CN115054628A - 一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂以及油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法 - Google Patents
一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂以及油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于蜜蜂养殖技术领域,具体公开了一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂以及油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法。该中草药制剂包括中药液280‑320mL、白糖水4‑6kg和白醋10‑15mL,所述中药液包括以下原料组分:半枝莲7‑11g、金银花8‑12g、马齿苋10‑13g和甘草12‑17g。该中草药制剂能有效防治蜂蜜幼虫烂子脾病,工蜂能正常采集花蜜。而本发明该油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法包括蜂场选址、蜂群进场、诱蜂访花、采用上述中草药制剂进行蜂群解毒、油茶林管理等几个步骤。将蜜蜂放于油茶林养殖,通过采用特制中草药制剂,既可以保持蜂群健康发展,获得蜂产品,又能提高油茶坐果率与降低落果率,实现了油茶与蜂的双丰收。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及蜜蜂养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂以及油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法。
背景技术
油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel),山茶科山茶属的常绿阔叶树种,大灌木或小乔木,是我国特有经济树种,也是我国江南低丘陵区最重要的食用油料树种,我国南方各省均有种植,总面积6800万亩,有2000多年种植历史,其中江西省油茶种植面积1526万亩,年产值达307亿元,居全国第二。油茶的大面积种植已成为江西省农民脱贫致富的重要产业之一,但油茶属于异花虫媒授粉树种,自花授粉基本不育,结果依赖传粉者,长期存在着“花多果少,千花一果”的问题,特别是油茶集中种植的地方尤为明显,一般坐果率仅为10%,在一定程度上制约了整个油茶产业的进一步发展。中华蜜蜂具有群势大,采集力强,耐寒和便于管理等优点,且为油茶主要授粉昆虫。因此,在油茶林养殖蜜蜂,对于油茶授粉以及蜜蜂养殖均有益处。但是油茶花蜜中含有半乳糖和高生物碱,会引起蜜蜂幼虫烂子病,蜜蜂不喜采集,这是制约了当前没能大面积推广油茶林放蜂授粉主要原因之一。
针对上述问题,中国发明专利申请CN 201810833129.9一种采油茶花时蜜蜂养殖方法,该蜜蜂养殖方法通过向蜜蜂饲喂酸性果汁来解决蜜蜂采油茶蜜中毒的问题,虽然在一定程度上解决蜜蜂采油茶蜜中毒的难题,但是其对油茶保果率和促进蜂群发展未有效果,而中国发明专利申请CN 108815286 A一种防治蜜蜂烂子病的中草药制剂及其制作方法和施用方法,其提供的中草药制剂虽然对蜜蜂烂子病具有一定的防治效果,但是其对于蜜蜂在油茶林养殖时油茶花的采集、蜜蜂采蜜量以及蜂群发展方法均未见明显效果。
发明内容
本发明的发明目的在于:针对上述存在的问题,提供一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂以及油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法。该中草药制剂能有效防治蜂蜜幼虫烂子脾病,工蜂能正常采集花蜜,蜂群能保持正常发展。而采用本发明特制中草药制剂进行饲喂的油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法既可以保持蜂群健康发展,获得蜂产品,又能提高油茶坐果率与降低落果率,实现了油茶与蜂的双丰收。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂,一份所述中草药制剂包括以下原料组分:中药液280-320mL、白糖水4-6kg和白醋10-15mL,所述中药液包括以下重量的原料组分:半枝莲7-11g、金银花8-12g、马齿苋10-13g和和甘草12-17g。
进一步的,所述白糖水中白糖和水的质量比为1:1。
进一步的,所述糖水替换为蜂蜜水,所述蜂蜜水中蜂蜜和水的质量比为1:1。
进一步的,所述中药液包括以下重量的原料组分:半枝莲10g、金银花10g、马齿苋11g和甘草15g。
进一步的,所述中药液的制备方法为:
S1:按重量称取所述半枝莲、所述金银花、所述马齿苋和所述甘草;
S2:将所述半枝莲粉碎后和浓度为60%的乙醇以1g:10mL的比例混合,在70℃的水浴上回流提取1h后过滤,再将滤渣和浓度为55%的乙醇以1g:10mL的比例混合,在75℃的水浴上回流提取1h,过滤后,合并两次滤液并浓缩得第一浸膏;
S3:将所述金银花粉碎后和浓度为60%的乙醇以1g:25mL的比例混合,采用超声波依次于100W、80W和60W的功率下提取10min、5min和5min后过滤,将所得滤液浓缩得第二浸膏;
S4:将所述马齿苋粉碎后和石油醚以1g:13mL的比例混合,在超声波辅助处理下,于55℃的温度下回流提取2h,过滤得提取液,将所得提取液浓缩提取液得第三浸膏;
S5:将所述甘草粉碎后,将所得甘草粉末和水以1g:15mL的比例混合后,于70℃的水浴上回流提取1h,重复提取两次,合并所得滤液,即得甘草提取液;
S6:将上述第一浸膏、第二浸膏、第三浸膏和甘草提取液混合搅拌后,加水定容,即得所述中药液。
进一步的,所述中草药制剂的制备方法为:将所述中药液、所述糖水和所述白醋混合搅拌均匀。
本发明还提供一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,该养殖方法使用上述蜜蜂用中草药制剂对蜜蜂进行饲喂。
进一步的,所述一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)蜂场选址:选择油茶分布广而集中,且油茶树生长茂盛,背风向阳,地势开阔的地方作为蜂场;
(2)蜂群进场:在油茶始花期之前将蜂群放入油茶林中,在蜂群进场前进行全面检查,确保蜂群有王、卵、幼虫及无病虫害,进场的每箱蜂量有三脾蜂以上,以确保强群上山,保证其授粉的效果及获取相应的蜂产品;蜂箱距离地面的高度为30-50cm,相邻两个蜂箱之间的间距为2m,这样能有效防止白蚁、蟑螂、蚂蚁等昆虫爬进蜂箱危害蜂群以及防止因蜂箱间距离得太近发生盗蜂行为;在蜂群进场后采用蜂蜜水或白糖水对蜜蜂奖励饲喂2-3次,以稳定蜂群;与此同时,油茶的盛花期正值初冬,此时昼夜温差大,时有霜冻来袭,因此,需要加强蜂群保温,蜂王才会产卵、繁殖,促进蜂群健康发展,保温措施为:一是保持箱内蜂脾相称,抽出多余的空脾;二是蜂箱内应塞满保温衣物,缩小巢框之间距离;三是蜂箱底部与蜂盖加盖草席;
(3)诱蜂访花:在油茶花初花期和盛花期,于傍晚给蜜蜂饲喂油茶花糖浆,3d/次,饲喂量为500ml/箱蜂,且在油茶盛花期的清晨用稀释至质量分数为8%的所述油茶花糖浆喷洒到油茶花上,3d/次;
(4)蜂群解毒:采用所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂对蜜蜂进行饲喂,每份所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂饲喂40脾蜂,且3-5d饲喂一次,直到油茶末花期结束;并且,油茶花期前后时,正值黑尾胡蜂、黄脚胡蜂和黑盾胡蜂等胡蜂类大量繁殖时期,巢内幼虫需要大量食物,加之,外界气温逐渐降低,其它昆虫较少,蜜蜂成了它们大量捕食的对象,危害极大,严重时会导致蜂群飞逃,因此,在油茶林蜜蜂养殖要注意胡峰防治,防治方法:一是检查蜂箱调整巢门,蜂箱有破损,应及时更换新蜂箱或修补好,巢门过大时,可安装防逃片,防止胡蜂从巢门进入;二是人工捕杀,此段时间蜂场需留人;三是糖蜜诱杀,用玻璃瓶装少许蜂蜜,挂在蜂箱周围即可;
(5)油茶林管理:在蜂群进入油茶林的中前期,对油茶树进行修剪,剪去油茶树的病虫枝、重叠枝、交叉枝及枯枝使树体通透,以降低病虫害滋生,同时便于蜜蜂授粉;在蜂群进入油茶林的中后期,对油茶树进行施肥,每棵树施5-10kg有基肥加1kg复合肥;且在整个蜜蜂授粉期间,油茶林不施用任何农药,即不施用任何杀虫剂及带有毒性的保花保果素,另外,油茶林内不宜喷施除草剂,应保留油茶条带的杂草杂灌,有利于补充蜜蜂采集的花蜜;
(6)合理取蜜:在油茶的中后花期进行取蜜,取蜜量为整个蜂群的1/2,合理开展取蜜,能有效刺激蜜蜂采集兴趣,提高授粉效果,同时增加经济效益,取完后及时补喂中草药糖浆,每箱饲喂500g,连续饲喂2-3次;
(7)后期管理:油茶花期结束后,若油茶林周围没有野菊、柃木和山苍子等冬季蜜源植物,则将蜂群撤出油茶林,撤到有冬季蜜源处或方便管理的地方;若油茶林周围有冬季蜜源植物,则将蜂群留在油茶林中,并定点饲喂、做好保温,具体为:一是做好蜜蜂保温工作,蜂箱底部铺好草席,蜂箱内加塞一块巢脾大小的泡沫,泡沫板用塑料膜套住,以提高保温效果及防止蜜蜂啃咬;二是做好蜂群的囊状幼虫病俗称“烂子病”(Sacbrood Virus,SBV)的防治,继续补喂上述中草药制剂,一周箱内饲喂1-2次,连续饲喂3周即可;且蜂箱内保持蜂多余脾。
进一步的,步骤(3)中,所述油茶花糖浆的制备方法为:按重量份计,称取新鲜的油茶花1份、白糖水3份和白醋0.3份,将所述油茶花放入所述白糖水中,依次于40℃、35℃和25℃下分别浸泡2h后,加入所述白醋,于28℃下再浸泡2h后过滤,即可得到所述油茶花糖浆。
进一步的,步骤(6)中,所述中草药糖浆的制备方法为:将所述中药液和所述白糖水或所述蜂蜜水按质量比1:1混合均匀。
综上所述,由于采用了上述技术方案,本发明的有益效果是:
1.本发明将蜜蜂放于油茶林中养殖,通过饲喂特制的中草药制剂、油茶花糖浆等,不仅有效提高蜜蜂采集油茶花积极性与专一性,并获得相应的蜂产品,每箱蜂的直接效益高达210.92元,蜜蜂授粉期间没有患有烂子病,授粉后蜂量和子脾数有明显增加,蜜蜂发育健康,而且能够提高油茶座果率、有效降低油茶落果率,实现了蜂与油茶的双丰收。与此同时,通过在放蜂的油茶试验林观察发现,大分舌蜂、黄脚胡蜂、黑尾胡蜂、黑盾胡蜂及食蚜蝇等一些辅助授粉昆虫明显增多,放蜂油茶试验林比未放蜂的油茶林同一时间内昆虫访花次数增加了一倍。另外,蜂群在春季的蜜粉源充足时,蜂群日益壮大,会产生分蜂,分出的蜜蜂,蜂农没及时收取,蜂群一般在油茶林附近的树洞或山洞筑巢,从而增加了该区域的野生蜜蜂种群数量,这样不仅增加油茶林的授粉昆虫数量,更为森林中其它植物授粉提供帮助,对小区域生态多样性起到了重要的促进作用。
2.本发明利用半枝莲、甘草、马齿苋和金银花按特定提取方法提取得到的中药液与白醋和白糖水或蜂蜜水按特定的比例混合对蜜蜂进行饲喂,蜜蜂采食效果好,能有效防治蜂蜜幼虫烂子脾病,工蜂能正常采集花蜜,蜂群能保持正常发展,蜜蜂数量、蜜蜂幼虫数量和产蜜量表现佳。
具体实施方式
下面将结合具体实施例来对本发明作进一步的说明。
实施例1
一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂,一份所述中草药制剂主要由中药液280mL、白糖水4kg和白醋10mL经过混合搅拌均匀制成。其中,所述白糖水中白糖和水的质量比为1:1,所述中药液按以下步骤制成:
S1:按重量称取所述半枝莲7g、所述金银花8g、马齿苋10g和所述甘草12g;
S2:将所述半枝莲粉碎后和浓度为60%的乙醇以1g:10mL的比例混合,在70℃的水浴上回流提取1h后过滤,再将滤渣和浓度为55%的乙醇以1g:10mL的比例混合,在75℃的水浴上回流提取1h,过滤后,合并两次滤液并浓缩得第一浸膏;
S3:将所述金银花粉碎后和浓度为60%的乙醇以1g:25mL的比例混合,采用超声波依次于100W、80W和60W的功率下提取10min、5min和5min后过滤,将所得滤液浓缩得第二浸膏;
S4:将所述马齿苋粉碎后和石油醚以1g:13mL的比例混合,在超声波辅助处理下,于55℃的温度下回流提取2h,过滤得提取液,将所得提取液浓缩提取液得第三浸膏;
S5:将所述甘草粉碎后,将所得甘草粉末和水以1g:15mL的比例混合后,于70℃的水浴上回流提取1h,重复提取两次,合并所得滤液,即得甘草提取液;
S6:将上述第一浸膏、第二浸膏和甘草提取液混合搅拌后,加水定容,即得所述中药液。
采用上述中草药制剂进行油茶林蜂蜜养殖的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)蜂场选址:选择油茶分布广而集中,且油茶树生长茂盛,背风向阳,地势开阔的地方作为蜂场;
(2)蜂群进场:在油茶始花期之前将蜂群放入油茶林中,在蜂群进场前进行全面检查,确保蜂群有王、卵、幼虫及无病虫害,进场的每箱蜂量有三脾蜂以上,蜂箱距离地面的高度为30cm,相邻两个蜂箱之间的间距为2m,且在蜂群进场后采用蜂蜜水或白糖水对蜜蜂奖励饲喂2次,同时,要加强蜂群保温;
(3)诱蜂访花:在油茶花初花期和盛花期,于傍晚给蜜蜂饲喂油茶花糖浆,3d/次,饲喂量为500ml/箱蜂,且在油茶盛花期的清晨用稀释至质量分数为8%的所述油茶花糖浆喷洒到油茶花上,3d/次;
所述油茶花糖浆的制备方法为:按重量份计,称取新鲜的油茶花1份、白糖水3份和白醋0.3份,将所述油茶花放入所述白糖水中,依次于40℃、35℃和25℃下分别浸泡2h后,加入所述白醋,于28℃下再浸泡2h后过滤,即可得到所述油茶花糖浆;
(4)蜂群解毒:采用所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂对蜜蜂进行饲喂,每份所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂饲喂40脾蜂,且3d饲喂一次,直到油茶末花期结束;
(5)油茶林管理:在蜂群进入油茶林的中前期,对油茶树进行修剪,剪去油茶树的病虫枝、重叠枝、交叉枝及枯枝使树体通透,在蜂群进入油茶林的中后期,对油茶树进行施肥;且在整个蜜蜂授粉期间,油茶林不施用任何农药;
(6)合理取蜜:在油茶的中后花期进行取蜜,取蜜量为整个蜂群的1/2,取完后及时补喂中草药糖浆,每箱饲喂500g,连续饲喂2次;所述中草药糖浆的制备方法为:将所述中药液和所述白糖水或所述蜂蜜水按质量比1:1混合均匀;
(7)后期管理:油茶花期结束后,若油茶林周围没有冬季蜜源植物,则将蜂群撤出油茶林,若油茶林周围有冬季蜜源植物,则将蜂群留在油茶林中,并定点饲喂、做好保温。
实施例2
一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂,一份所述中草药制剂主要由中药液300mL、白糖水5kg和白醋12mL经过混合搅拌均匀制成。其中,所述白糖水中白糖和水的质量比为1:1,所述中药液按以下步骤制成:
S1:按重量称取所述半枝莲10g、所述金银花10g、马齿苋11g和所述甘草15g;
S2:将所述半枝莲粉碎后和浓度为60%的乙醇以1g:10mL的比例混合,在70℃的水浴上回流提取1h后过滤,再将滤渣和浓度为55%的乙醇以1g:10mL的比例混合,在75℃的水浴上回流提取1h,过滤后,合并两次滤液并浓缩得第一浸膏;
S3:将所述金银花粉碎后和浓度为60%的乙醇以1g:25mL的比例混合,采用超声波依次于100W、80W和60W的功率下提取10min、5min和5min后过滤,将所得滤液浓缩得第二浸膏;
S4:将所述马齿苋粉碎后和石油醚以1g:13mL的比例混合,在超声波辅助处理下,于55℃的温度下回流提取2h,过滤得提取液,将所得提取液浓缩提取液得第三浸膏;
S5:将所述甘草粉碎后,将所得甘草粉末和水以1g:15mL的比例混合后,于70℃的水浴上回流提取1h,重复提取两次,合并所得滤液,即得甘草提取液;
S6:将上述第一浸膏、第二浸膏、第三浸膏和甘草提取液混合搅拌后,加水定容,即得所述中药液。
采用上述中草药制剂进行油茶林蜂蜜养殖的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)蜂场选址:选择油茶分布广而集中,且油茶树生长茂盛,背风向阳,地势开阔的地方作为蜂场;
(2)蜂群进场:在油茶始花期之前将蜂群放入油茶林中,在蜂群进场前进行全面检查,确保蜂群有王、卵、幼虫及无病虫害,进场的每箱蜂量有三脾蜂以上,蜂箱距离地面的高度为40cm,相邻两个蜂箱之间的间距为2m,且在蜂群进场后采用蜂蜜水或白糖水对蜜蜂奖励饲喂2-3次,同时,要加强蜂群保温;
(3)诱蜂访花:在油茶花初花期和盛花期,于傍晚给蜜蜂饲喂油茶花糖浆,3d/次,饲喂量为500ml/箱蜂,且在油茶盛花期的清晨用稀释至质量分数为8%的所述油茶花糖浆喷洒到油茶花上,3d/次;
所述油茶花糖浆的制备方法为:按重量份计,称取新鲜的油茶花1份、白糖水3份和白醋0.3份,将所述油茶花放入所述白糖水中,依次于40℃、35℃和25℃下分别浸泡2h后,加入所述白醋,于28℃下再浸泡2h后过滤,即可得到所述油茶花糖浆;
(4)蜂群解毒:采用所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂对蜜蜂进行饲喂,每份所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂饲喂40脾蜂,且4d饲喂一次,直到油茶末花期结束;
(5)油茶林管理:在蜂群进入油茶林的中前期,对油茶树进行修剪,剪去油茶树的病虫枝、重叠枝、交叉枝及枯枝使树体通透,在蜂群进入油茶林的中后期,对油茶树进行施肥;且在整个蜜蜂授粉期间,油茶林不施用任何农药;
(6)合理取蜜:在油茶的中后花期进行取蜜,取蜜量为整个蜂群的1/2,取完后及时补喂中草药糖浆,每箱饲喂500g,连续饲喂3次;所述中草药糖浆的制备方法为:将所述中药液和所述白糖水或所述蜂蜜水按质量比1:1混合均匀;
(7)后期管理:油茶花期结束后,若油茶林周围没有冬季蜜源植物,则将蜂群撤出油茶林,若油茶林周围有冬季蜜源植物,则将蜂群留在油茶林中,并定点饲喂、做好保温。
实施例3
一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂,一份所述中草药制剂主要由中药液320mL、白糖水6kg和白醋15mL经过混合搅拌均匀制成。其中,所述白糖水中白糖和水的质量比为1:1,所述中药液按以下步骤制成:
S1:按重量称取所述半枝莲11g、所述金银花12g、马齿苋13g和所述甘草17g;
S2:将所述半枝莲粉碎后和浓度为60%的乙醇以1g:10mL的比例混合,在70℃的水浴上回流提取1h后过滤,再将滤渣和浓度为55%的乙醇以1g:10mL的比例混合,在75℃的水浴上回流提取1h,过滤后,合并两次滤液并浓缩得第一浸膏;
S3:将所述金银花粉碎,将所得金银花粉末和浓度为60%的乙醇以1g:25mL的比例混合后,采用超声波依次于100W、80W和60W的功率下提取10min、5min和5min后过滤,将所得滤液浓缩得第二浸膏;
S4:将所述甘草粉碎后,将所得甘草粉末和水以1g:15mL的比例混合后,于70℃的水浴上回流提取1h,重复提取两次,合并所得滤液,即得甘草提取液;
S5:将上述第一浸膏、第二浸膏和甘草提取液混合搅拌后,加水定容,即得所述中药液。
采用上述中草药制剂进行油茶林蜂蜜养殖的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)蜂场选址:选择油茶分布广而集中,且油茶树生长茂盛,背风向阳,地势开阔的地方作为蜂场;
(2)蜂群进场:在油茶始花期之前将蜂群放入油茶林中,在蜂群进场前进行全面检查,确保蜂群有王、卵、幼虫及无病虫害,进场的每箱蜂量有三脾蜂以上,蜂箱距离地面的高度为50cm,相邻两个蜂箱之间的间距为2m,且在蜂群进场后采用蜂蜜水或白糖水对蜜蜂奖励饲喂3次,同时,要加强蜂群保温;
(3)诱蜂访花:在油茶花初花期和盛花期,于傍晚给蜜蜂饲喂油茶花糖浆,3d/次,饲喂量为500ml/箱蜂,且在油茶盛花期的清晨用稀释至质量分数为8%的所述油茶花糖浆喷洒到油茶花上,3d/次;
所述油茶花糖浆的制备方法为:按重量份计,称取新鲜的油茶花1份、白糖水3份和白醋0.3份,将所述油茶花放入所述白糖水中,依次于40℃、35℃和25℃下分别浸泡2h后,加入所述白醋,于28℃下再浸泡2h后过滤,即可得到所述油茶花糖浆;
(4)蜂群解毒:采用所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂对蜜蜂进行饲喂,每份所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂饲喂40脾蜂,且5d饲喂一次,直到油茶末花期结束;
(5)油茶林管理:在蜂群进入油茶林的中前期,对油茶树进行修剪,剪去油茶树的病虫枝、重叠枝、交叉枝及枯枝使树体通透,在蜂群进入油茶林的中后期,对油茶树进行施肥;且在整个蜜蜂授粉期间,油茶林不施用任何农药;
(6)合理取蜜:在油茶的中后花期进行取蜜,取蜜量为整个蜂群的1/2,取完后及时补喂中草药糖浆,每箱饲喂500g,连续饲喂3次;所述中草药糖浆的制备方法为:将所述中药液和所述白糖水或所述蜂蜜水按质量比1:1混合均匀;
(7)后期管理:油茶花期结束后,若油茶林周围没有冬季蜜源植物,则将蜂群撤出油茶林,若油茶林周围有冬季蜜源植物,则将蜂群留在油茶林中,并定点饲喂、做好保温。
实施例4
一种油茶林蜂蜜养殖方法,将实施例2中所述中草药制剂中的所述白糖水替换为蜂蜜水,所述蜂蜜水中蜂蜜和水的质量比为1:1,其余均与实施例1相同。
对比例1
一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,基本与实施例2相同,不同之处在于:所述中草药制剂中所述中药液成分增加金钱草和黄芪这两种原料的提取液。
对比例2
一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,基本与实施例2相同,不同之处在于:将所述中草药制剂中所述金银花替换成山银花。
对比例3
一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,基本与实施例2相同,不同之处在于:所述中药液制备方法:将称取好的所述半枝莲、甘草、马齿苋和金银花分别粉碎后混合,将混合粉碎物和乙醇以1g:25mL的比例混合后,在超声波辅助处理下,于60℃的温度下回流提取3h,过滤得提取液,将所得提取液浓缩提取液得浸膏,将所得浸膏和水混合定容,即得所述中药液。
对比例4
一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,基本与实施例2相同,不同之处在于:步骤(3)中,所述油茶花糖浆的制备方法为:将油茶花、白糖水和白醋混合浸泡8h后,过滤。
对比例5
一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,与实施例2存在以下不同:不饲喂所述中草药制剂。
应用上述实施例2(实施例1和实施例3所达到的效果与实施例1相差不大、基本相同,在此就不再重复试验)、实施例4和对比例1-5的蜜蜂养殖方法进行试验,试验情况如下:
1.试验地选择:本试验地位于江西省赣州市章贡区沙石镇霞峰村的赣州市林科所国家油茶良种基地东经114°58’,北纬25°47’,面积67hm2,海拔248m;试验林为2008年造的赣州系列高产油茶良种,初始株行为2*3m,油茶平均冠幅2.5*2.22m,为一般管理水平,已进入丰产期。
2.试验样地设置:在基地根据试验要求选择了7个试验样地,每个试验样地15亩,试验蜂3箱,8个试验样地油茶种植时间,管理水平大致一样,7个试验样地的蜜蜂分别采用实施例2、实施例4和对比例1-5的蜜蜂养殖方法进行管理,对应标记为实验组1、实验组2和对照组1-5。
3.试验指标及调查方法
(1)油茶座果率:在各个蜂场周围标记10株大小相近的油茶样树,每株样树在四个不同方向选择一枝样枝,样枝花朵数不小于50朵。在油茶开花前记录样枝花朵数,在油茶始花期记录每个样枝花朵数量,分别在次年3月、6月调查油茶座果率:座果率=样枝上坐果数/样枝上开花数×100%。调查结果见表1。
(2)蜜蜂进出巢及携带花粉情况:在整个油茶授粉期(油茶始花期、盛花期、末花期),各个组每隔四天在傍晚饲喂了对应的中草药制剂,饲喂后次日在10:00-12:00和14:00-16:00两个时间段,记录进出巢门的蜜蜂个数及携带油茶花粉蜜蜂个数,每个时间段记录三次,每次记录以三分钟为单位。(注:因蜜蜂进出巢门较快,采用画正字记录)调查结果见表2。
(3)蜂群自身发展调查方法:在油茶授粉前记录蜜蜂脾数及子脾数量,授粉期间每两周开箱记录蜜蜂脾数与子脾数;蜜蜂产蜜量到油茶末花期打蜜称重。蜜蜂成年蜂采用目测法,蜂量不足一脾采用割补法;子脾数量采用网格计算法,蜂蜜量用摇蜜机取出直接称重。调查结果见表3。
表1不同蜜蜂养殖方法对油茶座果率差异比较
由表1可知,采用中草药制剂进行饲喂组的油茶座果率均比自然放蜂组(即对照组5)有所提高,这说明在油茶林中养殖中华蜜蜂并且通过饲喂中草药制剂能有效的诱导蜜蜂进行授粉,从而能有效提高油茶座果率,且油茶保果率最佳。从6月的油茶座果率看,各个试验组的座果率都有下降,这符合油茶结实一般规律,但各试验组座果率下降率不同,其中,对照组1和对照组5的降率最高,而本发明实验组的下降率最低,其他组别下降率居中且差异不显著,这表明采用本发明特制的油茶花糖浆和中草药制剂结合,对油茶座果率提升效果最佳,且油茶的保果效果最好。
表2油茶盛花期不同组别饲喂后蜜蜂出勤及采花差异比较
由表2可知:两个时间段内,实验组的蜜蜂出勤数和蜜蜂携带花粉团比例均高于对照组1-5,这表明采用本发明的养殖方法有利于调动蜜蜂采集的积极性。而对照组2、3、4的蜜蜂出出勤数与实验组差异不算大,但蜜蜂携带花粉团的比例却有较明显的差异,说明中药液相似原料的替换、中药液制备方法和油茶花糖浆的制备方法调节对蜜蜂采集的积极性影响不大,但采集效果不是很好,而对照组1、5与实验组差异均较显著,说明采用增加原料中药制剂和不采用中药制剂进行饲喂均会降低蜜蜂采集的积极性以及采集效果。
表3不同养殖方法对蜜蜂群势发展差异情况
由表3可知,实验组在油茶授粉后蜂量和子脾数有明显增加,产蜜量高,且授粉期间没有患有烂子病,这说明该配制的中草药对蜜蜂烂子病有防治作用。而对照组3和4虽然也对蜜蜂烂子病具有好的防治效果,但授粉后蜜蜂数量没有增加,而对照组1、2和5在授粉期间蜜蜂患有烂子病,防治效果有所欠缺。
此外,申请人在早期试验过程中发现所述中草药制剂的成分改变会影响蜜蜂的采食情况,相应的试验如下:
实验组:一种中草药制剂,具体为实施例1中的所述中草药制剂;
对照组:一种中草药制剂,与实施例1的中草药制剂基本相同,不同之处在于:所述中药液缺少马齿苋这个原料。
试验条件:将12箱群势相近、健康无病的中华蜜蜂随机平均分为两组,每组6箱,将两个组制备好的中草药制剂放在框梁上供蜜蜂自由采食,定期观察,在中草药制剂不足时及时补充,确保中草药制剂处于充足状态,饲养试验共计36d。
采食量测定:饲养开始之后,每3d观察一次,保证中草药制剂充足,采用电子天平记录每次饲喂的中草药制剂重量以及剩余重量,统计每群蜜蜂的总采食量。
表4不同中草药制剂对蜂群采食量的影响
由表4可知,在缺乏马齿苋这一成分时,蜜蜂的采食量会显著降低,说明本发明的中药液能够有效刺激蜜蜂取食,从而才能保证在油茶林养殖时,蜜蜂能够充分摄入所述中草药制剂,从而利于蜂群的发展以及油茶的授粉。此外,将两组蜜蜂刚羽化的蜜蜂后代放置于恒温恒湿的培养箱中进行饲养试验,在饲养期间蜜蜂自由采食饲料、糖浆和水,饲养30d后,实验组蜜蜂的存活率大于76%,而对照组的蜜蜂的存活率却不足63%,这说明本发明的中草药制剂有利于提高蜜蜂的存活率,延长蜜蜂寿命,利于蜂群的发展。
上述说明是针对本发明较佳可行实施例的详细说明,但实施例并非用以限定本发明的专利申请范围,凡本发明所提示的技术精神下所完成的同等变化或修饰变更,均应属于本发明所涵盖专利范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂,其特征在于,一份所述中草药制剂包括以下原料组分:中药液280-320mL、白糖水4-6kg和白醋10-15mL,所述中药液包括以下重量的原料组分:半枝莲7-11g、金银花8-12g、马齿苋10-13g和甘草12-17g。
2.根据权利要求1所述一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂,其特征在于:所述白糖水中白糖和水的质量比为1:1。
3.根据权利要求1所述一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂,其特征在于:所述糖水替换为蜂蜜水,所述蜂蜜水中蜂蜜和水的质量比为1:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂,其特征在于:所述中药液包括以下重量的原料组分:半枝莲10g、金银花10g、马齿苋11g和甘草15g。
5.根据权利要求4所述一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂,其特征在于,所述中药液的制备方法为:
S1:按重量称取所述半枝莲、所述金银花、所述马齿苋和所述甘草;
S2:将所述半枝莲粉碎后和浓度为60%的乙醇以1g:10mL的比例混合,在70℃的水浴上回流提取1h后过滤,再将滤渣和浓度为55%的乙醇以1g:10mL的比例混合,在75℃的水浴上回流提取1h,过滤后,合并两次滤液并浓缩得第一浸膏;
S3:将所述金银花粉碎后和浓度为60%的乙醇以1g:25mL的比例混合,采用超声波依次于100W、80W和60W的功率下提取10min、5min和5min后过滤,将所得滤液浓缩得第二浸膏;
S4:将所述马齿苋粉碎后和石油醚以1g:13mL的比例混合,在超声波辅助处理下,于55℃的温度下回流提取2h,过滤得提取液,将所得提取液浓缩提取液得第三浸膏;
S5:将所述甘草粉碎后,将所得甘草粉末和水以1g:15mL的比例混合后,于70℃的水浴上回流提取1h,重复提取两次,合并所得滤液,即得甘草提取液;
S6:将上述第一浸膏、第二浸膏、第三浸膏和甘草提取液混合搅拌后,加水定容,即得所述中药液。
6.根据权利要求1所述一种蜜蜂用中草药制剂,其特征在于:所述中草药制剂的制备方法为:将所述中药液、所述糖水和所述白醋混合搅拌均匀。
7.一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,其特征在于,使用如权利要求1-6任意一项所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂对蜜蜂进行饲喂。
8.根据权利要求7所述一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)蜂场选址:选择油茶分布广而集中,且油茶树生长茂盛,背风向阳,地势开阔的地方作为蜂场;
(2)蜂群进场:在油茶始花期之前将蜂群放入油茶林中,在蜂群进场前进行全面检查,确保蜂群有王、卵、幼虫及无病虫害,进场的每箱蜂量有三脾蜂以上,蜂箱距离地面的高度为30-50cm,相邻两个蜂箱之间的间距为2m,且在蜂群进场后对蜜蜂奖励饲喂2-3次;
(3)诱蜂访花:在油茶花初花期和盛花期,给蜜蜂饲喂油茶花糖浆,且在油茶盛花期用稀释后的所述油茶花糖浆喷洒到油茶花上;
(4)蜂群解毒:采用所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂对蜜蜂进行饲喂,每份所述蜜蜂用中草药制剂饲喂40脾蜂,且3-5d饲喂一次,直到油茶末花期结束;
(5)油茶林管理:在蜂群进入油茶林的中前期,对油茶树进行修剪,剪去油茶树的病虫枝、重叠枝、交叉枝及枯枝使树体通透,在蜂群进入油茶林的中后期,对油茶树进行施肥;且在整个蜜蜂授粉期间,油茶林不施用任何农药;
(6)合理取蜜:在油茶的中后花期进行取蜜,取蜜量为整个蜂群的1/2,取完后及时补喂中草药糖浆,每箱饲喂500g,连续饲喂2-3次;
(7)后期管理:油茶花期结束后,若油茶林周围没有冬季蜜源植物,则将蜂群撤出油茶林,若油茶林周围有冬季蜜源植物,则将蜂群留在油茶林中,并定点饲喂、做好保温。
9.根据权利要求8所述一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述油茶花糖浆的制备方法为:按重量份计,称取新鲜的油茶花1份、白糖水3份和白醋0.3份,将所述油茶花放入所述白糖水中,依次于40℃、35℃和25℃下分别浸泡2h后,加入所述白醋,于28℃下再浸泡2h后过滤,即可得到所述油茶花糖浆。
10.根据权利要求8所述一种油茶林蜜蜂养殖方法,其特征在于,步骤(6)中,所述中草药糖浆的制备方法为:将所述中药液和所述白糖水或所述蜂蜜水按质量比1:1混合均匀。
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