CN114871630A - 一种深冷容器钎焊用焊材及深冷容器钎焊工艺 - Google Patents
一种深冷容器钎焊用焊材及深冷容器钎焊工艺 Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/26—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
- B23K35/262—Sn as the principal constituent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/3612—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with organic compounds as principal constituents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/362—Selection of compositions of fluxes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/40—Making wire or rods for soldering or welding
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- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供了一种深冷容器钎焊用焊材,包括Sn‑Pb钎料及钎剂,所述钎剂占焊材总质量的3‑6%;钎剂按质量百分比包括:有机胺2‑8%、氟硼酸盐2‑8%、水20‑30%,余量为磷酸。还提供了利用该焊材通过火焰钎焊连接深冷容器的不锈钢外壳与铜管路的钎焊工艺。本发明所述焊材对深冷容器焊接母材的润湿性、铺展性好,采用火焰钎焊工艺能够得到高强度的焊接接头。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于钎焊领域,尤其涉及一种深冷容器钎焊用焊材及深冷容器钎焊工艺。
背景技术
深冷容器是用于液氮、液氦等储存和使用的容器。其中不锈钢外壳和用于液氮或液氦流动的铜管路是其主要结构。奥氏体钢是使用温度最低的钢种之一,在深冷时仍具有很好的低温韧性,是制造超低温压力容器的重要材料。304不锈钢则为典型的奥氏体不锈钢,属于Fe-Cr-Ni系合金,低温性能优良而且稳定,被广泛用作深冷容器外壳。不锈钢外壳和铜管路实现良好焊接是深冷容器制造中关键的步骤之一。一般焊接深冷低温储运容器时,使用的焊丝是气保护焊丝(CN107971657B)或埋弧焊焊丝(CN111590238A)。然而使用气保护焊丝需要熔覆工艺,会熔化母材,易造成外壳或管路损伤,可能造成液氮或液氦泄漏;使用埋弧焊在焊接前必须做好准备工作,包括焊件的坡口加工、待焊部位的表面清理、焊件的装配以及焊丝表面的清理、焊剂的烘干等,前期处理工序复杂。
钎焊是可以在不熔化母材的情况下实现焊接的工艺。在钎焊过程中钎料和钎剂都是必须的材料。其中钎剂实现去氧化膜和润湿钎料的作用,钎料实现连接母材的焊接作用。由于304不锈钢表面一层薄而致密的氧化膜直接阻碍了熔融钎料与母材的相互作用,影响了钎焊接头的形成。有研究表明,304不锈钢由于其成分中多含Cr、Ni等,其表面氧化皮多包含Fe2O3,Fe3O4,Cr2O3等氧化物,成分多样、结构复杂、性质稳定。因而,氧化膜的去除以及使钎剂和钎料协同发挥作用成为影响深冷容器钎焊质量的重要因素。硬钎焊料是焊接不锈钢最常用的钎料,包括银基、铜基、锰基、镍基等钎料,配合相应钎剂可以实现不锈钢和铜的焊接。然而硬钎焊焊接温度高,容易产生应力,当工艺温度大于650℃时,还容易使304不锈钢的耐晶间腐蚀和耐孔蚀性能恶化。因此并不适合用于深冷容器。与此相对,软钎焊需要的工艺温度低,可以适用深冷容器中不锈钢的焊接。
目前在软钎焊时,常采用的松香基的软钎剂配合钎料进行焊接。然而松香基的软钎剂焊接活性无法达到要求,不锈钢表面的氧化物不能完全破坏,造成采用软钎料钎焊时对304型不锈钢的润湿、铺展性差、不能完全填满接头的缝隙,导致焊接接头强度达不到要求。
发明内容
基于上述技术问题,本发明提供了一种深冷容器钎焊用焊材及深冷容器钎焊工艺。所述焊材对深冷容器焊接母材的润湿性、铺展性好,采用火焰钎焊工艺能够得到高强度的焊接接头。
本发明具体方案如下
本发明目的之一在于,提供了一种深冷容器钎焊用焊材,包括Sn-Pb钎料及钎剂,所述钎剂占焊材总质量的3-6%;钎剂按质量百分比包括:有机胺2-8%、氟硼酸盐2-8%、水20-30%,余量为磷酸。
本发明所述钎剂不仅对于母材的腐蚀性低,而且能够很好的适配于Sn-Pb钎料,在低温条件下去膜能力强,能高效去除母材表面氧化膜,有利于Sn-Pb钎料在母材的浸润、铺展。其中,磷酸对不锈钢材料不具有腐蚀性,但单纯的磷酸即便在高浓度下也无法在母材上充分润湿和铺展性,因此向钎剂体系中加入了有机胺;有机胺如三乙醇胺,一方面提高钎剂在母材的润湿;另一方面作为金属离子螯合剂,在钎焊过程中与金属离子形成配伍化合物,从而有效去除母材表面的氧化膜。
优选地,所述有机胺选自三乙醇胺或乙二胺。
优选地,所述氟硼酸盐选自氟硼酸铵、氟硼酸锌、氟硼酸镉中的任意一种。
优选地,Sn-Pb钎料按重量份包括:Pb 29.4-67.0%、Cu 0-0.5%、Sb 0.1-3.0%,余量为Sn。
优选地,制备方法包括如下步骤:将钎剂通过挤压包裹于Sn-Pb钎料中,挤压成线胚,然后拉丝得到。
本发明所述焊材在制备时,考虑到钎剂中三乙醇胺、氟硼酸盐等易吸水,容易造成与磷酸配合比例变化,从而起不到相应作用,因此焊材将钎剂包裹于Sn-Pb钎料中提高了钎剂的稳定性,更有利于焊材性能的发挥。
本发明目的之二在于,还提供了一种深冷容器钎焊工艺,采用上述任一项焊材通过火焰钎焊工艺将深冷容器的不锈钢外壳与铜管路进行连接。
本发明针对所述焊材的组成选用火焰钎焊工艺,既避免了采用气保护焊丝熔覆时熔化母材,导致的外壳或管路损伤,以及可能造成液氮或液氮泄漏;也避免了使用埋弧焊前期复杂的处理工序,简化了工艺。
本发明有益效果:
(1)本发明针对深冷容器的钎焊提供了专用的焊材以及适配该焊材的钎焊工艺。所述焊材包括Sn-Pb钎料和钎剂,钎剂兼具高活性、低腐蚀性,在低温下能够有效去除深冷容器用不锈钢外壳表面致密的氧化膜,为钎料在母材的润湿、铺展发挥良好的促进作用;
(2)本发明还提供了适配该焊材的钎焊工艺,采用该焊材以火焰钎焊工艺对深冷容器的不锈钢外壳与铜管路进行焊接,能够得到高强度的焊接接头。
具体实施方式
下面,通过具体实施例对本发明的技术方案进行详细说明,但是应该明确提出这些实施例用于举例说明,但是不解释为限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
一种深冷容器钎焊用焊材,按照重量百分比包括:Sn-Pb钎料96%、钎剂4%。其中,Sn-Pb钎料组成为:Pb 35.9%、Cu 0.1%、Sb 1%、Sn 63%;钎剂组成为:三乙醇胺8%、氟硼酸锌2%、水30%、磷酸60%。
所述焊材制备方法为:(1)将Sn-Pb钎料棒材装到挤压机中,将钎剂倒入挤压机的松香桶内,通过挤压机挤压将钎剂包裹于钎料里,挤压成丝状排出,得到线径为12mm的线胚;(2)将线胚依次通过大拉机、中拉机制备成线径4mm的丝状焊材。
实施例2
一种深冷容器钎焊用焊材,按照重量百分比包括:Sn-Pb钎料95.5%、钎剂4.5%。其中,Sn-Pb钎料组成为:Pb 62.9%、Cu 0.1%、Sb 2%、Sn 35%;钎剂组成为:三乙醇胺8%、氟硼酸锌2%、水30%、磷酸60%。
实施例3
一种深冷容器钎焊用焊材,按照重量百分比包括:Sn-Pb钎料96%、钎剂4%。其中,Sn-Pb钎料组成为:Pb 41.3%、Cu 0.2%、Sb 2.5%、Sn 56%;钎剂组成为:乙二胺4%、氟硼酸铵6%、水25%、磷酸65%。
分别采用实施例1-3所述的焊材钎焊连接深冷容器的不锈钢外壳和铜管路,具体方法为,将丝状焊材自动送丝到不锈钢外壳和铜管路中间的缝隙处,通过火焰枪直接加热熔化焊材,钎料润湿不锈钢外壳和铜管路中间焊缝,实现焊接。
性能测试
(1)参照《SJ2660-2021》中的方法对本发明所述焊材在不锈钢上的铺展性进行测试;(2)采用万能试验机对得到的钎焊接头的强度进行测试;测试结果如下表1所示:
表1、性能测试结果
扩展率/% | 抗拉强度/MPa | 剪切强度/MPa | |
实施例1 | 78 | 22.9 | 34.3 |
实施例2 | 75 | 19.3 | 29.1 |
实施例3 | 80 | 24.7 | 40.2 |
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种深冷容器钎焊用焊材,其特征在于,包括Sn-Pb钎料及钎剂,所述钎剂占焊材总质量的3-6%;钎剂按质量百分比包括:有机胺2-8%、氟硼酸盐2-8%、水20-30%,余量为磷酸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的深冷容器钎焊用焊材,其特征在于,所述有机胺选自三乙醇胺或乙二胺。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的深冷容器钎焊用焊材,其特征在于,所述氟硼酸盐选自氟硼酸铵、氟硼酸锌、氟硼酸镉中的任意一种。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的深冷容器钎焊用焊材,其特征在于,Sn-Pb钎料按重量份包括:Pb 29.4-67.0%、Cu 0-0.5%、Sb 0.1-3.0%,余量为Sn。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的深冷容器钎焊用焊材,其特征在于,制备方法包括如下步骤:将钎剂通过挤压包裹于Sn-Pb钎料中,挤压成线胚,然后拉丝得到。
6.一种深冷容器钎焊工艺,其特征在于,采用权利要求1-5任一项所述的焊材通过火焰钎焊工艺将深冷容器的不锈钢外壳与铜管路进行连接。
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