CN114941138B - Alloy pipe forming method based on laser cladding - Google Patents
Alloy pipe forming method based on laser cladding Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
- C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
- C23C24/106—Coating with metal alloys or metal elements only
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/10—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of articles with cavities or holes, not otherwise provided for in the preceding subgroups
- B22F5/106—Tube or ring forms
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
- B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
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- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/056—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 10% but less than 20%
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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Abstract
The invention discloses a laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method, which comprises the following steps: under the condition of applying an alternating magnetic field, alloy powder is melted by laser to deposit layer by layer to form an inner tube body; forming a coating on the outer surface of the tube blank by laser cladding, wherein the inner tube body and the coating form the tube blank with different inner and outer materials; placing the tube blank in a cryogenic medium for deep cooling treatment, then placing the tube blank in normal-temperature ethanol for ultrasonic treatment, repeating the cyclic cryogenic treatment and ultrasonic treatment, and then placing the tube blank in a hydrogen-nitrogen mixed atmosphere for gradient temperature rise, tempering and heat preservation. According to the invention, an alternating magnetic field is applied in the process of forming a pipe blank by laser deposition, the refining effect of a solidification structure is improved, then higher residual stress is introduced into the formed pipe blank through cryogenic treatment, stress distribution is regulated and controlled through ultrasonic treatment, stress is balanced in the cyclic process of the cryogenic treatment and the ultrasonic treatment, and finally tempering and stress removal are carried out in the gradient heating process, so that the service performance of the pipe is improved, and the method is particularly suitable for manufacturing a small-caliber thin-wall high-temperature alloy pipe.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of laser cladding, and particularly relates to a laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method.
Background
The traditional production methods of alloy pipes are extrusion, rolling, forging and casting, among others, where forging and casting only provide a pierced billet and further forming is required to obtain the finished pipe. The existing pipe is mainly divided into a welded pipe and a seamless pipe according to a forming mode, the welded pipe has deteriorated tissues at a welding seam and has obvious difference with a base material, and cracks are easy to generate; the seamless pipe is mainly formed into a tubular product by performing plastic deformation on a pipe blank through multiple times of extrusion and drawing. Although the performance of the seamless pipe is superior to that of a welded pipe, the forming process of the seamless pipe is long, and the deformation of the material is uneven, so that the structure performance and the dimensional accuracy of the pipe are seriously influenced. Many high-performance pipes used in extreme severe environments need to have the characteristics of super-strong bearing, extreme heat resistance, corrosion resistance, high reliability and the like, and particularly for alloy pipes with small specifications and high precision, the requirements on materials, structures, processes and performance are more strict, so that the manufacturing difficulty is higher.
Laser additive manufacturing (also called laser melting deposition) is a manufacturing method for finally obtaining a finished product by accumulating layer by layer from bottom to top, a model is established in three-dimensional modeling software and is used as a basis, and the model is stacked layer by layer according to a specified path, so that a product which is the same as the three-dimensional model is finally generated. Compared with the traditional manufacturing method, the method has no limitation of traditional processing, and can manufacture various complex articles; the raw material utilization is high, the environment is protected, and the waste of too many resources can not be generated; the production equipment has small volume and does not occupy too much space; the range of the specifications of the products which can be produced is wide, and the aviation structural parts which are as small as micro-nano components and are as large as more than 10m can be produced by the method. By virtue of its flexibility and convenience, it has been widely used in various fields.
The direct forming of high-melting-point difficult-to-process metal, alloy and metal matrix composite material members based on the laser technology is widely researched, but the following problems can not be solved: in the melting and solidification process of the alloy material, when the temperature is changed violently, the generated stress cannot be released completely, so that the stress is not uniform, the strength of a local area is not enough, and the use requirement cannot be met.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the defects of the prior art, the invention provides an alloy pipe forming method based on laser cladding, which adopts laser melting alloy powder to deposit layer by layer to form pipe blanks with different inner and outer materials, and the formed pipe blanks are subjected to circulating cryogenic treatment and heat preservation tempering treatment to achieve the purposes of regulating and controlling stress distribution and stress relief.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method comprises the following steps:
under the condition of applying an alternating magnetic field, alloy powder is melted by laser to deposit layer by layer to form an inner tube body; forming a coating on the outer surface of the tube blank by laser cladding, wherein the inner tube body and the coating form the tube blank with different inner and outer materials; placing the tube blank in a cryogenic medium for cryogenic treatment for 1.5-2.5 h, then placing the tube blank in normal-temperature ethanol for ultrasonic treatment for 10-20 min, repeating the cyclic cryogenic treatment and the ultrasonic treatment for 3-5 times, then placing the tube blank in a vacuum heating furnace, introducing mixed hydrogen and nitrogen, starting gradient temperature rise, finally preserving the temperature for 1.5-3 h under the environment with the pressure of 1-2 MPa and the temperature of 500-600 ℃, stopping heating, stopping introducing the gas when the temperature is reduced to below 60 ℃, and taking out;
the alloy powder used for the inner tube body comprises the following components in percentage by weight: cr: 6.4-10.8%, W: 4.8-6.8%, mo:4.0 to 6.5%, co:3.5 to 4.0%, ti:2.5 to 3.0%, al:1.6 to 2.5%, zr:0.05 to 0.1%, C:0.03 to 0.10%, B:0.01 to 0.05 percent, and the balance of Ni;
when the inner pipe body is formed, the technological parameters of the laser cladding equipment are as follows: the laser power is 800-1000W, the diameter of a light spot is 0.4-0.8 mm, the cladding speed is 0.6-1 m/min, the powder feeding speed is 5-12 g/min, the single-layer thickness of laser cladding is controlled to be 0.2-0.8 mm, the flow of protective gas is argon and argon is 15-30L/min, and the intensity of the alternating magnetic field is 0.05-0.15T;
the alloy powder used for the coating comprises the following components in percentage by weight: c:0.8 to 1.5%, cr: 3.4-6.6%, mo:4.2 to 5.9%, si:0.5 to 0.7%, co:0.8 to 1.4%, W:5 to 7.53%, V:1.4 to 3.2%, mn:0.15 to 0.4 percent, and the balance of Fe;
when the coating is formed, the technological parameters of the laser cladding equipment are as follows: the laser power is 800-1000W, the diameter of a light spot is 0.2-0.4 mm, the cladding linear speed of the surface of the inner tube body is 0.3-0.5 m/min, the axial feed per revolution is 50-120 mu m, the powder feeding speed is 3-6 g/min, and the flow of protective gas is argon and argon is 10-20L/min;
the gradient temperature rise process comprises the following steps: firstly, heating to 140-160 ℃ within 15-30 min, and preserving heat for 10-20 min; then heating to 340-360 ℃ within 25-40 min, and preserving the heat for 20-30 min; finally, the temperature is raised to 500-600 ℃ within 20-40 min.
The invention adopts the laser material increase mode to manufacture the pipe, and has high automation degree, short processing flow and good product consistency. The inner pipe body of the alloy pipe is made of nickel-based alloy, contains more solid solution strengthening phase forming elements (Cr, W, mo and Co), a small amount of precipitation strengthening phase forming elements (Al and Ti) and trace grain boundary strengthening phase forming elements (Zr and B), ensures the oxidation resistance temperature of the alloy through solid solution strengthening, has good plasticity, machinability and the like, is cooperated with proper amount of precipitation strengthening and grain boundary strengthening, has good high-temperature creep strength, fatigue resistance, oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, can be used for pipe fittings with higher working temperature and bearing stress, and is particularly suitable for small-caliber thin-wall high-temperature alloy pipes; the iron-based alloy is added outside the inner tube body to serve as a coating, so that the iron-based alloy can be combined with the nickel-based alloy serving as the inner tube body more highly, the surface hardness and the density of the tube can be improved, and high strength, wear resistance and erosion resistance are obtained.
Because the high-permeability component exists in the alloy component of the inner tube body, the alternating magnetic field is applied in the alloy melting and depositing process, the flowing of a solution can be influenced, so that the flow field and the temperature field are controlled, the coarseness of the structure is inhibited, the segregation is improved, the cracks are prevented, the generation of pores on the central section in the product is reduced, and the solidification structure refining effect of the product can be obviously improved on the basis of improving the cladding speed. After the tube blank is formed by laser deposition, more stress is arranged in the tube blank, higher residual stress is introduced into the tube blank through subzero treatment, then stress distribution is regulated and controlled through ultrasound, stress is balanced in the cyclic process of subzero treatment and ultrasound treatment, part of residual stress is offset in the process, and finally tempering is performed to remove stress in the gradient heating process, so that residual stress in the tube blank can be effectively reduced or eliminated, and the service performance of the tube blank is improved.
In order to improve the smoothness of the inner side wall of the tube blank and ensure the coaxiality of the tube, an extendable core mold is arranged at the center of a workbench of laser cladding equipment, the core mold is cylindrical, the outer diameter of the core mold is matched with the inner diameter of the alloy tube to be formed, the axial center line of the core mold is perpendicular to the surface of the workbench, and the core mold extends out layer by layer along with the deposition thickness of the inner tube body. The core mold is made of cold and hot impact resistant silicon nitride and has good heat conducting performance, the core mold is in clearance fit with the alloy pipe to be molded, and the core mold is in transition fit with the alloy pipe after the alloy pipe is solidified and shrunk; the carbon nano layer is deposited on the outer surface of the core mold, the carbon nano layer is formed by vacuum sputtering, the thickness of the carbon nano layer is 5-15 mu m, the carbon nano layer not only has good antioxidation, but also plays a role in lubrication and protection, and the alloy pipe can be guaranteed to be taken off from the core mold.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of forming an inner tube in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the magnet assembly of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of forming a coating layer in example 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of forming an inner tube in example 2;
fig. 5 is a top view of fig. 3.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the present invention are further described with reference to specific examples, which are intended to explain the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention, and those who do not specify a specific technique or condition in the examples follow the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or follow the product specification.
An alloy pipe forming method based on laser cladding comprises the following steps:
under the condition of applying an alternating magnetic field, alloy powder is melted by laser to deposit layer by layer to form an inner pipe body; then forming a coating on the outer surface of the tube blank by laser cladding, wherein the inner tube body and the coating form the tube blank with different inner and outer materials; placing the tube blank in liquid nitrogen for cryogenic treatment for 1.5-2.5 h, then placing the tube blank in normal-temperature ethanol for ultrasonic treatment (power is 0.5-1 kW, frequency is 20-30 kHz) for 10-20 min, airing or drying the tube blank by using nitrogen after the ultrasonic treatment is finished, repeating the cyclic cryogenic treatment and the ultrasonic treatment for 3-5 times, then placing the tube blank in a vacuum heating furnace, introducing mixed hydrogen and nitrogen, starting gradient heating, finally preserving heat for 1.5-3 h in an environment with the pressure of 1-2 MPa and the temperature of 500-600 ℃, stopping heating, stopping ventilation when the temperature is reduced to below 60 ℃, and taking out the tube blank;
the alloy powder used for the inner tube body comprises the following components in percentage by weight: cr: 6.4-10.8%, W: 4.8-6.8%, mo:4.0 to 6.5%, co:3.5 to 4.0%, ti:2.5 to 3.0%, al:1.6 to 2.5%, zr:0.05 to 0.1 percent, C:0.03 to 0.10%, B:0.01 to 0.05 percent of Ni and the balance of Ni;
when the inner pipe body is formed, the technological parameters of the laser cladding equipment are as follows: the laser power is 800-1000W, the diameter of a light spot is 0.4-0.8 mm, the cladding speed is 0.6-1 m/min, the powder feeding speed is 5-12 g/min, the single-layer thickness of laser cladding is controlled to be 0.2-0.8 mm, the flow of protective gas is argon and argon is 15-30L/min, and the intensity of the alternating magnetic field is 0.05-0.15T;
the alloy powder used for the coating comprises the following components in percentage by weight: c:0.8 to 1.5%, cr: 3.4-6.6%, mo:4.2 to 5.9%, si:0.5 to 0.7%, co:0.8 to 1.4%, W:5 to 7.53%, V:1.4 to 3.2%, mn:0.15 to 0.4 percent, and the balance of Fe;
when the coating is formed, the technological parameters of the laser cladding equipment are as follows: the laser power is 800-1000W, the diameter of a light spot is 0.2-0.4 mm, the cladding linear speed of the surface of the inner tube body is 0.3-0.5 m/min, the axial feed per revolution is 50-120 mu m, the powder feeding speed is 3-6 g/min, and the flow of protective gas is argon and argon is 10-20L/min;
the gradient temperature rise process comprises the following steps: firstly, heating to 140-160 ℃ within 15-30 min, and preserving heat for 10-20 min; then heating to 340-360 ℃ within 25-40 min, and preserving the heat for 20-30 min; finally, the temperature is raised to 500-600 ℃ within 20-40 min, and good stress relief effect is achieved through heat preservation of the low, middle and high temperature sections; in the temperature rise process, the hydrogen-nitrogen mixed gas is formed by mixing hydrogen and nitrogen according to the volume ratio of 1 (2-5), so that the oxidation of the alloy is avoided, and the density of the alloy is improved.
Preferably, the alternating magnetic field is provided by a combination of a medium-frequency power supply and a magnet assembly, and the magnet assembly comprises an iron core and a coil wound on the iron core; the iron core is equipped with the breach including the core that is the rectangular frame form, the middle part of a core side, the coil is the symmetry around locating the breach both sides, and the both ends of coil are connected with the intermediate frequency power, and the output frequency of intermediate frequency power is 4 ~ 10kHz.
In addition, in order to ensure the coaxiality of the alloy pipe and the smoothness of the inner side wall of the alloy pipe, an extendable core mold is arranged at the center of a workbench of the laser cladding equipment, the core mold is cylindrical, the outer diameter of the core mold is matched with the inner diameter of the alloy pipe to be molded, the axial center line of the core mold is perpendicular to the surface of the workbench, and the core mold extends layer by layer along with the deposition thickness of the inner pipe body. The core mold is made of silicon nitride, the core mold is in clearance fit with the alloy pipe to be molded, and a carbon nano layer is deposited on the outer surface of the core mold; the carbon nano layer is formed by vacuum sputtering, and the thickness of the carbon nano layer is 5-15 mu m. For manufacturing a pipe with a slightly larger outer diameter, a flow passage can be arranged in the core mould, and a cooling medium flows in the flow passage, so that the heat transfer rate can be improved, and the temperature difference of the inner layer and the outer layer of the deposited metal is ensured to be small.
Example 1
An alloy pipe forming method based on laser cladding comprises the following steps:
(1) Under the condition of applying an alternating magnetic field with the intensity of 0.1T, adopting laser melting alloy powder to deposit layer by layer to form an inner tube body with the inner diameter of 7mm, the wall thickness of 0.6mm and the length of 18 mm;
as shown in fig. 1 and 2, when the laser head 1 melts and covers the alloy to form the inner tube 4, the inner tube 4 rotates along with the worktable, the alternating magnetic field is composed of a medium frequency power supply and a magnet assembly, the magnet assembly comprises an iron core 2 and a coil 3 wound on the iron core 2, the iron core 2 comprises a rectangular frame-shaped core body, a gap is arranged in the middle of one side edge of the core body, the coil 3 is symmetrically wound on two sides of the gap, two ends of the coil 3 are connected with the medium frequency power supply, and the output frequency of the medium frequency power supply is 6.5kHz;
the technological parameters of the laser cladding equipment are as follows: the laser power is 850W, the diameter of a light spot is 0.6mm, the cladding speed (the linear speed of forming the inner tube body 4 by melting alloy) is 0.8m/min, the powder feeding speed is 8g/min, the flow of protective gas is argon and the flow of argon is 20L/min, and the single-layer thickness of laser cladding is controlled to be 0.6mm;
the component proportion of the alloy powder used by the inner tube body is as follows: cr:8.5%, W:5.2%, mo:5.0%, co:3.6%, al:2.2%, ti:2.8%, zr:0.07%, C:0.04%, B:0.03 percent, and the balance being Ni;
the preparation method of the alloy powder comprises the following steps: alloying and proportioning the raw material components, then carrying out vacuum melting on the steel ingot, applying medium-frequency induction heating to melt the steel ingot, and ensuring the vacuum degree of a melting chamber to be 10 -1 ～10 -2 Pa, adopting a gas atomization method to prepare powder, spraying powder with the gas argon pressure of 2.8-3.0 MPa, and screening the powder after receiving the powder; the grain diameter of the alloy powder is as follows: 10-80 μm, fluidity: 30-32 s/100g, the sphericity is more than or equal to 94%, and the D50 is less than or equal to 39 micrometers;
(2) Forming a coating with the thickness of 0.2mm on the outer surface of the tube blank by adopting laser cladding, wherein the inner tube body and the coating form the tube blank with different inner and outer materials;
as shown in fig. 3, when the coating layer 11 is formed on the outer surface of the inner tube 4, the inner tube 4 is axially rotated and the laser head 1 is axially fed; the technological parameters are as follows: the laser power is 800W, the diameter of a light spot is 0.24mm, the cladding linear speed of the surface of the inner pipe body is 0.3m/min, the axial feed per revolution is 0.1mm, the powder feeding speed is 4g/min, and the flow of protective gas is argon and argon is 15L/min;
the alloy powder used for the coating comprises the following components in percentage by weight: c:1.2%, cr:4.6%, mo:5.3%, si:0.6%, co:1.2%, W:6.0%, V:2.2%, mn:0.21%, the balance being Fe;
the preparation method of the alloy powder comprises the following steps: alloying and proportioning the raw material components, then carrying out vacuum melting on the steel ingot, applying medium-frequency induction heating to melt the steel ingot, and ensuring the vacuum degree of a melting chamber to be 10 -1 ～10 -2 Pa, adopting a gas atomization method to prepare powder, spraying powder with the gas argon pressure of 2.6-2.8 MPa, and screening the powder after receiving the powder; the grain diameter of the alloy powder is as follows: 10-100 μm, fluidity: 33-35 s/100g, the sphericity is more than or equal to 94%, and D50=44 μm;
(3) Placing the tube blank in liquid nitrogen (the temperature is-185 to-196 ℃) for deep cooling treatment for 2 hours, then placing the tube blank in normal-temperature ethanol for ultrasonic treatment (the power is 0.8kW and the frequency is 20 kHz) for 15 minutes, taking out the tube blank and standing for 5 to 10 minutes for airing, then performing circulating deep cooling treatment and ultrasonic treatment for 3 times, namely performing 4 times of deep cooling treatment and ultrasonic treatment;
(4) Then placing the mixture in a vacuum heating furnace, and introducing hydrogen-nitrogen mixed gas (H) 2 And N 2 Volume ratio 1; then heating to 350 ℃ in 30min, and keeping the temperature for 25min; and finally, heating to 550 ℃ within 30min, preserving the heat for 2h under the environment of 1MPa of pressure and 550 ℃, stopping heating, stopping ventilation when the temperature is reduced to below 60 ℃, and taking out.
TABLE 1 concrete procedure of gradient heating
The alloy pipe formed by the method has uniform structure components, no obvious segregation, stable performance and the surface microhardness of 273HV at room temperature 0.2 The flattening test and the flaring test both have no crack, and the results of other mechanical properties are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 mechanical properties (unit: MPa) of alloy tubes
As can be seen from Table 2, the alloy tube formed in example 1 has good high temperature strength.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 4 and 5, on the basis of embodiment 1, in order to ensure the coaxiality of the pipe and the smoothness of the inner side wall of the pipe, an extendable core mold 9 is arranged at the center of a workbench 5 of laser cladding equipment, and the core mold 9 extends layer by layer along with the deposition thickness of an inner pipe body.
The laser cladding equipment processing area has the following specific structure:
the laser cladding device comprises a rotating workbench 5 and a motor for driving the workbench 5 to rotate, wherein a substrate 6 is installed in the center of the upper surface of the workbench 5, an inner tube body 4 formed by laser cladding is deposited on the substrate 6, and the substrate 6 and the inner tube body 4 can be cut or ground according to the subsequent separation requirement. The center of the bottom of the workbench 5 is coaxially provided with a rotating shaft 8, the rotating shaft 8 is provided with a gear 7, a transmission mechanism (such as a gear 7 belt transmission) is arranged between the motor and the gear 7, the motor drives the gear 7 to rotate through the transmission mechanism by adopting a conventional technical means, which is not innovative in the invention, so that detailed description is omitted, and the gear 7 rotates to drive the rotating shaft 8 and the rotating shaft 8 to drive the workbench 5 to synchronously rotate. The core mold 9 is cylindrical, the outer diameter of the core mold 9 is matched with the inner diameter of an alloy pipe to be molded, and the axial center line of the core mold 9 is perpendicular to the surface of the workbench 5. The centers of the workbench 5, the substrate 6 and the rotating shaft 8 are provided with through holes along the axial center line, the core mold 9 is positioned in the through holes, the core mold 9 can move up and down along the through holes, a push-pull mechanism (such as an air cylinder) for driving the core mold 9 to move up and down is arranged below the core mold 9, and the push-pull mechanism can push/pull the core shaft along the vertical method by adopting the conventional technical means, which is not the innovation of the invention and is not described in detail. The alternating magnetic field has the same structure as that in the embodiment 1, and specifically comprises the following steps: constitute by intermediate frequency power and magnet subassembly, magnet subassembly includes iron core 2 and around locating coil 3 on iron core 2, iron core 2 is equipped with the breach including the core that is rectangular frame form, the middle part of a core side, coil 3 is the symmetry around locating the breach both sides, and coil 3 around establishing the work that can not influence the laser head, and coil 3's both ends are connected with intermediate frequency power, and intermediate frequency power's output frequency is 6.5kHz. The magnet assembly is located above the table 5 and the shaped inner tube 4 is located at the gap of the core.
The core mold 9 is made of silicon nitride with cold and heat shock resistance, and has good heat conductivity, and the core mold 9 is in clearance fit with the alloy pipe to be molded (the outer diameter of the core mold 9 is
) When the alloy pipe is solidified and contracted, the alloy pipe is in transition fit with the core mould 9; the carbon nano-layer 10 is deposited on the outer surface of the silicon nitride, and the carbon nano-layer 10 is formed by vacuum sputtering, and the method comprises the following steps: the core mold 9 is sent into a sputtering chamber, high-purity carbon materials (CNTs, purity 95%) are used as a sputtering target material, and argon is used as a sputtering atmosphere; under high vacuum (less than or equal to 10) -5 Pa) sputtering chamber, injecting argon gas to make the pressure of the sputtering chamber be 0.2Pa, setting sputtering power to activate high-purity carbon target material, starting to sputter and deposit carbon nano film, and stopping sputtering after the thickness of the carbon nano film reaches 8 mu m (the outer diameter of the core mould 9 after being coated is ^ and ^>
)。
The alloy pipe formed by the method has uniform tissue components and high dimensional precision, and the outer diameter of the pipe is
The roughness Ra of the inner surface is less than or equal to 1 mu m, and the coaxiality phi is less than or equal to 10 mu m.
Comparative example 1
A method for forming an alloy pipe based on laser cladding is kept unchanged according to steps (1), (2) and (4) of embodiment 1, and is characterized in that the step (3) is changed into the following steps: and (3) placing the tube blank in ethanol at normal temperature, carrying out ultrasonic treatment (power of 0.8kW and frequency of 20 kHz) for 60min, taking out and airing.
Comparative example 2
An alloy pipe forming method based on laser cladding is kept unchanged according to the steps (1), (2) and (4) of the embodiment 1, and is characterized in that: the step (3) is changed into the following steps: placing the tube blank in liquid nitrogen (the temperature is-185 to-196 ℃) for deep cooling treatment for 2 hours, then placing the tube blank in normal-temperature ethanol for 15 minutes, taking out the tube blank, standing the tube blank for 5 to 10 minutes, airing the tube blank, and then performing circulating deep cooling treatment and ultrasonic treatment for 3 times.
Comparative example 3
An alloy pipe forming method based on laser cladding is kept unchanged according to the steps (1) and (2) of the embodiment 1, and is characterized in that: the step (3) is removed, and the step (4) is changed into: placing in a vacuum heating furnace, introducing mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen (H) 2 And N 2 And (4) directly heating to 550 ℃, preserving heat for 2h in an environment with the pressure of 1MPa, stopping heating, stopping ventilation when the temperature is reduced to below 60 ℃, and taking out.
Through detection, the density of the alloy pipe is as follows: example 1 > comparative example 3 > comparative example 2 > comparative example 1; the residual stress (residual tensile stress) of the alloy pipes molded in example 1 and comparative examples 1 to 3 was measured by X-ray diffraction, the co-tilt method was used for the outer surface residual stress test of the alloy pipes, the side tilt method was used for the inner surface test of the alloy pipes, a was the axial direction, and T was the tangential direction, and the results are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 residual stress (unit: MPa) of alloy tubes
From table 3, it can be seen that, when the stress distribution inside the pipe is not uniform, tempering can only take out a part of the stress, the removal amount is about 26% at most, some stress is introduced in the cryogenic treatment process, which is helpful for regulating and controlling the stress, but the removal amount of the residual stress is still not high, and the stress distribution can be effectively balanced by ultrasonic treatment, so that the removal amount of the residual stress is further improved by coupling the ultrasonic treatment with tempering treatment. After the alloy pipe is subjected to circulating cryogenic treatment and ultrasonic treatment coupled gradient temperature rise tempering, the residual stress of the alloy pipe is basically eliminated.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
under the condition of applying an alternating magnetic field, alloy powder is melted by laser to deposit layer by layer to form an inner tube body; forming a coating on the outer surface of the tube blank by laser cladding, wherein the inner tube body and the coating form the tube blank with different inner and outer materials; placing the tube blank in a cryogenic medium for cryogenic treatment for 1.5-2.5 h, then placing the tube blank in normal-temperature ethanol for ultrasonic treatment for 10-20 min, repeating the cyclic cryogenic treatment and the ultrasonic treatment for 3-5 times, then placing the tube blank in a vacuum heating furnace, introducing mixed hydrogen and nitrogen, starting gradient temperature rise, finally preserving the temperature for 1.5-3 h under the environment with the pressure of 1-2 MPa and the temperature of 500-600 ℃, stopping heating, stopping introducing the gas when the temperature is reduced to below 60 ℃, and taking out;
the alloy powder used for the inner tube body comprises the following components in percentage by weight: cr: 6.4-10.8%, W: 4.8-6.8%, mo:4.0 to 6.5%, co:3.5 to 4.0%, ti:2.5 to 3.0%, al:1.6 to 2.5%, zr:0.05 to 0.1 percent, C:0.03 to 0.10%, B:0.01 to 0.05 percent of Ni and the balance of Ni;
when the inner pipe body is formed, the technological parameters of the laser cladding equipment are as follows: the laser power is 800-1000W, the diameter of a light spot is 0.4-0.8 mm, the cladding speed is 0.6-1 m/min, the powder feeding speed is 5-12 g/min, the single-layer thickness of laser cladding is controlled to be 0.2-0.8 mm, the flow of protective gas is argon and argon is 15-30L/min, and the intensity of the alternating magnetic field is 0.05-0.15T;
the alloy powder used for the coating comprises the following components in percentage by weight: c:0.8 to 1.5%, cr: 3.4-6.6%, mo:4.2 to 5.9%, si:0.5 to 0.7%, co:0.8 to 1.4%, W:5 to 7.53%, V:1.4 to 3.2%, mn:0.15 to 0.4 percent, and the balance of Fe;
when the coating is formed, the technological parameters of the laser cladding equipment are as follows: the laser power is 800-1000W, the diameter of a light spot is 0.2-0.4 mm, the cladding linear speed of the surface of the inner tube body is 0.3-0.5 m/min, the axial feed per revolution is 50-120 mu m, the powder feeding speed is 3-6 g/min, and the flow of protective gas is argon and argon is 10-20L/min;
the gradient temperature rise process comprises the following steps: firstly, heating to 140-160 ℃ within 15-30 min, and preserving heat for 10-20 min; then heating to 340-360 ℃ within 25-40 min, and preserving the heat for 20-30 min; finally, the temperature is raised to 500-600 ℃ within 20-40 min.
2. The alloy pipe forming method based on laser cladding as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the center of a workbench of the laser cladding equipment is provided with an extendable core die, the core die is cylindrical, the outer diameter of the core die is matched with the inner diameter of an alloy pipe to be formed, the axial center line of the core die is perpendicular to the surface of the workbench, and the core die extends out layer by layer along with the deposition thickness of an inner pipe body.
3. The laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method of claim 2, characterized by comprising the following steps: the core mold is made of silicon nitride, a carbon nano layer is deposited on the outer surface of the silicon nitride, and the core mold is in clearance fit with the alloy pipe to be molded.
4. The laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method according to claim 3, wherein the laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method comprises the following steps: the carbon nano layer is formed by vacuum sputtering, and the thickness of the carbon nano layer is 5-15 mu m.
5. The laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method of claim 1, wherein the alloy powder for the inner pipe body and the alloy powder for the coating are prepared by vacuum melting and then gas atomization powder preparation.
6. The laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method of claim 1, wherein: the alternating magnetic field is provided by combining a medium-frequency power supply and a magnet assembly, and the magnet assembly comprises an iron core and a coil wound on the iron core; the iron core is equipped with the breach including the core that is the rectangle frame form, the middle part of a core side, the coil is the symmetry around locating breach both sides, and the both ends of coil are connected with the intermediate frequency power supply, and the output frequency of intermediate frequency power supply is 4 ~ 10kHz.
7. The laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method of claim 1, wherein: the cryogenic medium adopts liquid nitrogen and the temperature is-185 to-196 ℃.
8. The laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method of claim 1, wherein: during ultrasonic treatment, the power of the ultrasonic wave is 0.5-1 kW, and the frequency is 20-30 kHz.
9. The laser cladding-based alloy pipe forming method of claim 8, wherein: and drying in the air or drying by using nitrogen after the ultrasonic treatment is finished.
10. The alloy pipe forming method based on laser cladding as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the hydrogen-nitrogen mixed gas is prepared by mixing hydrogen and nitrogen according to the volume ratio of 1 (2-5).
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