20150062107A (en) * | 2013-11-28 | 2015-06-05 | 동남기업 주식회사 | Shirinkage reducing agent composition and mortar and concrete composition including the same |
| CN108640558A (en) * | 2018-04-04 | 2018-10-12 | 史国民 | A kind of enhancing concrete admixture and preparation method thereof |
| CN110482899A (en) * | 2019-09-16 | 2019-11-22 | 山西黄腾化工有限公司 | A kind of anti-crack concrete additive |
| WO2020212496A1 (en) * | 2019-04-16 | 2020-10-22 | Imertech Sas | Thermal insulation |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR101365664B1 (en) * | 2013-12-12 | 2014-02-20 | (주)영광엔지니어링건축사사무소 | Ultra high strength concrete |
| CN105645894A (en) * | 2015-12-29 | 2016-06-08 | 武汉武新新型建材股份有限公司 | High-performance concrete with large mixing amount of mineral powder and manufacturing method of high-performance concrete |
| CN113372051A (en) * | 2021-08-02 | 2021-09-10 | 灌南县水利建筑工程有限公司 | Hydraulic high-performance concrete with high durability, preparation process and preparation device |
| CN113800874A (en) * | 2021-10-14 | 2021-12-17 | 贵州磐石高科新材有限公司 | Novel environment-friendly concrete manufacturing method |
-
2022
- 2022-08-08 CN CN202210946217.6A patent/CN115180915B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20150062107A (en) * | 2013-11-28 | 2015-06-05 | 동남기업 주식회사 | Shirinkage reducing agent composition and mortar and concrete composition including the same |
| CN108640558A (en) * | 2018-04-04 | 2018-10-12 | 史国民 | A kind of enhancing concrete admixture and preparation method thereof |
| WO2020212496A1 (en) * | 2019-04-16 | 2020-10-22 | Imertech Sas | Thermal insulation |
| CN110482899A (en) * | 2019-09-16 | 2019-11-22 | 山西黄腾化工有限公司 | A kind of anti-crack concrete additive |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 羧甲基纤维素的新应用;任东;化工时刊(04);全文 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN115180915A (en) | 2022-10-14 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN104402345B (en) | A kind of big micro-swollen high-strength grout of fluidised form | |
| CN106220115B (en) | The gypsum based self-leveling mortar and preparation method thereof prepared using iron tailings fine sand | |
| CN111807794A (en) | Low-temperature sleeve grouting material and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103253916B (en) | A kind of hardening accelerator for improving phosphogypsum base cement concrete strength and preparation method thereof | |
| CN107651893B (en) | Radiation-proof decorative cement | |
| CN108358591B (en) | Building material composition containing aeolian sand and preparation method thereof | |
| CN113121173B (en) | Anti-crack concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| CN110041035B (en) | C30 high-impermeability concrete with low consumption of rubber materials and preparation method thereof | |
| Barbero-Barrera et al. | Influence of the addition of waste graphite powder on the physical and microstructural performance of hydraulic lime pastes | |
| CN108083679B (en) | Concrete glue reducing agent and preparation method thereof | |
| CN107686301B (en) | Wet-mixed mortar and preparation method thereof | |
| CN107628790B (en) | Decorative cement | |
| CN110563376A (en) | concrete reinforcing agent suitable for being prepared from machine-made sand and preparation method of mother liquor of concrete reinforcing agent | |
| CN110451840B (en) | Composite type compacting agent | |
| Ming et al. | Experimental research of concrete with steel slag powder and zeolite powder | |
| CN115594450B (en) | Geopolymer ceramsite lightweight concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| CN115180915B (en) | High-performance concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| Wu et al. | Development of cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing agents and durability study of concrete in the presence of chloride with sulfate in aqueous environment | |
| CN115925306A (en) | Dicalcium silicate activator and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN115849811A (en) | High-stability self-compacting concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| CN110171940B (en) | Coral sand admixture and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN111548072A (en) | High-strength high-performance concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| CN110885204A (en) | Anti-cracking reinforcing material for long-life concrete product and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN112456851B (en) | Water-reducing early strength mineral admixture and preparation method thereof | |
| CN113683334B (en) | High-strength and corrosion-resistant additive, concrete, preparation method and application |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |