CN114833989A - Natural fiber composite material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Natural fiber composite material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/03—Injection moulding apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/0001—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/0005—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor using fibre reinforcements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2067/00—Use of polyesters or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
- B29K2067/04—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids
- B29K2067/046—PLA, i.e. polylactic acid or polylactide
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a natural fiber composite material, which relate to the field of composite material preparation and comprise the following steps: cutting natural fibers, and drying the natural fibers, the compatilizer and the thermoplastic resin; preparing a natural fiber composite material by using an internal mixer, and shearing the natural fiber composite material into a blocky composite material; and (3) adding the blocky composite material into a plunger type injection molding machine for melting treatment, and then performing injection molding on the blocky composite material to form a natural fiber composite material product. The scheme of the invention solves the problem of low mechanical property caused by the existing screw type extrusion injection molding so as to expand the application range of the natural fiber composite material in the engineering field.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of composite material preparation, in particular to a natural fiber composite material and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
With increased environmental awareness, the increasing scarcity of petroleum-based resources, and the inherent advantages of natural fibers, such as: low cost, light weight, renewable, degradable, high specific strength and specific modulus, etc., natural fibers have gradually replaced man-made fibers to make composites. However, the strength and modulus of natural fiber composite materials are far lower than those of artificial fiber composite materials, while conventional natural fiber composite materials are usually melted and mixed by a twin-screw extruder and then injection molded by a screw injection molding machine, the screw processing method reduces the length of natural fibers and further reduces the mechanical properties of the natural fiber composite materials, and polar natural fibers are poor in compatibility with traditional non-polar resins, so that poor interface strength is caused, and the application of the natural fiber composite materials in the engineering field is greatly limited. Therefore, the development of an environment-friendly natural fiber composite material with high mechanical property is an urgent need for the development of a polymer composite material, is just in line with the trend of industrial development, and has wide application prospects in the engineering fields of automobiles, aerospace, packaging, sports, buildings and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a novel natural fiber composite material, a preparation method and application thereof, which aim to solve the problem of low mechanical property caused by the existing screw type extrusion injection molding and expand the application range of the natural fiber composite material in the engineering field.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
according to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a natural fiber composite manufacturing method comprising:
cutting natural fibers, and drying the natural fibers, the compatilizer and the thermoplastic resin;
preparing a natural fiber composite material by using an internal mixer, and shearing the natural fiber composite material into a blocky composite material;
and (3) adding the blocky composite material into a plunger type injection molding machine for melting treatment, and then performing injection molding on the blocky composite material to form a natural fiber composite material product.
Further, in the step (1), the natural fiber is one of flax, ramie, hemp, jute, sisal, wood fiber, cotton, kapok, coconut shell and bamboo fiber.
Further, in the step (1), the thermoplastic resin is one of polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), poly- β -hydroxybutyrate (PHB), glycolic acid-hydroxypentanoic acid copolyester (PBHV), Polycaprolactone (PCL), polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene (PE), Polyamide (PA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), starch, and copolyester amide (PEA).
Further, in the step (1), the compatibilizer is one of maleic anhydride grafted PP, maleic anhydride grafted POE, polyvinyl alcohol, and triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC).
Further, the step (1) specifically includes: cutting the natural fiber into 5mm, and drying the natural fiber, the compatilizer and the thermoplastic resin at 40-60 ℃ for 6-10 h.
Further, the step (2) specifically includes: adding thermoplastic resin into an internal mixer, adding a compatilizer and natural fibers in a certain proportion after the thermoplastic resin is melted, mixing for 8-12min, taking out the natural fiber composite material, and shearing the natural fiber composite material into a blocky composite material while the natural fiber composite material is hot.
Further, in the step (2), the mass fraction of the natural fiber is 10-40 wt.%, and the mass fraction of the compatilizer is 0.5-5 wt.%.
Further, the step (3) specifically includes: and adding the blocky composite material into a plunger type injection molding machine, heating at the temperature of 150-210 ℃ for 5-10min, and performing injection molding on a natural fiber composite material product after the blocky composite material is molten.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a natural fiber composite material produced by the production method according to any one of the above aspects.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a use of a natural fibre composite as described above in a sub-load-bearing component.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention adopts the internal mixer to melt and mix the natural fiber and the thermoplastic resin, and then adopts the plunger type injection molding machine to realize the manufacture of the composite material product, thereby achieving the effects of retaining the original length of the fiber to the maximum extent and improving the mechanical property of the natural fiber composite material plastic part. The interface performance of the natural fiber and the resin matrix is improved by adding the compatilizer, so that the mechanical property of the natural fiber composite material is further improved.
The natural fibers and the thermoplastic resin are melted and mixed by the internal mixer, so that the natural fibers and the thermoplastic resin are melted and mixed more uniformly.
The composite material product is manufactured by adopting a plunger type injection molding machine molding method, and longer natural fibers can be reserved, so that the mechanical property of a natural fiber composite material plastic part is improved.
By adding the compatilizer, the bonding force of the interface between the surface of the natural fiber and the resin matrix can be improved, so that the performance of the interface between the natural fiber and the resin matrix is improved, and the mechanical property of the natural fiber composite plastic part is further improved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the structures shown in the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 shows a flow chart of a method for preparing a natural fiber composite material according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic process diagram of a natural fiber composite manufacturing process according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a UL-94 burn test for a flame retardant composite according to one embodiment of the invention.
Figures 4A-4B illustrate a PLA/RF impact fracture schematic according to one embodiment of the present invention.
Figures 5A-5B illustrate a PLA/RF/4EBA-GMA impact fracture schematic according to one embodiment of the invention.
Figures 6A-6B illustrate a PLA/RF/8EBA-GMA impact fracture schematic according to one embodiment of the invention.
Figures 7A-7B show a PLA/RF/12EBA-GMA impact fracture schematic according to one embodiment of the invention.
The implementation, functional features and advantages of the objects of the present invention will be further explained with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. When the following description refers to the accompanying drawings, like numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements unless otherwise indicated. The implementations described in the exemplary embodiments below are not intended to represent all implementations consistent with the present disclosure. Rather, they are merely examples of apparatus and methods consistent with certain aspects of the present disclosure, as detailed in the appended claims.
The terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and in the claims of the present disclosure are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used is interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the disclosure described herein are, for example, capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein.
Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed, but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
A plurality, including two or more.
And/or, it should be understood that, for the term "and/or" as used in this disclosure, it is merely one type of association that describes an associated object, meaning that three types of relationships may exist. For example, a and/or B, may represent: a exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone.
The invention discloses a novel natural fiber composite material injection molding method, which comprises the steps of melting and mixing natural fibers and thermoplastic resin with a certain length by an internal mixer according to a certain proportion, shearing the uniformly mixed composite material into a block-shaped composite material with a certain size by utilizing waste heat, and finally adopting a plunger type injection molding machine for injection molding. As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the method specifically includes:
101, cutting the natural fiber into 5mm, and drying the natural fiber, the compatilizer and the thermoplastic resin at the drying temperature of 40-60 ℃ for 6-10 h.
Step 102, preparing the natural fiber composite material by adopting an internal mixer: firstly adding thermoplastic resin, adding a compatilizer and natural fibers in a certain proportion after the thermoplastic resin is melted, mixing for 8-12min, taking out the composite material, and shearing the natural fiber composite material into a block material while the composite material is hot.
And 103, finally adding the block composite material into a plunger type injection molding machine, heating at the temperature of 150-210 ℃ for 5-10min, and performing injection molding on a composite material product after the block composite material is molten.
The composite material formed by the invention not only has the advantages of light weight, high strength, high modulus and the like, but also can furthest retain the original length of the natural fiber by adopting the novel natural fiber composite material forming mode and has excellent mechanical property compared with the conventional double-screw extrusion and screw injection molding machine injection molding. In addition, the mechanical property of the composite material can be further improved by adding a certain proportion of compatilizer into the composite material.
Example one
Cutting the ramie fibers into 5mm, and drying the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) at the drying temperature of 60 ℃ for 8 hours;
melting and mixing the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) by an internal mixer according to the mass ratio of 1:9, taking out the PLA/ramie fiber composite material, and shearing the composite material into a block material while the composite material is hot;
adding the block composite material into a plunger injection molding machine, heating at 210 ℃ for 10min, and performing injection molding on a composite material product after the block composite material is molten;
comparative example 1
Cutting the ramie fibers into 5mm, and drying the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) at the drying temperature of 60 ℃ for 8 hours;
melting and mixing the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) by an internal mixer according to the mass ratio of 1:9, taking out the PLA/ramie fiber composite material, and pressing the composite material into sheets by a hot press;
crushing the flaky composite material, extruding the crushed flaky composite material by using a double-screw extruder, and then directly injection-molding the extruded molten composite material.
Example two
Cutting the ramie fibers into 5mm, and drying the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) at the drying temperature of 60 ℃ for 8 hours;
melting and mixing the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) by an internal mixer according to the mass ratio of 2:8, taking out the PLA/ramie fiber composite material, and shearing the composite material into a block material while the composite material is hot;
adding the block composite material into a plunger type injection molding machine, heating at 210 ℃ for 10min, and performing injection molding on a composite material product after the block composite material is molten;
comparative example No. two
Cutting the ramie fibers into 5mm, and drying the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) at the drying temperature of 60 ℃ for 8 hours;
melting and mixing the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) by an internal mixer according to the mass ratio of 2:8, taking out the PLA/ramie fiber composite material, and pressing the composite material into sheets by a hot press;
crushing the flaky composite material, extruding the crushed flaky composite material by using a double-screw extruder, and then directly injection-molding the extruded molten composite material.
EXAMPLE III
Cutting the ramie fibers into 5mm, and drying the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) at the drying temperature of 60 ℃ for 8 hours;
melting and mixing the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) by an internal mixer according to the mass ratio of 3:7, taking out the PLA/ramie fiber composite material, and shearing the composite material into a block material while the composite material is hot;
adding the block composite material into a plunger type injection molding machine, heating at 210 ℃ for 10min, and performing injection molding on a composite material product after the block composite material is molten;
comparative example No. three
Cutting ramie fibers into 5mm, and drying the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) at the drying temperature of 60 ℃ for 8 hours;
melting and mixing the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) by an internal mixer according to the mass ratio of 3:7, taking out the PLA/ramie fiber composite material, and pressing the composite material into sheets by a hot press;
crushing the flaky composite material, extruding the crushed flaky composite material by using a double-screw extruder, and then directly injection-molding the extruded molten composite material.
Capacity contrast
Cutting ramie fibers into 5mm, and drying the ramie fibers, triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) and polylactic acid (PLA) at 60 ℃ for 8 hours;
melting and mixing the ramie fibers, polylactic acid (PLA) and TGIC by using an internal mixer according to the mass ratio of 3:6.1:0.9, then taking out the PLA/ramie fiber composite material, and shearing the composite material into a block material while the composite material is hot;
adding the block composite material into a plunger type injection molding machine, heating at 210 ℃ for 10min, and performing injection molding on a composite material product after the block composite material is molten;
example four
Cutting the ramie fibers into 5mm, and drying the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) at the drying temperature of 60 ℃ for 8 hours;
melting and mixing the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) by an internal mixer according to the mass ratio of 4:6, taking out the PLA/ramie fiber composite material, and shearing the composite material into a block material while the composite material is hot;
adding the block composite material into a plunger type injection molding machine, heating at 210 ℃ for 10min, and performing injection molding on a composite material product after the block composite material is molten;
comparative example No. four
Cutting the ramie fibers into 5mm, and drying the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) at the drying temperature of 60 ℃ for 8 hours;
melting and mixing the ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) by an internal mixer according to the mass ratio of 4:6, taking out the PLA/ramie fiber composite material, and pressing the composite material into sheets by a hot press;
crushing the flaky composite material, extruding the crushed flaky composite material by using a double-screw extruder, and then directly injection-molding the extruded molten composite material.
The mechanical property tests of the PLA/ramie fiber composite materials prepared in the examples and the comparative examples are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
The results of the above-mentioned tests show that the composite material prepared by the present invention has significantly higher comprehensive properties than the conventional screw-type composite material under the premise of the same ramie fiber content, which is mainly because the present invention adopts the internal mixer to melt and mix, and the plunger type injection molding mode retains the original fiber length to the maximum extent, thereby significantly improving the mechanical properties of the composite material, and the addition of the compatibilizer improves the interface strength between the natural fiber and the resin matrix, and further improves the mechanical properties of the composite material.
PLA/RF vertical burn and limiting oxygen index test
The vertical burn rating and limiting oxygen index burn results for the composite are shown in table 3. It can be seen that the flame retardant-free PLA/RF composite failed the UL-94 vertical burn rating test, the limiting oxygen index was only 19.8%, and dripping occurred during the burning process. When 30 wt% AlPi was added alone, UL-94 vertical burn reached a V-2 rating with a corresponding LOI increase from 19.8% to 32.4%. When 30 wt% MCA was added alone, the composite failed the UL-94 vertical burn test, but the LOI increased from 19.8% to 27.3%. Whereas when AlPi: MCA is 1:1, UL-94 tests reach a V-0 rating with a corresponding LOI of 34.4%. The UL-94 and LOI test results of the PLA/RF/AM composite show that the AlPi and the MCA have a synergistic effect. As shown in Table 2, in the compounded flame-retardant system of AlPi and MCA, the UL-94 combustion grade of the composite material is firstly increased and then reduced along with the increase of the content of the flame retardant MCA, mainly because the AlPi and MCA are mainly used for flame retarding in a condensed phase and a gas phase respectively, and a good flame-retardant effect can be achieved only when the condensed phase and the gas phase are in a certain proportion. The limit oxygen index and the UL-94 test rating are quite opposite, mainly due to the different ways of testing the UL-94 and the limit oxygen index.
Ramie fiber reinforced polylactic acid flame-retardant composite material (wt%)
TABLE 2
In the compounding flame retardance of flame retardants A1Pi, MCA and SiO2, the PLA/RF/A2MS and the PLA/RF/AMS composite material can reach the flame retardance grade of V-0; however, the flame retardant composite containing SiO2 had a lower limiting oxygen index than the formulated flame retardant composite without SiO2, as shown in fig. 3. Compared to the flame retardant rating of PLA/RF/2AM and PLA/RF/A2M composites, PLA/RF/2AMS and PLA/RF/A2MS have higher UL-94 flame ratings, increasing to V-1 and V-0 ratings, respectively. But when the flame retardant AlPi, MCA and SiO2 is equal to 1: 2, the PLA/RF/AM2S does not pass the UL-94 combustion grade test, which shows that less SiO2 can better improve the firmness of the carbon layer on the surface of the composite material, and further improve the flame retardant property of the composite material; the high content of SiO2 is not advantageous for improving the composite flame retardant property.
Vertical burning class and limiting oxygen index
TABLE 3
The combustion of the composite after the UL-94 test can be seen more visually from the following figure. PLA/RF composites are not shown because they burn violently and drip severely. The PLA/RF/3M composite was burned out and a distortion phenomenon occurred, while the PLA/RF/2AM and PLA/RF/AM2S composites were sufficiently burned. Compared with PLA/RF/3A and PLA/RF/3M composite materials, the PLA/RF/AM composite materials are less burnt, and the synergistic effect between the flame retardant AlPi and MCA is further illustrated. After the addition of SiO2, a remarkable expansion phenomenon at the combustion site can be observed, and the phenomenon is mainly caused by that AlPi, MCA and SiO2 respectively serve as an acid source, a gas source and a carbon source to jointly form the intumescent flame retardant.
Impact toughness testing of PLA/RF composites
The impact cross-section scanning electron microscope images of the PLA/RF composite material and the PLA/RF/compatibilizer EBA-GMA composite material under the magnification of 500-2000 times are shown in FIGS. 4A-4B to 7A-7B. The surface of the composite material has more phenomena of fiber debonding and pulling out, more holes are formed, and the poor interface bonding strength of the polylactic acid resin matrix and the composite material is reflected, while in the PLA/RF/EBA-GMA composite material, the PLA matrix and the reinforcing-phase ramie fiber have good interface bonding, and the matrix embedding phenomenon formed by pulling out the fiber surface even has obvious damage and tearing phenomena. The phenomenon shows that the interface bonding performance of the ramie and the PLA resin matrix is obviously improved by introducing the EBA-GMA, the transfer efficiency of stress from the resin matrix to the ramie in the stress process of the material is improved, and the bearing effect of the ramie in the composite material is improved, so that the fiber can be damaged. The occurrence of these phenomena also predicts that the resin absorbs the impact energy through deformation during the impact fracture of the material, resulting in more energy dissipation, and thus improving the impact strength of the composite material.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely descriptions of the technical solutions of the present invention, and do not limit the scope thereof. Although a person of ordinary skill in the art can make various modifications with reference to the above examples, the present invention should be within the scope of protection without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A preparation method of a natural fiber composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
cutting natural fibers, and drying the natural fibers, the compatilizer and the thermoplastic resin;
step (2), preparing a natural fiber composite material by using an internal mixer, and shearing the natural fiber composite material into a blocky composite material;
and (3) adding the blocky composite material into a plunger type injection molding machine for melting treatment, and then performing injection molding on the blocky composite material to form a natural fiber composite material product.
2. The method for preparing a natural fiber composite material according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the natural fiber is one of flax, ramie, hemp, jute, sisal, wood fiber, cotton, kapok, coconut shell and bamboo fiber.
3. The method for preparing a natural fiber composite according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the thermoplastic resin is one of polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene adipate/terephthalate (PBAT), poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), glycolic acid-hydroxypentanoic acid copolyester (PBHV), Polycaprolactone (PCL), polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene (PE), Polyamide (PA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), starch, and copolyester amide (PEA).
4. The method for preparing natural fiber composite material according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the compatibilizer is one of maleic anhydride grafted PP, maleic anhydride grafted POE, polyvinyl alcohol, and triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC).
5. The method for preparing a natural fiber composite material according to claim 1, wherein the step (1) specifically comprises: cutting the natural fiber into 5mm, and drying the natural fiber, the compatilizer and the thermoplastic resin at 40-60 ℃ for 6-10 h.
6. The method for preparing a natural fiber composite material according to claim 1, wherein the step (2) specifically comprises: adding thermoplastic resin into an internal mixer, adding a compatilizer and natural fibers in a certain proportion after the thermoplastic resin is melted, mixing for 8-12min, taking out the natural fiber composite material, and shearing the natural fiber composite material into a blocky composite material while the natural fiber composite material is hot.
7. The method for preparing a natural fiber composite material according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the mass fraction of the natural fiber is 10 to 40 wt.%, and the mass fraction of the compatibilizer is 0.5 to 5 wt.%.
8. The method for preparing a natural fiber composite material according to claim 1, wherein the step (3) specifically comprises: and adding the blocky composite material into a plunger type injection molding machine, heating at the temperature of 150-210 ℃ for 5-10min, and performing injection molding on a natural fiber composite material product after the blocky composite material is molten.
9. A natural fiber composite material produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
10. Use of the natural fiber composite of claim 9 in a sub-load-bearing component.
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