CN114856457A - Anticorrosive wear-resisting drag reduction oil casing - Google Patents
Anticorrosive wear-resisting drag reduction oil casing Download PDFInfo
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- CN114856457A CN114856457A CN202110166183.4A CN202110166183A CN114856457A CN 114856457 A CN114856457 A CN 114856457A CN 202110166183 A CN202110166183 A CN 202110166183A CN 114856457 A CN114856457 A CN 114856457A
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/18—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions
- C23C10/26—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions more than one element being diffused
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D21/00—Processes for servicing or operating cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D21/16—Regeneration of process solutions
- C25D21/18—Regeneration of process solutions of electrolytes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/18—Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/20—Electroplating using ultrasonics, vibrations
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/34—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/04—Tubes; Rings; Hollow bodies
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/10—Wear protectors; Centralising devices, e.g. stabilisers
- E21B17/1085—Wear protectors; Blast joints; Hard facing
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Abstract
The invention discloses an anti-corrosion wear-resistant resistance-reducing oil casing pipe, which is used for solving the problems of corrosion resistance, scale prevention, wax prevention, wear resistance, friction resistance reduction and the like of the oil casing pipe in an oil-gas well. The technical scheme is as follows: different ions are electrodeposited on the inner surface and the outer surface of the oil casing according to the service environment of the oil casing to form an alloy layer, and then the oil casing with the performances of corrosion resistance, scale prevention, wax prevention, wear resistance and friction reduction is manufactured through measures of dehydrogenation, polishing, sealing with a plugging agent, hole sealing and the like. The oil casing can obviously reduce the friction coefficient between oil casings, between a sucker rod and an oil pipe and between a casing and a well hole, reduce the flow resistance of fluid in the oil casing, prolong the service life of the oil casing and improve the oil gas exploitation efficiency. The anti-corrosion wear-resistant anti-drag oil casing has the advantages of low processing difficulty, controllable cost, wide application range and convenient popularization and application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an anti-corrosion, anti-scaling, anti-wax, wear-resistant and anti-friction oil-resistant casing pipe for geological resource (petroleum, natural gas, geothermal water and underground mineral) exploitation, belonging to the field of machining.
Background
The corrosion and wear of equipment for exploiting geological resources (oil, gas, geothermal water and underground minerals) are known as two major world-level problems, and in the industry of oil and gas exploration and development only in China, about 2.92 ten thousand oil wells have corrosion and wear in different degrees. With the increase of the development period and the service life of equipment of domestic oil and gas fields, particularly the development of high-sulfur oil and gas reservoirs and other oil and gas reservoirs containing acidic corrosive media, the corrosion and the abrasion bring increasingly remarkable adverse effects on the safe and stable operation of the equipment in the oil and gas industry, and the oil well pipe faces the challenges of corrosion and abrasion.
The oil casing comprises an oil pipe and a casing. The oil pipe is an important tool in the development of underground resources (oil, natural gas, geothermal water and underground minerals), the casing pipe is an important asset in the exploitation of the underground resources, the oil casing pipe accounts for 80-90% of the length of the whole oil well pipe, the oil pipe is recycled under normal conditions, and the casing pipe is used for a fixed life at one time. During the service period of the oil casing, the oil casing is subjected to the effects of alternating stress such as internal and external pressure, distortion, bending, vibration and the like for a long time; second, wear experienced over time; third, the long-term CO in the formation fluid 2 、H 2 S and other corrosive media; and fourthly, in the operation process, the corrosion of oil testing construction liquid such as acidizing, fracturing and the like is borne, such as HCL, HF and the like. Corrosion, wear and stress fatigue make oil casings the multiple points of failure accidents in oil wells. The corrosion accelerates the wear of the oil casing, which in turn increases the oil casing stress, exacerbating the stress fatigue and failure of the oil casing. The field survey shows that: oil-through casing downhole fracture accidents occur to different degrees in 21% of foreign oil and gas wells, and more than 400 oil pipe fatigue fracture accidents occur in each oil field every year in China, so that direct economic loss is huge.
The failure analysis of the oil casing shows that the failure mechanism of the oil casing is corrosion fatigue and abrasion; the failure parts of the oil casing are mainly concentrated on the joint screw threads and the vicinity of the joint; the failure mode of the oil casing mainly comprises pipe body abrasion, corrosion perforation, thread gluing and expansion buckle; the failure rule of the oil casing is that the inner wall and the outer wall of the oil pipe are corroded to form corrosion pits, generate corrosion fatigue cracks, expand the cracks, pierce and break. Although part of the oil casing is lined with a protective layer (such as lined with high density polyethylene, lined with ceramic, etc.) in the inner hole of the oil casing, or a coating layer or a plating layer (such as epoxy resin powder coating, nickel-phosphorus plating, nickel-tungsten plating, etc.) nickel-tungsten alloy, etc.) is added on the inner surface and the outer surface of the oil casing, because: 1. the coating layer or the plating layer can not effectively cover all surfaces (inner and outer surfaces) of the oil casing pipe, and cracks, pinholes and leak points are more; 2. the mechanical property difference between the coating layer or the plating layer and the oil casing is large, and visible cracks are formed through cracking; 3. the binding force between the coating layer or the plating layer and the oil casing is weak, and the coating layer or the plating layer falls off to accelerate the concentrated corrosion of the oil casing; 4. the inner diameter of the oil casing is reduced by the lining protective layer, and the conveying capacity of the oil casing is reduced; 5. the lining protective layer increases the operation difficulty of the oil casing; 6. the lining protective layer increases the corrosion resistance and the wear resistance of the oil casing pipe, and increases the wear of tools (such as a sucker rod, a sucker rod centralizer and the like) matched with the oil casing pipe; 7. whether the lining protective layer, the coating layer or the plating layer has little effect on scale prevention and wax prevention of the oil casing, and the like. There is no method to solve the above problems.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the oil casing, the invention provides the anti-corrosion wear-resistant resistance-reducing oil casing which can effectively enhance the anti-corrosion, anti-scaling, anti-wax and wear-resistant properties of the oil casing, reduce the friction coefficient of the surface of the oil casing, keep the inner diameter size of the oil casing and prolong the service life of the oil casing and a matched tool thereof in an oil-gas well.
The specific technical scheme is as follows:
according to the property of the downhole fluid in service of the oil casing, anticorrosive wear-resistant antifriction alloys such as nickel-tungsten-carbon alloy, nickel-tungsten-phosphorus alloy, nickel-tungsten-iron alloy, nickel-tungsten-copper alloy, cobalt-nickel alloy, chromium-nickel alloy and the like are electrodeposited on the inner surface and the outer surface of the oil casing respectively. Aiming at different requirements of corrosion prevention, wear resistance and friction reduction of the inner surface and the outer surface of the oil casing, different electrodeposition equipment, different metal deposition modes and process parameters are selected for ensuring the electrodeposition composite processing quality of the corrosion prevention, wear resistance and friction reduction oil casing, if a horizontal rotating flow electrodeposition mode is selected, different corrosion prevention, wear resistance and friction reduction alloys are selectively subjected to electro-cementation on the inner wall and the outer wall of the oil casing. In a vertical well containing a corrosive medium, selecting an alloy mainly for corrosion prevention; in horizontal wells and inclined wells, the alloy mainly with wear resistance and friction reduction is selected; selecting an anti-corrosion, wear-resistant and antifriction alloy in a horizontal well and an inclined well containing corrosive media; in oil and gas wells with scales and wax deposition, the anti-corrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy capable of reducing the surface electrical property of the oil casing is selected. Although the thickness of the electrodeposited alloy layer is only 0.05-0.1 mm, the friction coefficient between oil casings, between a casing and a borehole, and between a sucker rod and an oil pipe can be greatly reduced, and the flow resistance of fluid in the oil casings can be obviously reduced. After the anticorrosion, wear-resistant and antifriction alloys are respectively electrodeposited on the inner surface and the outer surface of the oil casing, the oil casing is immediately and respectively subjected to dehydrogenation, polishing, plugging and other treatment.
The specific technical method comprises the following steps:
1. sand blasting to clean oxide layers and dirt on the inner surface and the outer surface of the oil casing pipe, and grinding or honing the inner surface and the outer surface of the oil casing pipe to enable the roughness of the inner surface and the outer surface of the oil casing pipe to reach 0.8-1.6 mu m;
2. putting the oil casing into a horizontal rotary flow co-infiltration deposition device;
3. inserting an anode bar into the inner hole of the oil sleeve, and respectively connecting a cathode and an anode of a power supply to the oil sleeve and the anode bar;
4. circularly pumping solutions containing different corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and friction-reducing ions into the co-permeation electrodeposition device, preparing and controlling the proportion, density, concentration, purity, fluidity, PH value, circulating flow speed, functional auxiliary additive components and the like of the different corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and friction-reducing metal ions, and always keeping the corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and friction-reducing metal solutions alkaline;
5. according to different corrosion-resistant and wear-resistant metal ion deposition mechanisms and paths, setting a frequency modulation current pulse mode (complex phase pulse, positive and negative pulse and unidirectional pulse), intensity and a frequency modulation ultrasonic mode and intensity, controlling the circulating flow temperature and speed of the solution, and adjusting the rotation speed of the oil casing pipe;
6. according to the requirements of inhibiting hydrogen evolution and inhibiting hydrogen permeation, the concentration of conductive ions is adjusted, the purity and the dispersity of main salt ions and the fluidity of a solution are improved, and the current efficiency is improved;
7. the proportion, density and concentration of different corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and antifriction ions are monitored in real time and adjusted in time, the selective co-infiltration deposition time of the corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and antifriction metals is precisely controlled, and hydrogen evolution and hydrogen infiltration are inhibited at the same time when an anti-corrosion and wear-resistant alloy layer is electrodeposited on the inner hole surface of the oil casing;
8. taking out the oil casing pipe, sending the oil casing pipe into a dehydrogenation device, and performing washing, adsorption, high-temperature baking dehydrogenation and other processes to complete dehydrogenation treatment of the wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant and friction-reducing alloy layer in the oil casing pipe;
9. blocking the water hole of the oil casing, sending the oil casing into a horizontal rotary flow co-permeation electrodeposition device, and placing the oil casing into an anode ring in the co-permeation electrodeposition device;
10. the positive and negative poles of the power supply are respectively connected with the anode ring and the oil sleeve;
11. pumping different anti-corrosion, anti-wear and anti-friction ion solutions into the co-permeation deposition device, controlling the proportion, density, concentration, purity, fluidity, pH value, circulating flow speed and temperature of the different anti-corrosion, anti-wear and anti-friction ions, auxiliary functional additive components and the like, and keeping the anti-corrosion and anti-wear ion solutions alkaline all the time;
12. setting a frequency modulation current pulse mode and current intensity according to different anticorrosion, wear-resistant and antifriction metal ion deposition mechanisms and deposition paths; setting parameters of a frequency modulation ultrasonic wave field; the concentration of conductive ions in the solution is configured and adjusted to improve the current efficiency and reduce the hydrogen evolution and infiltration amount as much as possible;
13. setting and controlling the rotation speed of the oil casing according to the co-permeation electrodeposition speed of the anti-corrosion, wear-resistant and antifriction ions outside the oil casing;
14. monitoring in real time and supplementing different anti-corrosion, wear-resistant and antifriction metal solutions at any time, adjusting the proportion of each component in the solution in time, continuously circulating and mechanically stirring, matching with ultrasonic wave field oscillation, splitting ion clusters, refining and homogenizing ion distribution in the solution, and improving the dispersion ratio of each component in the solution in a single ion state;
15. along with the rotation of the oil casing, different corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and friction-reducing ions are subjected to electro-deposition by co-permeation outside the oil casing, and an alloy layer is formed;
16. after an alloy layer consisting of corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and resistance-reducing ions is electrodeposited outside an oil casing, immediately conveying the oil casing into a dehydrogenation device;
17. the alloy enters an oil sleeve in a dehydrogenation device, and the dehydrogenation treatment of the co-permeation electrodeposition alloy layer is completed through the working procedures of washing, adsorption, high-temperature baking dehydrogenation and the like;
18. arranging coping and fine sand spraying treatment on the passivated surface of the anti-corrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy layer of the oil casing;
19. and (3) conveying the oil casing into a surface plugging device, spraying a plugging agent on the alloy deposition layer of the oil casing, and infiltrating and plugging pinholes and leak points on the surface of the alloy layer.
Anticorrosive wear-resisting resistance-reducing oil bushing includes: (1) the oil casing pipe comprises an oil casing pipe, (2) an anticorrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy layer inside the oil casing pipe, (3) an anticorrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy layer outside the oil casing pipe, (4) an anticorrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy hole sealing layer inside the oil casing pipe, and (5) an anticorrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy hole sealing layer outside the oil casing pipe; the method is characterized in that: through different corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and antifriction metal co-permeation electrodeposition, a corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and antifriction alloy layer (2) and an alloy layer (3) are formed inside and outside the oil casing (1), and the alloy layer (2) is combined with the oil casing base body (1) through chemical bonds; the alloy layer (3) is chemically bonded with the oil casing (1); the alloy layer (2) and the alloy layer (3) are two different or similar alloy layers; the hole sealing layer (4) and the hole sealing layer (5) are both metal compounds; the hole sealing layer (4) is physically and chemically combined with the alloy layer (2); the hole sealing layer (5) and the alloy layer (3) are physically and chemically combined.
Drawings
The attached drawing is a section view of the anti-corrosion wear-resistant resistance-reducing oil casing pipe
Detailed Description
The invention is further explained below with reference to the drawings and the embodiments.
As can be seen from the attached drawings, the corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and resistance-reducing oil casing comprises: (1) the oil casing pipe comprises an oil casing pipe, (2) an anticorrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy layer inside the oil casing pipe, (3) an anticorrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy layer outside the oil casing pipe, (4) an anticorrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy hole sealing layer inside the oil casing pipe, and (5) an anticorrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy hole sealing layer outside the oil casing pipe; the method is characterized in that: through different corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and friction-reducing metal co-permeation electrodeposition, a corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and friction-reducing alloy layer (2) and an alloy layer (3) are formed inside and outside the oil casing (1), and the alloy layer (2) and the alloy layer (3) are combined with the oil casing (1) through chemical bonds; the alloy layer (2) and the alloy layer (3) are two different or similar alloy layers; the hole sealing layer (4) and the hole sealing layer (5) are both metal compounds; the hole sealing layer (4) is physically and chemically combined with the alloy layer (2); the hole sealing layer (5) and the alloy layer (3) are physically and chemically combined.
The alloy layer (2) and the alloy layer (3) are formed by different corrosion-resistant wear-resistant antifriction ions which are subjected to co-permeation electrodeposition on the inner surface and the outer surface of the oil casing.
The hole sealing layer (4) and the hole sealing layer (5) are formed on the surfaces of the alloy layer (2) and the alloy layer (3), and the hole sealing agent and the alloy layer are subjected to physical and chemical reaction in a certain mode, so that the surface property of the alloy layer is further changed, and the hole sealing layer with the characteristics of corrosion resistance, scale prevention, wax prevention, wear resistance and friction reduction is formed.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. although the corrosion-resistant and wear-resistant antifriction alloy layer is thin and hard, the overflowing area of the water hole of the oil casing is not reduced, and the corrosion resistance, scale prevention, wax prevention, wear resistance and antifriction performance of the oil casing are improved;
2. the combination force of the anti-corrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy layer and the oil casing is large.
Practice proves that the anti-corrosion wear-resistant resistance-reducing oil casing pipe not only has all the advantages of the existing oil casing pipe, but also has the performances of corrosion resistance, scale prevention, wax prevention, wear resistance and friction resistance reduction. Compared with the existing oil casing, although the corrosion-resistant, anti-scaling, anti-wax, wear-resistant and antifriction oil-resistant casing increases the processing cost, the friction coefficients between the oil casings, between the sucker rod and the oil pipe and between the casing and the well bore are reduced, the flow resistance of fluid in the oil casing is reduced, the oil gas exploitation efficiency is improved, the service life of an oil gas well is prolonged, resources are saved, the occurrence rate of failure accidents of the oil casing is reduced, the use risk of the oil casing is reduced, the use range of the oil casing is expanded, the economic benefit and the social benefit are great, the cost performance is high, and the oil casing is worthy of popularization and use.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting, and although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the technical solutions of the present invention can be modified or replaced equally without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, and all such modifications and equivalents are to be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. An anti-corrosion wear-resistant drag reduction oil bushing, comprising: the oil sleeve comprises an oil sleeve, an anti-corrosion, anti-wear and anti-friction alloy layer in the oil sleeve, an anti-corrosion, anti-wear and anti-friction alloy layer outside the oil sleeve, an anti-corrosion, anti-wear and anti-friction alloy hole sealing layer in the oil sleeve and an anti-corrosion, anti-wear and anti-friction alloy hole sealing layer outside the oil sleeve; the method is characterized in that: forming an anti-corrosion, anti-wear and anti-friction alloy layer inside and outside the oil sleeve through anti-corrosion, anti-wear and anti-friction ion selective co-permeation electrodeposition, wherein the alloy layer is combined with the oil sleeve through a chemical bond; the hole sealing layer and the alloy layer are physically and chemically combined.
2. The anti-corrosion wear-resistant resistance-reducing oil bushing according to claim 1, characterized in that: the anticorrosion wear-resistant antifriction alloy layer of the oil casing is subjected to dehydrogenation, polishing and plugging by a hole sealing agent to form an alloy hole sealing layer with anticorrosion, antiscale, wax-proof, wear-resistant and drag-reduction effects.
3. The anti-corrosion wear-resistant resistance-reducing oil bushing according to claim 1, characterized in that: the oil casing comprises a common oil casing, a high-strength oil casing and a special oil casing.
4. The anti-corrosion wear-resistant resistance-reducing oil bushing according to claim 1, characterized in that: the first means that the friction coefficient between oil casings, between the casings and a well hole, and between a sucker rod and an oil pipe is small; and the second means that the flow resistance of the fluid in the oil casing is small.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110166183.4A CN114856457A (en) | 2021-02-03 | 2021-02-03 | Anticorrosive wear-resisting drag reduction oil casing |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110166183.4A CN114856457A (en) | 2021-02-03 | 2021-02-03 | Anticorrosive wear-resisting drag reduction oil casing |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN114856457A true CN114856457A (en) | 2022-08-05 |
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| CN202110166183.4A Pending CN114856457A (en) | 2021-02-03 | 2021-02-03 | Anticorrosive wear-resisting drag reduction oil casing |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN114856457A (en) |
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- 2021-02-03 CN CN202110166183.4A patent/CN114856457A/en active Pending
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