CN114777991B - Inclined inverted U-shaped pressure gauge and differential pressure detection method - Google Patents
Inclined inverted U-shaped pressure gauge and differential pressure detection method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114777991B CN114777991B CN202210411959.9A CN202210411959A CN114777991B CN 114777991 B CN114777991 B CN 114777991B CN 202210411959 A CN202210411959 A CN 202210411959A CN 114777991 B CN114777991 B CN 114777991B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L13/00—Devices or apparatus for measuring differences of two or more fluid pressure values
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L19/00—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluent medium insofar as such details or accessories are not special to particular types of pressure gauges
- G01L19/08—Means for indicating or recording, e.g. for remote indication
- G01L19/10—Means for indicating or recording, e.g. for remote indication mechanical
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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Abstract
The application discloses a pressure difference detection method of an obliquely inverted U-shaped manometer, which comprises a U-shaped manometer body, wherein the bottom of the U-shaped manometer body is upward, the top of the U-shaped manometer body is downward and is obliquely fixed on a bracket; the exhaust pipe is used for discharging air column and/or liquid, and the other ends of the two pressure guiding pipes are positioned at different air pressure points to be measured. The application solves the problems of difficult reading and large error when the U-shaped pressure gauge is used conventionally, and the inclined inverted U-shaped pressure gauge increases the area of the upper surface of liquid; in addition, the two straight line segments can simultaneously read the leftmost or rightmost data, so that the error of reading can be further reduced; simple structure, can use ordinary U-shaped manometer to repack, with low costs.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of differential pressure measurement, in particular to an inclined inverted U-shaped pressure gauge and a differential pressure detection method.
Background
A manometer is an instrument for measuring the pressure of a fluid. Typically, the measured pressure is compared to some reference pressure (e.g., atmospheric pressure or other given pressure) and a relative pressure or pressure differential is measured. According to the working principle, the sensor type hydraulic pressure sensor can be divided into three types of hydraulic column type, elastic type and sensor type. Liquid column type such as U-shaped manometer, calandria manometer etc. is to change the pressure signal into liquid column height signal according to hydrostatic principle, usually uses water, alcohol or mercury as pressure measuring medium. The device has the advantages of simple structure, firmness, durability, low price, long service life, almost permanent use without external force damage, convenient reading, reliable data, no need of external power and no need of consuming any energy. Therefore, the method is widely applied to industrial production and scientific research.
When the cross flow cross mixing experimental study is carried out on the sub-channels of the reactor rod bundle at present, the micro pressure difference generated among the sub-channels with different sections needs to be measured, but an economic and practical measuring device and method are lacked.
Disclosure of Invention
The application aims at: aiming at the problem that the measurement of the tiny pressure difference in the prior art lacks a low-cost measuring device, the utility model provides a U-shaped pressure gauge with an inclined inversion and a pressure difference detection method.
In order to achieve the above object, the present application provides the following technical solutions:
the U-shaped pressure gauge comprises a U-shaped pressure gauge body with an upward bottom, a downward top and obliquely fixed on a bracket, wherein two end parts of the pressure gauge body are connected with a discharge pipe and a pressure guiding pipe; the exhaust pipe is used for discharging air column and/or liquid, and the other ends of the two pressure guiding pipes are positioned at different air pressure points to be measured.
The application overcomes the problems of difficult reading and large error when the U-shaped pressure gauge is used conventionally, and the inclined inverted U-shaped pressure gauge increases the area of the upper surface of liquid; in addition, the two straight line segments can simultaneously read the leftmost or rightmost data, so that the error of reading can be further reduced; simple structure, can use ordinary U-shaped manometer to repack, with low costs.
Further, the end part of the pressure gauge body is connected with a discharge pipe and a pressure guiding pipe through a three-way joint, and a switch valve is arranged on the discharge pipe. The three-way joint is used for connecting the discharge pipe and the pressure guiding pipe, so that the structure is simple and the installation is convenient; the switch valve is used for opening and closing the discharge pipe.
Further, the U-shaped middle part of the pressure gauge body is provided with a graduated scale, and the bracket is provided with a level gauge. The level gauge is used for adjusting the level of the bracket, so that the subsequent measurement of the inclination angle of the pressure gauge body by the angle gauge is facilitated, and the accuracy of angle measurement is improved; the scale is convenient to carry out preliminary observation to the liquid column height in the pressure gauge body, and can carry out rough judgment on whether the pressure stabilizing state is reached.
Further, three mounting columns are arranged above the bracket, and the mounting columns are connected with the pressure gauge body through a clamp. The erection column is used for fixed pressure gauge body, in addition, can make erection column perpendicular support base to make the erection column set up along vertical direction, can make things convenient for the location of protractor, the angle of the protractor measurement pressure gauge body slope of being convenient for.
According to another aspect of the present application, there is provided a differential pressure detection method comprising tilting an inverted U-shaped manometer, the steps of:
s1: after the pressure gauge device is installed, the air tightness of the device is detected;
s2: calibrating the level of the device;
s3: performing differential pressure detection, and discharging redundant air column and/or liquid by using a discharge pipe; the height of the water column in the pressure gauge body is adjusted to a position which is easy to read;
s4: after the water column in the pressure gauge body is stable, the measuring tool is used for measuring the required data, and when the corresponding pressure gauge body is inversely and obliquely placed, the corresponding water column height difference is calculated to be:
Δh＝(r 2 -r 1 )sinα-wcosα；
wherein r1 and r2 are the heights of two sections of water columns in the pressure gauge body; alpha is the included angle between the straight line section of the pressure gauge body and the horizontal plane; w is the sum of the distance between two straight line sections of the pressure gauge body and the outer diameter of a single straight line section of the pressure gauge body;
s5: the differential pressure was calculated using the bernoulli equation as:
Δp＝ρgΔh；
wherein: ρ is the fluid density; g is gravitational acceleration.
By using the inclined inverted U-shaped pressure gauge, the pressure difference detection method is adopted, and the specific pressure difference value is obtained through air tightness detection, horizontal calibration, pressure difference detection, waiting for pressure stabilization and reading carrying into formula calculation, so that the pressure difference detection method is simple in structure, economical and practical.
Further, in S1, the step of detecting the air tightness is:
s1-1: closing a switch valve of the discharge pipe, injecting water into the pressure gauge body through the pressure guiding pipe, and filling water into the pressure gauge body;
s1-2: detecting whether water leaks at each joint and each valve.
And (3) detecting air tightness so as to ensure the accuracy of experimental measurement.
Further, in S2, the step of horizontal calibration is:
s2-1: the support is adjusted to be horizontal through a level gauge, and an included angle alpha between the straight line section of the pressure gauge body and the transverse plane of the support is obtained through measurement of an angle gauge;
s2-2: the pressure difference between the two points to be measured is zero;
s2-3: after waiting for pressure stabilization, the top surface of the water column in the two straight-line sections of the pressure gauge body is a plane, and the included angle between the plane and the straight-line section of the pressure gauge body is measured to be alpha';
s2-4: and comparing whether alpha and alpha' are equal or not, and if not, leveling the bracket again.
When the calibration operation is carried out, the pressure difference of two points to be measured is zero, so that the result fed back to the pressure gauge body is that the liquid column height difference of the straight line sections at two sides is zero, but the direct measurement of the height difference of the two liquid columns has certain error, and the result is inaccurate; thus, by verifying the angle, the aim of this calibration is to: rechecking the bracket after leveling of the level meter to ensure the level of the bracket, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the data measured by the pressure meter body; firstly leveling a bracket through a level meter, measuring an included angle alpha between a straight line section of a pressure meter body and the horizontal plane of the bracket by using a protractor, then measuring two positions with zero pressure difference by using the pressure meter body, measuring an included angle alpha 'between a plane formed by the top surface of a water column in the pressure meter body and the straight line section of the pressure meter body after pressure stabilization, and comparing whether the included angle alpha is equal to the included angle alpha'; if α=α', the levelness of the stent is good; if not, the bracket is leveled again.
Further, the inclination angle of the pressure gauge body is 30-60 degrees. The preferable angle range of the included angle between the straight line section of the pressure gauge body and the horizontal plane is obtained through experimental operation, and the preferable angle value is 40 degrees.
Further, in S4, when the heights of two sections of water columns in the pressure gauge body are measured, the measuring positions are all the left side contact or the right side contact of the straight line section and the water surface. The straight line sections on two sides of the pressure gauge body read the liquid level on the same side, so that measurement errors are reduced while measurement is facilitated.
Further, in S4, the liquid in the pressure gauge body is water, and the waiting pressure stabilizing time is 15-30 min; in S2-2, the liquid can be kept in a static state or two points to be measured are moved together, so that the pressure difference between the two points to be measured is zero. According to different measured media, the voltage stabilizing time is changed; the liquid level position of the pressure gauge body is stable and unchanged, and then the pressure stabilizing state is achieved.
Compared with the prior art, the application has the beneficial effects that: the problems of difficult reading and large error in the conventional use of the U-shaped pressure gauge are solved, the area of the upper surface of liquid is increased by tilting the inverted U-shaped pressure gauge, the contact point between the straight line section of the U-shaped pressure gauge body and the surface of the liquid can be read, and the error of visual reading caused by the common U-shaped pressure gauge is reduced; in addition, the two straight line segments can simultaneously read the leftmost or rightmost data, so that the error of reading can be further reduced; the structure is simple, the common U-shaped pressure gauge can be used for refitting, and the cost is low; the pressure difference detection method of the application is adopted to carry out the air tightness detection, the horizontal calibration, the pressure difference detection, the waiting for pressure stabilization and the reading to the formula calculation in sequence so as to obtain a specific pressure difference value, and the pressure difference detection method is simple in structure, economical and practical.
Description of the drawings:
the accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the application and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the application and together with the description serve to explain the application. In the drawings:
fig. 1 shows a schematic view of an obliquely inverted U-shaped pressure gauge of the present application.
Fig. 2 shows the schematic diagram of fig. 1.
Wherein the above figures include the following reference numerals:
10. a bracket; 11. a mounting column; 20. a pressure gauge body; 21. a straight line segment; 30. a discharge pipe; 40. a pressure guiding pipe; 50. a three-way joint; 60. a switch valve; 70. a graduated scale; 80. and (5) waiting for measuring points.
Detailed Description
It is noted that all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs unless otherwise indicated.
In order that those skilled in the art will better understand the present application, a technical solution in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present application, not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present application without making any inventive effort, shall fall within the scope of the present application.
The application can measure the tiny pressure difference, and can be applied to the measurement of the transverse tiny pressure difference among the sub-channels of the reactor rod bundle. The small pressure difference generated transversely between the sub-channels of the reactor bundle can be accurately measured. The method is economical, practical, safe, low in cost and strong in operability, and can be widely applied to university laboratories.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the pressure guiding tube in the present embodiment is a PVC hose, and the end of the manometer body 20 may be connected to the latex hose before being connected to the pressure guiding tube; the level gauge is a level gauge with strong magnetic laser, the bottom strong magnetic design is convenient for measuring operation on the surface of the ferrous metal, and the measuring precision is high; the angle gauge is an electronic digital display high-precision angle gauge, and the measurement is accurate; the distance measurement adopts a high-precision industrial-grade electronic digital vernier caliper, the precision is 0.1mm, the inclination angle is converted, and the actual measurement error is less than 1Pa; the medium in the pressure gauge body 20 is clean water, which has no influence on the environment and the pipeline, is convenient to use and install, and has high precision and small error; the bracket can be of an iron plate-shaped structure; the pressure gauge body 20 adopts a transparent high-pressure PU pipe, the high-pressure PU pipe has excellent high-pressure resistance, vibration resistance, corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance and bending resistance, and the use of the PU pipe solves the problem that the U-shaped glass pipe is damaged after the pressure gauge drops carelessly.
In the experiment, the drain 30 was used to drain the excess liquid column and gas column and adjust the height of the liquid column to a position where it was convenient to read. In fig. 1, the direction of the arrow indicates the flow direction of the medium to be measured.
The obliquely inverted U-shaped pressure gauge comprises a U-shaped pressure gauge body 20 with the bottom upwards and the top downwards and obliquely fixed on a bracket 10, wherein two ends of the pressure gauge body 20 are connected with a discharge pipe 30 and a pressure guiding pipe 40; the exhaust pipe 30 is used for exhausting air column and/or liquid, and the other ends of the two pressure guiding pipes 40 are positioned at different pressure to-be-measured points 80.
The application adopting the technical scheme overcomes the problems of difficult reading and large error when the U-shaped pressure gauge is used conventionally, and the inclined inverted U-shaped pressure gauge increases the area of the upper surface of liquid, so that the linear section 21 of the U-shaped pressure gauge body 20 can read the contact point between the liquid surface and the liquid, and the error of visual reading caused by the common U-shaped pressure gauge is reduced; in addition, the two straight line segments 21 can simultaneously read leftmost or rightmost data, so that the error of reading can be further reduced; simple structure, can use ordinary U-shaped manometer to repack, with low costs.
Further, the end of the pressure gauge body 20 is connected to the discharge pipe 30 and the pressure guiding pipe 40 through the three-way joint 50, and the discharge pipe 30 is provided with the on-off valve 60. The three-way joint 50 is used for connecting the discharge pipe 30 and the pressure guiding pipe 40, so that the structure is simple and the installation is convenient; the on-off valve 60 is used for opening and closing the discharge pipe 30.
Further, a graduated scale 70 is arranged in the middle of the U-shape of the pressure gauge body 20, and a level gauge is arranged on the bracket 10. The level gauge is used for adjusting the level of the bracket 10, so that the subsequent measurement of the inclination angle of the pressure gauge body 20 by the angle gauge is facilitated, and the accuracy of angle measurement is improved; the scale 70 facilitates preliminary observation of the liquid column height in the manometer body, and can make a rough judgment as to whether the pressure-stabilizing state is reached.
Further, three mounting posts 11 are arranged above the bracket 10, and the mounting posts 11 are connected with the pressure gauge body 20 through a clamp. The erection column 11 is used for fixed pressure gauge body 20, in addition, can make erection column 11 perpendicular to support 10 base to make erection column 11 set up along vertical direction, can make things convenient for the location of protractor, the angle of the tilting of pressure gauge body 20 is measured to the protractor of being convenient for.
According to another aspect of the present application, there is provided a differential pressure detection method comprising tilting an inverted U-shaped manometer, the steps of:
s1: after the pressure gauge device is installed, the air tightness of the device is detected;
s2: calibrating the level of the device;
s3: performing differential pressure detection, and discharging excessive gas column and/or liquid by using a discharge pipe 30; adjusting the water column height within the manometer body 20 to a position that is easy to read;
s4: after the water column in the pressure gauge body 20 is stable, the required data is measured by using a measuring tool, and when the corresponding pressure gauge body 20 is inversely and obliquely placed, the corresponding water column height difference is calculated to be:
Δh＝(r 2 -r 1 )sinα-wcosα；
wherein r1 and r2 are the heights of two sections of water columns in the pressure gauge body 20; alpha is the included angle between the straight line section 21 of the pressure gauge body 20 and the horizontal plane; w is the sum of the distance between two straight sections 21 of the pressure gauge body 20 and the outer diameter of a single straight section 21 of the pressure gauge body 20;
s5: the differential pressure was calculated using the bernoulli equation as:
Δp＝ρgΔh；
wherein: ρ is the fluid density; g is gravitational acceleration.
By using the inclined inverted U-shaped pressure gauge, the pressure difference detection method is adopted, and the specific pressure difference value is obtained through air tightness detection, horizontal calibration, pressure difference detection, waiting for pressure stabilization and reading carrying into formula calculation, so that the pressure difference detection method is simple in structure, economical and practical.
Further, in S1, the step of detecting the air tightness is:
s1-1: closing the on-off valve 60 of the discharge pipe 30, injecting water into the pressure gauge body 20 through the pressure guiding pipe 40 and filling the pressure gauge body 20 with water;
s1-2: detecting whether water leaks at each joint and each valve.
And (3) detecting air tightness so as to ensure the accuracy of experimental measurement.
Further, in S2, the step of horizontal calibration is:
s2-1: the bracket 10 is adjusted to be horizontal by a level gauge, and an included angle alpha between the straight line section 21 of the pressure gauge body 20 and the transverse plane of the bracket 10 is measured by an angle gauge;
s2-2: bringing the differential pressure between the two points 80 to be measured to zero;
s2-3: after waiting for pressure stabilization, the top surfaces of the water columns in the two straight line sections 21 of the pressure gauge body 20 are plane, and the included angle between the plane and the straight line sections 21 of the pressure gauge body 20 is measured to be alpha';
s2-4: the bracket 10 is again leveled if a and a' are equal, if not.
When the calibration operation is performed, the pressure difference between the two points to be measured 80 can be zero, so that the result fed back to the pressure gauge body 20 is that the liquid column height difference of the straight line sections 21 on two sides is zero, but the direct measurement of the height difference of the two liquid columns has a certain error, and the result is inaccurate; thus, by verifying the angle, the aim of this calibration is to: rechecking the bracket 10 after leveling of the level gauge to ensure the level of the bracket 10, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the data measured by the pressure gauge body 20; firstly leveling the bracket 10 by using a level gauge, measuring an included angle alpha between a straight line section 21 of the pressure gauge body 20 and the horizontal plane of the bracket 10 by using a measuring angle gauge, then measuring two positions with zero pressure difference by using the pressure gauge body 20, measuring an included angle alpha 'between a plane formed by the top surface of a water column in the pressure gauge body 20 and the straight line section 21 of the pressure gauge body 20 after pressure stabilization, and comparing whether the alpha is equal to the alpha'; if α=α', the levelness of the bracket 10 is good; if not, the bracket 10 is again leveled.
Further, the inclination angle of the manometer body 20 is 30 ° to 60 °. The preferred angular range of the included angle of the straight line section 21 of the pressure gauge body 20 with the horizontal plane is obtained through experimental operation, and the preferred angular value is 40 degrees.
Further, in S4, when the heights of two water columns in the pressure gauge body 20 are measured, the measuring positions are the left-side contact or the right-side contact of the straight line segment 21 and the water surface. The straight line sections 21 on two sides of the pressure gauge body 20 read the liquid level on the same side, so that measurement errors are reduced while measurement is facilitated.
Further, in S4, the liquid in the pressure gauge body 20 is water, and the waiting pressure stabilizing time is 15 min-30 min; in S2-2, the liquid may be kept stationary or the two points to be measured 80 may be moved together, so that the pressure difference between the two points to be measured 80 is zero. According to different measured media, the voltage stabilizing time is changed; the pressure gauge body 20 has a stable liquid level position, and thus reaches a stable pressure state.
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, but various modifications and variations can be made to the present application by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application should be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (9)
1. The U-shaped pressure gauge is characterized by comprising a U-shaped pressure gauge body with an upward bottom, a downward top and obliquely fixed on a bracket, wherein two ends of the pressure gauge body are connected with a discharge pipe and a pressure guiding pipe; the exhaust pipe is used for exhausting air column and/or liquid, and the other ends of the two pressure guiding pipes are positioned at different air pressure points to be measured;
the differential pressure detection method based on the pressure gauge comprises the following operation steps:
s1: after the pressure gauge device is installed, the air tightness of the device is detected;
s2: calibrating the level of the device;
s3: performing differential pressure detection, and discharging redundant air column and/or liquid by using a discharge pipe; the height of the water column in the pressure gauge body is adjusted to a position which is easy to read;
s4: after the water column in the pressure gauge body is stable, the measuring tool is used for measuring the required data, and when the corresponding pressure gauge body is inversely and obliquely placed, the corresponding water column height difference is calculated to be:
Δh＝(r 2 -r 1 )sinα-wcosα；
wherein r1 and r2 are the heights of two sections of water columns in the pressure gauge body; alpha is the included angle between the straight line section of the pressure gauge body and the horizontal plane; w is the sum of the distance between two straight line sections of the pressure gauge body and the outer diameter of a single straight line section of the pressure gauge body;
s5: the differential pressure was calculated using the bernoulli equation as:
Δp＝ρgΔh；
wherein: ρ is the fluid density; g is gravitational acceleration.
2. The inclined inverted U-shaped pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein the end part of the pressure gauge body is connected with the discharge pipe and the pressure guiding pipe through a three-way joint, and a switch valve is arranged on the discharge pipe.
3. The tilting inverted U-shaped pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein a scale is provided in the middle of the U-shape of the pressure gauge body, and a level gauge is provided on the stand.
4. The tilting inverted U-shaped pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein three mounting posts are provided above the bracket, and the mounting posts are connected with the pressure gauge body by a clip.
5. The tilt-inverted U-shaped pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein in S1, the air tightness detecting step is:
s1-1: closing a switch valve of the discharge pipe, injecting water into the pressure gauge body through the pressure guiding pipe, and filling water into the pressure gauge body;
s1-2: detecting whether water leaks at each joint and each valve.
6. The tilt-inverted U-shaped pressure gauge of claim 1 wherein in S2, the step of horizontally calibrating is:
s2-1: the support is adjusted to be horizontal through a level gauge, and an included angle alpha between the straight line section of the pressure gauge body and the transverse plane of the support is obtained through measurement of an angle gauge;
s2-2: the pressure difference between the two points to be measured is zero;
s2-3: after waiting for pressure stabilization, the top surface of the water column in the two straight-line sections of the pressure gauge body is a plane, and the included angle between the plane and the straight-line section of the pressure gauge body is measured to be alpha';
s2-4: and comparing whether alpha and alpha' are equal or not, and if not, leveling the bracket again.
7. The tilt inverted U-shaped pressure gauge of claim 1, wherein the pressure gauge body is tilted at an angle of 30 ° to 60 °.
8. The tilting inverted U-shaped pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein in S4, when the height of two water columns in the pressure gauge body is measured, the measuring positions are the left side contact or the right side contact of the straight line segment and the water surface.
9. The tilting inverted U-shaped pressure gauge according to claim 6, wherein in S4, the liquid in the pressure gauge body is water, and the waiting pressure stabilizing time is 15 min-30 min; in S2-2, the liquid can be kept in a static state or two points to be measured are moved together, so that the pressure difference between the two points to be measured is zero.
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| CN206192571U (en) * | 2016-11-23 | 2017-05-24 | 中央民族大学 | Type of falling U pipe differential gauge |
| CN108870813A (en) * | 2018-08-31 | 2018-11-23 | 上海银轮热交换***有限公司 | gas-liquid separator |
| CN210922931U (en) * | 2019-12-20 | 2020-07-03 | 周少玺 | Portable multifunctional anti-overflow U-shaped pressure gauge |
| CN114199338A (en) * | 2021-12-10 | 2022-03-18 | 浙江大学 | Water level measuring device and method with adjustable precision |
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