CN115024188A - 一种氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法,该方法具体步骤如下:以尿素和甲醛为原料制备氮缓释期较短的液体脲甲醛,然后将秸秆颗粒后进行短期的高温好氧发酵,获得秸秆纤维,再将秸秆纤维与液体脲甲醛混合后加水制浆、吸虑成型获得该氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘;该方法提高了液体脲甲醛的氮素释放速率,氮素释放期由>6个月缩短至<1个月,与水稻秧苗的营养需求曲线相吻合,不仅避免了育秧前期养分快速释放对稻种的盐害效应,还可满足秧苗生长中后期对氮素的大量需求,在整个水稻育秧过程中无需追肥,降低育秧成本,易于推广应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农业领域中水稻育秧,适宜于机插秧用的新型秸秆育秧基质盘,特别是一种具有氮缓释效应的秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法。
背景技术
我国水稻种植面积约4.5亿亩,总产量高达2.01亿吨,种植面积和总产量分别占粮食的27%和36%。先进的水稻种植模式和技术对于保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。水稻旱育苗带土移栽技术在我国已应用30多年,多年育苗大量取土造成农田耕地等生态植被被严重破坏,且该育秧方式,通常采用塑料秧盘装填农田表土或散状基质育秧,费工耗时,易造成严重白色污染。
氮素合理管理是水稻育秧过程中提高壮秧指数的关键措施。有研究表明,育秧过程中施氮量为15~20g/m2时,秧苗的白根数、发根力和根活都呈最佳。经测定,秸秆育秧基质盘含氮量约为15g/m2。然而,由于秸秆本身所含氮素大多为有机态氮,使得成型后的基质盘在育秧过程中所释放速效氮无法满足秧苗所需,且由于秸秆碳氮比高,导致育秧过程中易发生微生物与秧苗对氮素的竞争,从而影响秧苗生长。为此,在秸秆育秧基质盘制备过程中需添加外源速效氮肥以提供秧苗所需氮素。由于秧苗在出苗至一叶一心之间所需养分由稻谷中胚乳分解提供,根系尚未完全建立,对养分的吸收能力较弱。然而,现有秸秆基质盘中所添加速效氮肥在播种浇水后易大量快速释放造成局部盐害从而影响稻种的出苗。此外,氮素可通过氨挥发、氮的硝化和反硝化及硝酸盐的淋溶等途径损失到环境中, 从而降低氮素利用率。目前,大多农户在育秧中后期追施尿素等氮肥以满足秧苗生长,但由于幼苗对养分的敏感性,易发生由操作不当引起的烧苗伤根等肥害,且费工费时。
通过在秸秆育秧基质盘制备过程中添加缓释氮肥以制备出具有氮缓释性能的秸秆育秧基质盘,使其所含氮素的释放规律与秧苗氮素需求规律一致,可有效解决这一问题。申请人团队前期研发了一种全营养可降解秸秆育秧基质块的制备方法(CN201910978528.9),该方法通过添加缓释养分调理剂(复合肥、脲甲醛缓释肥、黄腐酸钾、聚谷氨酸、磷酸二铵粉)和含有纳米级功能材料的功能高分子可降解聚合物以制备具有养分缓控释效果的秸秆育秧基质块,但该方法因所需添加物料较多,导致生产成本较高,不利于秸秆育秧基质块的大面积推广应用。且由于水稻育苗期一般为20~25d,而目前所用脲甲醛缓释肥主要为满足作物在全生育期所需养分而设定,其养分释放速率低且缓释期较长(>60d),有研究(曲萍,常志州,赵永富,黄红英.蛋白水解物改性脲甲醛缓释肥的结构及氮素释放特征,农业工程学报,2016,32(21):240-245)发现3周内常规脲甲醛的氮素释放率仅为10%,该养分释放率无法满足秧苗生长所需。因此,提供一种满足水稻育苗期营养成分需求曲线的氮缓释基质盘极为重要。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明提供一种具有氮缓释性能且所释放氮素符合秧苗生长需求的秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法。
具体而言,本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
1.短缓释期的液体脲甲醛的制备
将尿素和甲醛(尿素和甲醛的摩尔比为1.5~1.6:1)溶解在水中,并在碱性条件下进行加成反应,反应温度为40℃,反应时间1.5h;然后在弱酸性条件下进行聚合反应,反应温度为40℃,反应时间10~20分钟,获得含有缩合度低的亚甲基脲的溶液,该溶液即为缓释期短的液体脲甲醛,备用;
上述碱性条件是通过采用氢氧化钠溶液或氢氧化钾溶液调节溶液pH值为7.5~8.0之间;上述弱酸性条件是通过采用磷酸溶液(85%浓度)调节溶液pH值为5.5~6.0之间。
2.高吸附型的秸秆纤维制备
将干燥后的农作物秸秆(优选小麦、玉米、水稻秸秆中的一种)粉碎至直径<1mm的秸秆颗粒,以增加秸秆纤维的比表面积;然后加入硫酸铵调节碳氮比至25~30:1,堆体含水率60%~70%,进行高温(70~75℃)好氧发酵4~6天,堆肥期间,每2天翻堆1次,每次翻堆时喷稀硫酸溶液(1mol/L),使堆肥pH值为6.0~6.5;
堆肥结束时即获得具有铵离子较大吸附量的秸秆纤维,备用。
本步骤通过高温好氧发酵不仅可消除农作物秸秆中含有的病原菌,还可减弱秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素间的相互作用力,从而改善秸秆纤维的加工性能,有利于秸秆基质块的成型。
3.氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备
将步骤2中获得的秸秆纤维与步骤1中获得的液体脲甲醛按质量比40:1混匀获得氮缓释型基质,然后将氮缓释型基质与水按质量比1:50混匀制浆后经负压吸虑成型获得氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘。
上述制浆、及负压吸虑成型步骤均为本领域的常规技术,如专利CN201910978528.9中所公开的方法。
具体而言,与现有水稻育秧基质盘相比,本发明具有以下优势:
1、本发明对常规脲甲醛制作工艺进行优化改进,将常规聚合反应的反应pH值范围由3.0~5.0提高至5.5~6.0,并将常规聚合反应时间范围由1~1.5小时缩短至10~20分钟,大大降低了亚甲基脲的缩合度,所制备的液体脲甲醛的氮素释放速率大大提高,氮素释放期由>6个月缩短至<1个月,从而与水稻秧苗的营养需求曲线相吻合。
2、本发明通过减少秸秆颗粒直径,提高其比表面积,从而提高其对铵离子的吸附性能,同时通过降低堆肥pH值以减少铵态氮的挥发,最终制备的秸秆纤维可吸附大量的铵离子,且在所成型秸秆育秧基质盘的育秧过程中逐渐释放铵态氮,从而达到氮缓释效果。
3、本发明所制备的氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘所含氮素在育秧过程中逐渐释放,不仅避免了育秧前期养分快速释放对稻种的盐害效应,还可满足秧苗生长中后期对氮素的大量需求。在整个水稻育秧过程中无需追肥,从而降低育秧成本。
附图说明
图1为不同种类脲甲醛的氮素释放规律曲线图。
图2为实施例制备的氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质块(SUP)实物照片。
图3为不同秸秆基质块育秧7天时的照片。
具体实施方式
下面将结合具体实施例来详细说明本发明,在此本发明的示意性实施例以及说明用来解释本发明,但并作为对本发明的限定。除非另外说明,本发明中所公开的试验方法均采用本技术领域常规技术,实施例中所用到的试剂和原料均可由市场购得。
实施例涉及的原料及设备:
单工位往复式成型机型号为JKF-9060,购自苏州市金科自动化设备有限公司。
尿素购自史丹利化肥股份有限公司。
甲醛购自上海泰坦科技股份有限公司。
除非特别说明,以下实施例涉及的原料均是通过市售途径购买。
实施例1 短缓释期的液体脲甲醛的制备
将尿素和水按质量比1:2置于反应釜中,搅拌均匀,升温至40℃,加入甲醛(尿素和甲醛的摩尔比为1.5:1),用氢氧化钾调节溶液pH至8.0,反应1.5小时,用度为85%磷酸调节pH为5.5,40℃下反应15分钟后放料,获得短缓释期的液体脲甲醛。
实施例2高吸附型的秸秆纤维制备
以制备30kg秸秆纤维为实例,具体步骤如下:
将30kg干燥的水稻秸秆粉碎至直径<1mm,将1.6kg硫酸铵溶于45kg水中后喷洒至秸秆堆体中,调节堆体碳氮比至25:1,并将堆体水分调节至60%后进行高温(70~75℃)好氧发酵4天,发酵2天后翻堆,翻堆时喷洒1%(质量分数)稀硫酸溶液,使堆肥pH值为6.0~6.5。堆肥结束时即获得所述高吸附型秸秆纤维。
实施例3液体脲甲醛的氮素释放规律
在实施例2制备的高吸附型秸秆纤维中添加实施例1中制备的液体脲甲醛,液体脲甲醛的总氮添加量为2.3%,调节秸秆纤维含水量至70%,在30℃恒温培养箱培养25d,获得液体脲甲醛秸秆;在培养1、6、12、19、26d采样并测定有效氮释放量。
同时以固体脲甲醛代替实施例1制备的液体脲甲醛(其脲甲醛的总氮添加量同样为2.3%),采用相同方法制备固体脲甲醛秸秆纤维作为对照组。所制备的两组秸秆在不同时间检测的有效氮释放量结果如图1所示。从图1可知,在整个培养期中液体脲甲醛的有效氮释放量都高于固体脲甲醛。
本实施例中脲甲醛的总氮添加量计算公式为:脲甲醛氮含量(%)*脲甲醛添加量(g)/秸秆纤维质量(g)*100。
本实施例中所述固体脲甲醛采用常规制备工艺(如文献“曲萍,常志州,赵永富,黄红英.蛋白水解物改性脲甲醛缓释肥的结构及氮素释放特征,农业工程学报,2016,32(21):240-245”所公开的方法),具体如下:将尿素和水按质量比1:2置于反应釜中,搅拌均匀,升温至47℃,加入甲醛(尿素和甲醛的摩尔比为1.3:1),用氢氧化钾调节溶液pH至8.0,反应1.5小时,用度为85%磷酸调节pH为3,47℃下反应1.5小时后放料并抽滤,将滤饼置于80℃烘箱中烘干约2h,即获得固体脲甲醛。
实施例4氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备
将30kg高吸附型秸秆纤维(实施例2制备)、750g液体脲甲醛(实施例1制备)投入至1500kg水中经匀浆机匀浆处理10-20min,通过单工位往复式成型机负压(-0.01MPa)吸虑成型,经烘道45℃±2℃烘干获得氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质块(SUP),其实物照片如图2所示。
本实施例中吸虑成型步骤参照国家发明专利(CN201910978528.9一种全营养可降解秸秆育秧基质块的制备方法及应用)中所公开的方法实施。
同时以固体脲甲醛(制备方法同实施例3)代替液体脲甲醛,其他步骤同上述氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质块制备方法,获得秸秆育秧基质块(LUP)。
以常规育秧基质盘为对照(CK),观察氮缓释期长的秸秆育秧基质盘(LUP)和氮缓释期短的秸秆育秧基质盘(SUP)的育秧效果和速效氮释放状况。本实施例中所用常规秸秆育秧基质盘购买于海门红杉树智能科技有限公司。
以粳稻为例,品种龙粳42号,播种量为120g/盘,育秧时间为20d。
育秧结束时测定秧苗的出苗数、株高和茎粗(表1),并分别在育秧15d和育秧结束后(育秧21d)测定秸秆基质盘的速效氮含量(表2),速效氮的测定方法参考DB13-T 843- 2007《土壤速效氮测定》。
表1 添加不同脲甲醛的秸秆基质块所育秧苗的生物学性状
表2 不同秸秆基质块的速效氮含量
从表1可发现,与CK相比,LUP降低了秧苗的出苗数和株高,而SUP增加了秧苗的出苗数、株高和茎粗,这说明SUP所释放的速效氮及时满足了秧苗生长所需氮素。从表2可发现,在育秧15d时,SUP的秸秆基质盘中速效氮含量最高,至育秧结束时,LUP的秸秆基质盘中速效氮最高,这说明SUP的氮缓释期明显短于LUP。图3为三组基质盘育秧7天时的出苗情况照片,可见,SUP组秧苗出苗数更多,且植株更为粗壮。
Claims (7)
1.一种氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
1)将尿素和甲醛混合后溶解在水中,并在碱性条件下进行加成反应,然后在弱酸性条件下进行聚合反应,获得液体脲甲醛,备用;
所述碱性条件是指pH值为7.5~8.0,所述弱酸性条件是指pH值为5.5~6.0;
2)将秸秆颗粒与硫酸铵混合后,调节碳氮比至25~30:1,堆体含水率60%~70%,于70~75℃好氧发酵4~6天,堆肥期间维持堆肥pH值为6.0~6.5,获得秸秆纤维,备用;
3)将步骤2)获得的秸秆纤维与步骤1)获得的液体脲甲醛按质量比40:1混匀,获得氮缓释型基质;然后将氮缓释型基质与水混匀制浆,吸虑成型,获得所述氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘。
2.根据权利要求1所述氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1)中,所加入的尿素和甲醛的摩尔比为1.5~1.6:1。
3.根据权利要求1所述氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1)中,所述碱性环境是指利用氢氧化钠溶液或氢氧化钾溶液调节溶液pH值为7.5~8.0;所述弱酸性条件是利用磷酸溶液调节溶液pH值为5.5~6.0。
4.根据权利要求1所述氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中,所述秸秆包括小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、水稻秸秆中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中,所述维持堆肥pH值为6.0~6.5是指,加入1mol/L的硫酸溶液维持堆肥pH值为6.0~6.5。
6.根据权利要求1所述氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中,所述秸秆颗粒的直径<1mm。
7.根据权利要求1所述氮缓释型秸秆育秧基质盘的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中,所述将氮缓释型基质与水混匀制浆是指将氮缓释型基质与水按质量比1:50混匀制浆。
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