CN114940492A - Graphene powder deep processing technology by fixed connection liquid dispersion method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a graphene powder processing technology by a fixed liquid dispersion method, belongs to the field of graphite processing, and particularly relates to a method for obtaining graphene from graphite. The method for processing the graphene powder by the fixed connection liquid dispersion method comprises the following steps: mixing the graphite powder with sugar, and pulverizing. Step two: adding water into the mixed sugar and graphite powder, stirring into flocculent, and compacting into blocks or granules. Drying, pulverizing in a pulverizer, and repeating for several times. Step three: repeatedly pulverizing the powder, adding water to obtain slurry, and filtering to obtain concentrated liquid. Step four: diluting the filtered concentrated liquid with a proper amount of water to obtain a liquid with a certain proportion, and pouring the liquid into a cavity of an ultrasonic cleaning machine for vibration cleaning for a certain time. Step five: and (4) shaking the cleaned liquid, and putting the liquid into a precise filtering device for filtering to form graphene liquid. Step six: and spraying the liquid filtered by the precise filtering device on a glass plane, quickly drying water to enable the graphene to be attached to the surface of the glass, and scraping the glass plane by using a polishing machine or a blade to obtain powder or flake graphene.

Description

Graphene powder deep processing technology by fixed connection liquid dispersion method

Technical Field

A fixed liquid dispersion method graphene powder deep processing technology relates to the field of graphite processing, and graphene is obtained from graphite. The invention aims to provide a process technology to produce high-end graphene powder products with high quality, low price and large quantity, and promote the development of modified materials, thereby benefiting mankind.

Background

Graphene is known as a strategic emerging material in the 21 st century. The excellent material performance of the graphene stimulates scientific research enthusiasm of academic circles on one hand, and raises the wave of application development and industrialization on the other hand. The carbon material family, which is now composed of zero-dimensional fullerenes, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, two-dimensional graphene, and three-dimensional graphite and diamond, has become more complete because of the discovery of graphene. Graphene is not only a single-layer carbon atom material, but also belongs to a carbon family, and forms a basic unit of other-dimension carbon materials. Graphene is also a very young material and presents bottlenecks and challenges in many respects. How to realize controllable, macro and high-quality preparation of graphene, how to develop the functions of graphene and expand the application field is a bottom-layer problem in the development of the current graphene industry. The breakthrough of graphene productivity and key preparation technology and process technology is urgently needed to be solved. Graphene can be roughly classified into two types, i.e., powder and thin film, according to its macroscopic morphology, and graphene powder refers to a disordered aggregate of nano-sized and micro-sized graphene sheets. At present, the preparation of graphene can be roughly classified into two technical routes, one is a top-down method, i.e., obtaining graphene from graphite itself (also called a graphite route), and the other is a bottom-up method, i.e., preparing graphene from carbon-containing compounds (also called a carbon atom route). The basic processing method of the graphite path is as follows:

1) the liquid phase stripping method is characterized in that graphite is dispersed in an organic solvent or specific surface activity, single-layer or multi-layer graphene is stripped from the surface of the graphite by means of ultrasonic waves and the like, graphene dispersion liquid is obtained through centrifugal separation, and finally the graphene can be obtained through deposition on different substrates. The method is one of mainstream methods for preparing graphene powder at low cost, but has the problems of poor product quality and large process improvement space;

2) the oxidation-reduction method comprises the steps of oxidizing natural graphite by using strong acid such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide and strong oxidant to obtain graphite oxide, dispersing the graphite oxide by means of physical stripping, high-temperature expansion and the like to obtain graphene oxide, and finally reducing the graphene oxide to obtain reduced graphene oxide. The method is also one of the mainstream methods for preparing the graphene powder in China, is simple to operate and high in yield, but has the problems of high product defect, serious environmental pollution and unclear industrialization prospect in the long term;

3) the mechanical stripping method is to extract single-layer graphene from graphite by tearing an adhesive tape, the graphene prepared by the method has excellent electrical, optical, thermodynamic and mechanical properties, the method is simple to operate and can be easily realized in a laboratory, but the method has the defects that the size and shape of the graphene can not be controlled well, and the method cannot be scaled and cannot be used for industrial mass production.

Disclosure of Invention

The fixed liquid dispersion method graphite powder deep processing technology comprises the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps: proper amount of graphite powder is mixed with proper amount of sugar and crushed in a crusher.

Step two: adding water into the mixed sugar and graphite powder, stirring into flocculent, and compacting into blocks or granules. Drying, pulverizing in pulverizer, and repeating the above steps for several times.

Step three: repeatedly circulating the pulverized powder for many times, adding water to obtain slurry, and filtering the slurry to obtain sugar-containing concentrated liquid. And returning the residue which cannot be filtered to the second step for preparing blocks or particles.

Step four: diluting the filtered sugar-containing concentrated liquid with a proper amount of water to obtain a liquid with a certain proportion, and pouring the liquid into a cavity of an ultrasonic cleaning machine for vibration cleaning for a certain time.

Step five: and (5) shaking the cleaned liquid, putting the liquid into a precise filtering device for filtering, so that graphene liquid suspended in water is formed, and residues which cannot be filtered are returned to the step two.

Step six: spraying graphene liquid filtered by a precise filtering device on a glass plane, rapidly drying moisture to enable graphene to be attached to the surface of the glass, and scraping the glass plane by using a polishing machine or a blade to obtain powder graphene or flaky thin graphene

In order to realize the purpose of deep processing of the macroscopic quantity and high-quality graphite and enable technicians to quickly understand and master the process flow method, the explanation of one step is used for implementing the process flow and clarifying the working principle, and the explanation of the steps is as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: the introduction of sugar realizes the aim of mutual adhesion and mixing, in the crushing process, the sugar molecules adhere to the graphite particles, under the impact of the shearing force of the crusher, the sugar is broken into fine particles, the particles are larger sugar molecule particles, the graphite particles adhered outside are mainly, and the opportunity of adhering or tearing the graphite molecules is provided when the sugar particles are broken each time. The sugar has the characteristics of high viscosity, crystal brittleness, good shaping, small molecular weight, excellent water solubility, good dispersibility in water, certain hardness after drying and the like, and fully utilizes the characteristics of the sugar. And because the sugar molecules are larger than the particle size of the graphite molecules, the pulverizer drives the powder to rotate at a high speed under the action of high-speed shearing impact force, so that the sugar molecules and the graphite molecules are waved in a messy way, collide with each other, are squeezed with each other, and are adhered and fall off. The pencil draws gently on paper and leaves one or several layers of graphite alkene, and rubbing crusher body has set up wide platform for graphite, makes the graphite alkene scribble in the sugar molecule surface condition.

Step two: after the graphite powder is crushed to a certain degree, the crushing precision cannot be improved due to the influence of the crushing precision, the powder is taken out, a small amount of hot water is added to activate the viscosity of the sugar, the shape is reformed, the hot water enables the viscosity of sugar molecules to be activated rapidly, and the mixed liquid of the sugar and the water rapidly permeates into the processed graphite powder. The water solubility and the viscosity of the sugar are utilized to re-adhere the graphite powder, and the surfaces of the cracked graphite molecules are adhered with the sugar molecules, so that the surfaces of the cracked graphite molecules and the surfaces of other graphite molecules are not agglomerated and are similar to a dough. Drying and forming to fix the last crushing result. And (4) putting the granules subjected to plastic drying into a crusher again, and repeating the steps for a plurality of times. During the crushing process, sugar molecules expand in volume under heating, and become fluffy by virtue of the stretching and viscosity of the sugar, which has the same principle as cotton candy. When the pigment is artificially wrapped on the outer layer of the sugar particles, the manufactured cotton candy has color, the colored cotton candy is mixed and reproduced to manufacture the cotton candy, and the color becomes light or disappears because the pigment is blended into the sugar and is stretched into tiny micromolecules which can not be seen by eyes. The substance is conserved, the pigment substance does not disappear, and the pigment substance is fused into the sugar, and the graphite powder is wrapped in the substance.

Step three: repeatedly pulverizing the powder, adding purified water to obtain slurry, filtering with filter cloth to obtain concentrated solution containing a large amount of sugar molecules, which has small dissolving amount of graphene supported by unit volume of water, and can greatly increase the dissolving amount of graphene without precipitation (the residue unable to be filtered returns to step two for further pulverization)

Step four: the concentrated liquid filtered by the filter cloth is diluted by adding water and poured into an ultrasonic cleaning machine, and the added water is required to meet the cleaning requirement and is also diluted as much as possible (as the case may be). And the graphene molecules and the sugar molecules are separated by the action of vibration cleaning, and the liquid phase stripping is realized. The adhesion of the sugar molecules and the graphene molecules is a physical phenomenon, and the sugar molecules and the graphene molecules are easy to separate quickly under the shaking action of an ultrasonic cleaning machine. Due to the damage caused in the crushing process of the separated graphene molecules, the graphene molecules form agglomeration superposition or grow along the edge in water by means of the attraction of electrons and the self lattice requirement, and the graphene molecules are repaired into a regular hexagonal structure along a hybrid track. The role of the water is to provide an environment for repair and recombination (and continuing to step six), currently without human intervention, this repair action being an ad hoc approach. Water and graphene must not be separated. It is seen that after a period of time, the graphene is agglomerated and overlapped into graphite (which is a reason that graphene is difficult to find in the nature), and water is a powerful and cheap substance for repairing graphene breakage.

Step five: and cleaning the vibrated liquid, heating to over 50 ℃, and transferring to a fine filtering device. The filtering is carried out by using a filter membrane with the diameter less than 0.1 micron, the filtered liquid is brownish yellow, the activity of escaping sugar molecules is increased by heating, and meanwhile, the particle size of the sugar molecules is increased, so that the particle size is larger than the pore diameter of the filter membrane and the sugar molecules cannot penetrate through the filter membrane. The depth of the color of the filtered liquid determines the content of graphene to some extent. The content of dark color is large, the yield of single layer is low, more single layers can be obtained from lighter color, the quality is higher, and the dilution ratio can be specifically adjusted according to the requirement. The filtered liquid is not easy to store for a long time, the color gradually becomes dark after the liquid is stored for a long time, or flocculent precipitate gel is generated, the flocculent precipitate gel is subjected to ultrasonic oscillation again, the precipitate can be dispersed in water and cannot be seen, and the side proves that the overlapping agglomeration of the graphene in the water is not tight, so that the two-sided characterization of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic contradiction of the graphene is realized.

Step six: spraying the fine-filtered liquid on a plane glass, spraying as thin as possible and drying quickly. There are three ways of drying. Firstly, preheating glass, secondly, blowing by hot air, and thirdly, mixing the two. The purpose is to rapidly lose moisture, hot air blows a glass plane, so that liquid is dispersed on the glass plane to be thinner and more uniform, single-layer graphene is overlapped or aggregated into graphite and multi-layer graphene as little as possible after dehydration, the graphene has extremely strong adhesion to the glass plane, can be rapidly adsorbed on the glass surface, brown yellow fine powder or flakes below 1 square centimeter are scraped from the glass surface, and the graphite color is converted into brown yellow and slightly transparent. And (4) spraying and scraping on the glass (the scraping process is locally closed and dustproof), wherein the step is similar to that of a pencil and an eraser, the continuous writing and erasing are carried out continuously, and the glass plane is as large as possible. The powder obtained from the glass plane is put into the water with the same volume again, and the powder still restores to the state before being sprayed on the glass surface, is completely dissolved and does not precipitate within a certain time.

Detailed description of the preferred embodiments

The high-quality and large-batch production of the low-cost graphene material is a precondition for realizing the industrialization of graphene application. In order to realize the precondition, the graphene powder deep processing technology by the fixed liquid dispersion method is concretely represented as follows:

1. high quality of graphene industrialization precondition

At present, the pulverizer on the market can not directly process graphene. If the method cannot be achieved by the subtraction method, the method and the article are created by the addition method, and the small-particle-size graphite molecules are overlapped and adhered outside the large-particle-size sugar molecules, and the method is similar to rice balls. The graphite has small particle size, the pulverizer cannot pulverize, the graphite and the sugar are bonded, the particle size is increased, and accordingly the pulverizing foundation is provided.

The principle of the method for adding sugar and crushing is similar to that of a method for tearing the adhesive tape of a Manchester university team, and the efficiency is improved to a mechanized step. The sugar has stable chemical properties and low price. The viscosity of the sugar is utilized to overcome van der Waals force, and the sugar can be recycled. The mechanical method is used for producing high-quality graphene, and a platform foundation is built for follow-up. Compared with the graphite powder in the liquid phase stripping method, the sugar-containing mixed graphene powder smoothly enters the liquid phase stripping stage and enjoys ultrasonic bathing. The ultrasonic wave together with the sugar molecules peels off and strains, and after the wave is fresh, the wave is subjected to severe filtration examination. In the liquid phase stripping stage, sugar molecules replace organic solvents, surfactants, and the like. The existence of sugar improves the unit bearing capacity of graphene in the dispersion liquid. The liquid phase stripping stage is substantially without adding chemical raw materials, and the time of the graphene in a suspended state in water is prolonged. The high onset of mechanical exfoliation results in high quality of liquid phase exfoliation.

2 large batch of graphene industrialization preconditions

The industrial products are not complex, and much experience is natural. And (3) the process for processing the graphene by the fixed liquid dispersion method is summarized according to the description. The method for manufacturing caramel and cotton candy is used for reference in the first step and the second step, the liquid phase stripping method is used for reference in the fourth step and the fifth step, and the method for pasting calligraphy characters with water is simulated in the sixth step. Still further, the first and second steps are actually flour processing and feed pellet manufacturing. Step five is water treatment, and step six is pancake making. Simple and easy to remove, good for both bad and bad, and integrates and merges mature and common technical processes. The sugar is a comprehensive auxiliary utilization process of adding sugar and removing sugar in fact through the steps of one, two, three, four and five. In conclusion, the mature process technology flow is beneficial to assembly line and automatic design and is suitable for large-scale production organization.

3 low cost of graphene industrialization precondition

Cost constitutes an important factor in determining pricing of a product, including equipment, site, raw materials, fuel and power, production worker salaries and various manufacturing costs, and the like. The adoption of mature technological process and mature equipment is a method for reducing cost. The classification of products, the efficient connection of classification processing in the production organization process and the like are also important factors influencing the cost. In terms of cost, the following sorting screening needs to be introduced, because this link is also a node of high quality, large batch and low cost. In the screening process, the yellow soil blocks are thrown when no wind exists, dust is thrown when the yellow soil blocks are emptied, and soil is thrown on the ground and is not moved. The flying dust is collected, the flying dust with different heights is collected in a classified mode, and certainly, no waste soil is discharged, the soil is put in place, and the flying dust is made into blocks with mud and then thrown. In the experiment, a large plastic bag is obliquely bound above the mouth of a small bottle, the bottle is slightly shaken, and flying fine objects are collected. The graphene is layered, and each layer is used differently, although the field needs to be different. Link firmly liquid method graphite alkene powder deep-processing technology that looses, the output be synthesize graphite alkene powder, be like falling the loess piece to categorised the scouring for several times.

According to the specification, the materials are graphite, sugar and water. A flow is carried out once in the experimental process, an inaccurate numerical value (with a small reference meaning) is obtained approximately, the ratio of graphite to sugar is about 4 to 1, and finally 70 ml of mixed graphene powder is obtained, and residues, sugar and power cannot be calculated and data can be collected. According to the mass production of the graphene industrialization precondition, mature grafting equipment, mature technology, and a ready skilled operation layer and site are transplanted for production. The method has the advantages of more industrial products, rich experience, low cost and low price. The equipment is simplified to be found anywhere on the market, no chemical raw materials are added, the site requirement is not too high, and the protection level of common dust processing is high. Lower access thresholds, in turn, reduce costs.

Summarizing and concluding, the graphene processing technology adopting the liquid dispersion method is combined with a mechanical method and a liquid phase stripping method, the processing amount of the mechanical method is increased, the high quality is kept, the ultrasonic stripping of the liquid phase stripping method is carried out, and chemical raw materials are abandoned. Compared with the time-consuming and labor-consuming repeated means of tearing the adhesive tape (ball milling, grinding machine and the like) and low working efficiency, the method greatly improves the productivity and efficiency on the premise of keeping high quality, and makes scale which cannot be implemented possible. The method of tearing the tape only confirms the existence of graphene, but cannot solve mass production and application. Compared with the liquid phase stripping method, the mechanical tearing and crushing high-quality material is subjected to continuous extension under the action of ultrasonic waves, and the liquid phase stripping method process is improved. The original liquid phase stripping method is a little like rinsing water and tooth brushing to pick teeth, which is not as direct as toothpicks. Compared with the oxidation-reduction reaction method, the method has no pollution condition, eliminates strong oxidation and strong reduction waste liquid, perfectly keeps the original functions and crystal lattices of the graphite, belongs to the environment-friendly type, and overcomes the defects of the oxidation-reduction graphite path processing method. The method changes and improves the physical properties of the graphite, such as electric conduction, heat conduction, transparency and the like, through mechanical tearing and crushing of the graphite, liquid phase stripping and generation of a glass base.

Although the obtained product is mixed powder of graphene with various layers, few layers, multiple layers, graphite and impurities can be separated by a simple method of free-fall sorting and screening. The graphene with various specifications has respective application, and the processing and screening processes are selected according to the application. And repeating the steps from the first step to the sixth step of the specification, and processing and sorting by means of the original equipment in a circulating manner or processing and improving the sorted and screened high-quality products, so that the quality is further improved, the overall quality is spirally improved, and the products are quickly moved in small steps (the existing time of compression in water) so as to increase the processing process to improve the quality of the products until the products are satisfactory.

The method has many advantages, but also many disadvantages. The first is the water resource consumption, the second is the step six in the specification, methods such as extraction electrophoresis and the like are considered, but from the aspects of cost, quality and environmental protection, a glass plane is selected, and five steps are further returned from the whole process step. And finally, the processing process is long, tedious and repeated, and needs to be dried for many times, thereby consuming energy. Although imperfect, it is still an option at the present stage.

The fixed liquid dispersion method graphite powder deep processing technology is not feasible, has no effect, and still needs a small experiment to test the effect. This experimental data does not represent the final results, but is presented for verification and reference, as per the specification.

The experimental suction filtration bottle of the tool swing type 1000 g household pulverizer household ultrasonic cleaning machine comprises a vacuum pump, 800-mesh filter cloth, a plurality of water-system 0.1-micron filter membranes, a piece of 40 x 40 cm white glass, a piece of glass rod, a piece of stainless steel lunch box, a piece of small plastic basin, a piece of 20 ml disposable injector, a putty knife, a plurality of art designing blades, 100 g of high-purity graphite powder, 500 g of white sugar, 500 ml of purified water, 3 and a hair drier.

Step one, 100 g of sugar and graphite powder are poured into a grinder to be ground for 3-5 minutes, and the ground material is kept stand and cooled. And step two, taking out the crushed result in the step one, pouring the crushed result into a stainless steel lunch box, adding water to knead the dough or stumble lumps, adding sugar if the crushed result is not sticky, compacting and cutting the small blocks by matching a glass rod and a putty knife, freely playing the size, (waiting for a little drying time), keeping the restriction of baking in a sun, heating, baking in an electric oven, and the like, and avoiding smoking, and the stainless steel is not afraid of burning. And (5) putting the mixture into a crusher for crushing after drying, and repeating the steps for 3 to 5 times. And step three, adding water into the final powder obtained in the step two in a stainless steel lunch box to dilute the final powder into soybean milk, paving a filter cloth on a plastic basin, pouring the liquid in the stainless steel lunch box into the plastic basin, slightly lifting four corners of the crossed filter cloth away from the bottom of the plastic basin, and allowing the liquid to flow into the plastic basin. The plastic basin liquid is pumped by a disposable syringe, the ultrasonic cleaning machine in the step four is injected, purified water is poured according to the water level of the cleaning machine, the machine is started to vibrate, the vibration time is calculated by the maximum working time of the cleaning machine, and 3 times of operation is just as much as possible. And pumping the liquid after the vibration cleaning by using a disposable syringe, injecting the liquid into a filter cup with a filter membrane clamped, pumping and filtering by using a vacuum pump, and stirring by using a glass rod when the pumping and filtering are not smooth. And (4) observing the color of the liquid in the filter flask according to the reference specification, cleaning the disposable syringe, preferably carrying a needle head, and extracting the liquid in the filter flask for later use, thereby completing the step five. Finally, the step six of witnessing the graphene is that the glass plane is clean, the art designer knife is clean, the electric hair drier is used for baking the glass plane, the electric hair drier is taken away, the liquid of the disposable injector is dripped slightly on the glass plane, the electric hair drier is started to be stopped at the minimum, the dripped liquid is dispersed until the liquid is dried to form water stains, the art designer blade is used for scraping the water stains slightly, and the graphene powder is presented and gathered together and is a bit like dried meat floss. It must be noted that it must be light, and that it is too heavy and flies with dust too quickly. The technique of skillfully using the sharp blade and the technique of drying in the early stage can obtain larger slices.

The result can be roughly judged by observing the color of the powder or the flake. The color comparison is as follows: dark brown, failing. The bitter buckwheat is dark brown and good. The tea is not changed in brown color after being brewed for one day, and is excellent. The plastic texture is light, semi-hidden and semi-transparent, and the sheet is fine.

It does not matter that a few milligrams are lost, most of the graphene is behind. Most importantly, the graphene powder is sold in the market at the current price and at the future price of one ton. Even the result of dark brown is higher than the grade of the carbon black filler of the battery negative electrode in the current market.

Through a small experiment, it is obvious to feel that step five is too slow and the back leg is dragged. The water treatment is a key point, the filter flask is changed into a filter press, the glass plane is prepared, and the effect is seen.

Preferably 1, the precision of the pulverizer is greater than 400 meshes.

Preferably 2, the water is purified water.

Preferably 3, the purity of the graphite powder is more than 60%.

Claims (7)

1. A fixed-connection liquid-dispersion method graphene powder deep processing technology discloses a manufacturing technology method of graphene powder deep processing with low cost, high yield, good quality and environmental friendliness, and is characterized by comprising the following six steps.

The method comprises the following steps: proper amount of graphite powder is mixed with proper amount of sugar and the mixture is crushed in a crusher.

Step two: adding water into the mixed sugar and graphite powder, stirring into flocculent, and compacting into blocks or granules. Drying, pulverizing in pulverizer, and repeating the above steps for several times.

Step three: repeatedly and repeatedly pulverizing the powder, adding water to obtain slurry, and filtering to obtain concentrated liquid containing sugar. Returning the residue which can not be filtered to the second step to prepare blocks or particles.

Step four: diluting the filtered sugar-containing concentrated liquid with a proper amount of water to obtain a liquid with a certain proportion, and pouring the liquid into a cavity of an ultrasonic cleaning machine for vibration cleaning for a certain time.

Step five: and (5) shaking the cleaned liquid, putting the liquid into a precise filtering device for filtering, so that graphene liquid suspended in water is formed, and residues which cannot be filtered are returned to the step two.

Step six: and spraying graphene liquid filtered by the precise filtering device on a glass plane, rapidly drying moisture to enable the graphene to be attached to the surface of the glass, and scraping the glass plane by using a polishing machine or a blade to obtain powder graphene or flaky thin graphene.

2. The process for further processing the graphene powder by the fixed liquid dispersion method is mainly characterized by comprising the steps of mixing sugar and designing the process, and combining mechanical powder processing, ultrasonic liquid phase stripping assistance and a method for generating the graphene powder by using a glass plane base.

3. The process for further processing the graphene powder by the fixed liquid dispersion method according to claim 1, wherein sugar (sugar molecules) participates in the first to fifth graphite processing steps and plays a role of main line traction in the processing process. Step one, sugar-doped mechanical crushing processing and block-making granulation re-crushing, and step three, coarse filtering to obtain sugar-containing concentrated liquid. Step four is to dilute the sugar-containing concentrated liquid, start the ultrasonic liquid phase stripping process, step five is to precisely filter and isolate the intervention of sugar molecules, and step six is to precisely filter the liquid and generate powder on the glass base.

4. According to claim 1, the process step of deep processing of graphene powder by the fixed liquid dispersion method, step two, is to obtain the sugar-containing graphite powder containing graphene molecules, and the graphene molecules are fixed and adhered to the mixed sugar-containing graphite powder around the sugar molecules, which is a characteristic component of the method.

5. According to claim 1, the graphene powder escaping from the pulverizer body in the process of manufacturing the sugar-containing graphene powder in the first step and the second step of the fixed liquid dispersion method graphene powder deep processing technology is a characteristic component of the method.

6. According to claim 1, the graphene liquid dissolved in water prepared in the fifth step of the fixed liquid dispersion method graphene powder deep processing process is a characteristic component of the method.

7. The graphite of claim 1, which is carbon, a mixture of elemental carbon molecules, and a material known as graphene. Sugar is a general name for a mixture of sugar molecules.