CN114896906B - Ice accretion simulation method considering heat conduction in ice layer and solid wall surface - Google Patents
Ice accretion simulation method considering heat conduction in ice layer and solid wall surface Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention is suitable for the technical field of ice prevention and deicer, and provides an icing simulation method considering heat conduction in an ice layer and a solid wall surface, wherein the method considers the heat conduction in the ice layer and the solid wall surface, and simplifies liquid drop impact and flow and phase change of a thin water film on the surface into four energy items of the solid wall surface:a simplified coupling heat transfer model is designed, the heat transfer model comprises convection heat transfer between air and an ice layer, heat conduction inside the ice layer and heat conduction inside a solid wall surface, and four energy items are added to an interface of the air and the ice layer to perform coupling heat transfer simulation calculation so as to simulate ice deposition on the solid wall surface. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the heat conduction in the ice layer and the solid wall surface is considered, so that the calculation result is more accurate, reasonable model simplification is performed in the calculation process, and the calculation process is relatively simple.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ice prevention and deicing, in particular to an ice accretion simulation method considering heat conduction in an ice layer and a solid wall surface.
Background
Icing of the surface of an aircraft occurs when the aircraft passes through a cloud containing supercooled water droplets. Icing can be a serious hazard to flight safety, so that the research on the icing phenomenon of the aircraft is paid more and more attention by scholars, and numerical simulation is an important means for researching the icing of the aircraft. This complex heat transfer phenomenon is involved in the impingement of supercooled water droplets on the icing process. Supercooled water droplets striking the surface release a large amount of latent heat during the freezing process, which is dissipated by evaporation of the water film, heat convection inside the film, and heat transfer from the water film to the outer cold air and ice layers and solid walls. In most existing numerical simulations of ice accretion, the heat conduction in the ice layer and inside the solid wall is usually ignored for simplifying the calculation, and the solid wall is considered to be adiabatic approximately, or the temperature of the solid wall is considered to be equal to the incoming flow temperature. This makes numerical simulation of icing subject to error.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects of the prior art, the invention provides an ice accumulation simulation method considering heat conduction in an ice layer and a solid wall surface.
An ice accretion simulation method taking into account heat conduction in an ice layer and a solid wall surface, comprising the steps of:
s10, simulating the flow field of air and water drops by adopting an Euler-Euler method to obtain the water drop collection rate beta, the convection heat transfer coefficient h and the shear stress of an air-liquid interface
S20, transferring heat from a water film to an ice layerZero, carrying out numerical simulation, and calculating to obtain the energy brought by the impact liquid drop based on the simulation of the thin water film flow and the phase changeEvaporation energyLatent heat of freezing phase changeConvection heat transfer inside water film
S30. Obtaining the product obtained in the step S20After the heat transfer model is added to the interface of the air and the ice layer, the heat transfer model simulates the coupling heat transfer, wherein the coupling heat transfer comprises the convective heat transfer between the air and the ice layer and the solid wall surface, the heat conduction inside the ice layer and the heat conduction inside the solid wall surface, and the heat transfer from a new water film to the ice layer is calculated
S40, judgingWhether the convergence is achieved or not, if yes, the calculation is finished; if not, transferring heat from the new water film to the ice layerThe numerical simulation calculation in step S20 is substituted, and steps S20 to S40 are repeated.
Further, the step S30 includes the steps of:
s301, calculating wall temperature T according to internal heat conduction equation of solid wall wall :
ρ wall Is the density of the solid wall surface, c p,wall Is the specific heat capacity of the solid wall surface,
s302, according to the guide inside the ice layerCalculating the temperature distribution in the ice layer by using a thermal equation, and calculating the internal temperature T of the ice layer i :
Whereink i Is the thermal conductivity of ice, p i Is the density of ice, c pi Is the specific heat capacity of ice;
the boundary conditions of the contact between the upper surface of the ice layer and the water film are as follows:
whereinNormal to the surface of the ice and water films, L f Is the latent heat of phase change per unit mass, H i Is the thickness of the ice layer, n is the nth time step, n +1 is the nth +1 time step, Δ t is the time step,
the boundary conditions of the contact between the lower surface of the ice layer and the solid wall surface are as follows:
T i =T wall
wherein k is wall Is the thermal conductivity of the wall, n wall Is the normal vector of the wall, T wall Is the wall temperature;
Compared with the prior art, the ice accretion simulation method considering the heat conduction in the ice layer and the solid wall surface at least has the following beneficial effects:
the invention considers the heat conduction in the ice layer and the solid wall surface, and simplifies the liquid drop impact and the flow and phase change of the surface thin water film into four energy items of the solid wall surface:a simplified coupling heat transfer model is designed, the heat transfer model comprises convection heat transfer between air and an ice layer, heat conduction inside the ice layer and heat conduction inside a solid wall surface, and four energy items are added to an interface of the air and the ice layer to perform coupling heat transfer simulation calculation so as to simulate ice deposition on the solid wall surface. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the heat conduction in the ice layer and the solid wall surface is considered, so that the calculation result is more accurate, reasonable model simplification is performed in the calculation process, and the calculation process is relatively simple.
The ice accretion simulation method considering the heat conduction in the ice layer and the solid wall surface is not only suitable for the ice accretion simulation of the surface of an aircraft, but also suitable for the ice accretion simulation of the solid surface of a wind turbine blade, power transmission and the like.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present invention or in the description of the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an ice accretion simulation method considering an ice layer and heat conduction in a solid wall surface according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic heat transfer diagram of the present icing pattern of solid walls, ice layers, water films and air;
FIG. 3 is a simplified model diagram of the coupled heat transfer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the invention. The particular examples set forth below are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.
The impingement of supercooled water droplets on the solid to avoid ice accretion involves this complex heat transfer phenomenon, and as shown in fig. 2, supercooled water droplets impinging on the surface release a large amount of latent heat during icing which is dissipated by evaporation of the water film, heat convection inside the film, and heat transfer from the water film to the outer cold air and ice layers and the solid wall. This complex heat transfer process presents a significant challenge to the numerical simulation process, and in the prior art, in order to simplify the calculation, the heat conduction in the ice layer and inside the solid wall is usually ignored, and the solid wall is considered to be approximately adiabatic, or the temperature of the solid wall is considered to be equal to the incoming flow temperature. This makes numerical simulation of icing subject to error.
The invention simplifies the model, the designed coupling heat transfer model comprises the convective heat transfer between air and an ice layer, the heat conduction in the ice layer and the heat conduction in the solid wall surface, and the liquid drop impact and the flow and phase change of a thin water film on the surface are simplified into four energy items of the solid wall surface:and added to the interface of the air and the ice layer. Therefore, the calculation model of the invention simplifies the heat transfer, but the accuracy of the ice accumulation simulation calculation can be improved by considering the heat conduction in the ice layer and the solid wall surface.
An ice accretion simulation method taking into account the heat conduction in the ice layer and the solid wall surface, as shown in fig. 1, comprises the following steps:
s10, simulating the flow field of air and water drops by adopting an Euler-Euler method to obtain the water drop collection rate beta, the convection heat transfer coefficient h and the shear stress of an air-liquid interface
S101, neglecting the influence of water drop items on the air phase, and regarding the simulation of the air phase as single-phase flow.
The control equation adopts a Reynolds average equation, and the mass conservation equation is as follows:
where ρ is the density of air and v ai Is the velocity component of the air velocity in the i direction, x i Is a coordinate system, where i =1,2,3 respectively represent the three components of a rectangular coordinate system.
The momentum equation for air is:
wherein v is a Representing the air velocity, v ai And v aj Respectively representing the air velocity at the coordinate x i (i =1,2,3) and coordinates x j (j =1,2,3).Is the reynolds stress, which can be modeled using the readable k-epsilon turbulence model and will not be described in detail here. p is pressure, μ a Is the viscosity coefficient of air, g i For gravity on a coordinate axis x i The component (c) above.
Through the simulation of the air field, namely the solution of the formula (1) and the formula (2), the turbulent kinetic energy in the air field can be obtainedv′ a1 The air velocity is x 1 The amount of speed pulsation on the shaft,is v' a1 Squared average, the dimensionless speed can be expressed as:wherein C is μ Constant with a value of 0.09. The dimensionless distance of a wall can be expressed as:y p is the actual dimensional distance from the solid wall.
Then, based on the similarity between the velocity boundary layer and the temperature boundary layer, a dimensionless temperature distribution near the solid wall surface can be obtained as follows:wherein Pr is the prandtl number of air, generally takes a constant value, and has a size of 0.71 t The value for turbulent Plantt number is typically 0.85, κ is Von Karman constant, size 0.4187, E is an empirical parameter, and may be 9.793.The thickness of the linear bottom layer of the temperature boundary layer can be considered asr is a constant and can generally take the value of 1/2.
According to the temperature distribution near the wall surface, the convective heat transfer coefficient of the wall surface can be calculated to be
S102, regarding the water drop as a continuous term, describing the concentration of the water drop by using the volume fraction alpha, so that the continuous equation of the water drop is as follows:
wherein v is i Is at x i Velocity of water in the direction, p w Is the density of water, the momentum equation for the water droplet phase is:
wherein, g i Is the gravity of water drop at x i A component of direction; k is the momentum transfer coefficient between air and water droplets, which is defined as:
wherein C is d The drag force coefficient can be calculated by a Schiller-Naumann model:
wherein Re w Is the relative Reynolds number, which is defined as:
wherein v is a Is the velocity vector of the air phase and v is the velocity vector of the water droplet phase.
The velocity of the water drop and the volume fraction alpha thereof can be obtained by iteratively solving the equations (3) and (4), so that the local water collection coefficient beta of the wall surface can be calculated:
wherein v is normal Is the normal impact velocity of water drops on the wall surface, U ∞ And LWC are the incoming flow rate and liquid water content, respectively.
S20, transferring heat from a water film to an ice layerZero, carrying out numerical simulation, and calculating to obtain the energy brought by the impact liquid drop based on the simulation of the thin water film flow and the phase changeEvaporation energyLatent heat of freezing phase changeConvection heat transfer inside water film
The icing model is based on the assumption that impingement of supercooled water droplets can form a thin water film on the solid walls, the equation of continuity for the water film being:
H w is the thickness of the water film,is the water film velocity, A is the peripheral volume of the control body, A sub The intersecting area of the bottom surface of the control body and the solid wall surface;
the energy conservation equation of the water film is:
C pw is the specific heat capacity of water, T w Is the water film temperature;
wherein U is ∞ And T ∞ Is the speed and temperature of the incoming flow,is the mass of ice formed per unit area and has a magnitude ofFor the increase in ice thickness between the (n + 1) th time step and the nth time step,for impacting the mass of the waterIn order to evaporate the mass of water,wherein e (T) = -6.803X 10 3 +27.03T, χ is the evaporation mass transfer coefficient; l is f Is the latent heat of phase change per unit mass, L e Is the latent heat of vaporization per unit mass;
assuming that the water film velocity along the water film thickness is parabolically distributed:
whereinIs the pressure gradient of the gas to be treated,is the volumetric force including gravitational centrifugal force and coriolis force, mu is the viscosity coefficient of water, and z is the normal vector at the ice water interface.
The temperature distribution in the water film uses a linear assumption:
wherein T is w-i Temperature at ice water interface, assumed to be equilibrium phase transition temperature T freeze ,k w Is the thermal conductivity of water;
the average values of the velocity and temperature in the water film along the thickness direction are:
the water film energy and mass conservation can be respectively introduced into the mass conservation and energy conservation equations of the water film, and the equations (10) and (11) become after being dispersed:
substituting the equations (12), (13) and (14) into the equation (15), H is calculated w And H i At the same time, the energy brought by the impact liquid drop is obtainedEvaporation energyLatent heat of freezing phase changeConvection heat transfer inside water film
S30. Obtaining the product obtained in the step S20After the heat transfer model is added to the interface of the air and the ice layer, the heat transfer model simulates the coupling heat transfer, wherein the coupling heat transfer comprises the convective heat transfer between the air and the ice layer and the solid wall surface, the heat conduction inside the ice layer and the heat conduction inside the solid wall surface, and the heat transfer from a new water film to the ice layer is calculated
S301, calculating wall temperature T according to internal heat conduction equation of solid wall wall :
ρ wall Is the density of the solid wall surface, c p,wall Is to be fixedThe specific heat capacity of the wall surface of the body,
s302, calculating according to a heat conduction equation inside the ice layer to obtain the temperature distribution inside the ice layer:
wherein T is i Is the temperature inside the ice layer, and,k i is the thermal conductivity of ice, p i Is the density of ice, c pi Is the specific heat capacity of the ice,
the boundary conditions of the contact between the upper surface of the ice layer and the water film are as follows:
wherein H i Is the thickness of the ice layer or layers,
the boundary conditions of the contact between the lower surface of the ice layer and the solid wall surface are as follows:
T i =T wall (19)
wherein k is wall Is the thermal conductivity of the wall, n wall Is the normal vector of the wall, T wall Is the wall temperature;
the wall temperature T is calculated by the formula (16) wall The temperature value and the equations (18) and (19) are substituted into the equation (17), and the internal temperature T of the ice layer is calculated i ,
S303, calculating heat transfer from a new water film to an ice layerThe obtained internal temperature T of the ice layer i Substituting the following formula to calculate the heat transfer from the new water film to the ice layer:
S40, judgingWhether the convergence is achieved or not, if yes, the calculation is finished; if not, transferring new water film to ice layerThe numerical simulation calculation in step S20 is substituted, and steps S20 to S40 are repeated.
As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the method for determining convergence in this step may be to set a set value when calculatedIf the value is less than the set value, convergence is judged, and if the value is greater than the set value, non-convergence is judged.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. An ice accretion simulation method considering heat conduction in an ice layer and a solid wall surface is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s10, simulating the flow field of air and water drops by adopting an Euler-Euler method to obtain the water drop collection rate beta, the convection heat transfer coefficient h and the shear stress of an air-liquid interface
S20, making water film to iceHeat transfer of layersZero, carrying out numerical simulation, and calculating to obtain the energy brought by the impact liquid drop based on the simulation of the thin water film flow and the phase changeEvaporation energyLatent heat of freezing phase changeConvective heat transfer in water film
S30. Obtaining the product obtained in the step S20Adding the water solution into the interface of the air and the ice layer, simulating coupled heat transfer, wherein the coupled heat transfer comprises convection heat exchange between the air and the ice layer and the solid wall surface, heat conduction inside the ice layer and heat conduction inside the solid wall surface, and calculating heat transfer from a new water film to the ice layer
2. The method for simulating ice accretion considering the heat conduction in the ice layer and the solid wall surface as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step S30 comprises the steps of:
s301, calculating wall temperature T according to internal heat conduction equation of solid wall wall :
ρ wall Is the density of the solid wall surface, c p,wall Is the specific heat capacity of the solid wall surface,
s302, calculating to obtain the temperature distribution inside the ice layer according to a heat conduction equation inside the ice layer, and calculating the temperature T inside the ice layer i :
Whereink i Is the thermal conductivity of ice, p i Is the density of ice, c pi Is the specific heat capacity of ice;
the boundary conditions of the contact between the upper surface of the ice layer and the water film are as follows:
whereinNormal to the surface of the ice and water films, L f Is the latent heat of phase change per unit mass, H i Is the thickness of the ice layer, n is the nthA time step, n +1 is the (n + 1) th time step, Δ t is the time step,
the boundary conditions of the contact between the lower surface of the ice layer and the solid wall surface are as follows:
T i =T wall
wherein k is wall Is the thermal conductivity of the wall, n wall Is the normal vector of the wall, T wall Is the wall temperature;
3. The method of claim 2, wherein in step S20, the discrete equation is:
wherein H w Is the water film thickness, ρ w Is the density of the water and is,is the speed of the water film,normal vector of ice layer and water film surface, A i Is the ith control body peripheral volume, A sub Is the intersecting area of the bottom surface of the control body and the solid wall surface, C pw Is the specific heat capacity of water, T w Is the water film temperature H i Is the thickness of the ice layer, n is the nth time step, b +1 is the nth +1 time step, Δ t is the time step, ρ i Is the density of ice, L f Is the latent heat of phase change per unit mass,respectively, the mass of the impinging water and the mass of the evaporated water, and m is the number of faces of the control body.
4. An ice accretion simulation method taking into account the ice layer and the heat conduction in the solid wall as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the energy brought in by the impinging liquid dropletsEvaporation energyLatent heat of freezing phase changeConvection heat transfer inside water filmIs calculated as:
5. The method of claim 4, wherein in step S20, the boundary conditions of the discrete equations are:
assuming that the water film velocity along the water film thickness is parabolically distributed:
whereinIs the pressure gradient of the gas to be treated,is the volume force, mu is the viscosity coefficient of water, z is the normal vector on the ice-water interface;
the temperature distribution in the water film uses a linear assumption:
wherein T is w-i Temperature at ice water interface, assumed to be equilibrium phase transition temperature T freeze ,k w Is the thermal conductivity of water.
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