CN114729585A - 用于疏通选择性催化还原催化剂中的孔的方法 - Google Patents

用于疏通选择性催化还原催化剂中的孔的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114729585A
CN114729585A CN201980102430.5A CN201980102430A CN114729585A CN 114729585 A CN114729585 A CN 114729585A CN 201980102430 A CN201980102430 A CN 201980102430A CN 114729585 A CN114729585 A CN 114729585A
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muffler
liquid
scr catalyst
pores
sub
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CN201980102430.5A
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爱德华·埃米尔·约若尤
帕特里斯·克赫立安
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Volvo Truck Corp
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Volvo Truck Corp
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Publication of CN114729585A publication Critical patent/CN114729585A/zh
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/0237—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles for regenerating ex situ
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J38/00—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts, in general
    • B01J38/48—Liquid treating or treating in liquid phase, e.g. dissolved or suspended
    • B01J38/60—Liquid treating or treating in liquid phase, e.g. dissolved or suspended using acids
    • B01J38/62—Liquid treating or treating in liquid phase, e.g. dissolved or suspended using acids organic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
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    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/82—Phosphates
    • B01J29/84—Aluminophosphates containing other elements, e.g. metals, boron
    • B01J29/85—Silicoaluminophosphates [SAPO compounds]
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于疏通在基于金属沸石的选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂中的孔的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：S.1.用液体至少部分地填充SCR催化剂，该液体优选地为蒸馏水；S.2.让所述液体处于SCR催化剂的内部足够的时间，以允许所述液体至少部分地溶解阻塞物并且渗入所述孔中；S.3.在高于所述液体的沸腾温度的温度下加热SCR催化剂，以使保留在所述孔中的部分液体汽化并且生成经过阻塞物的蒸汽流，该蒸汽流去除阻塞物并且疏通所述孔；其中，在加热步骤S.3期间不注入烃类。

Description

用于疏通选择性催化还原催化剂中的孔的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂的领域，该选择性催化还原催化剂是车辆的排气后处理***(EATS)的一部分。
特别地，本发明涉及一种用于通过疏通SCR催化剂的孔来再生SCR催化剂并且延长其耐用性的方法。
背景技术
选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂用于去污染，特别是用于将氮氧化物(NOx)转化为氮和水。选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂被广泛用于柴油发动机排气的后处理。
通常，存在两种类型的EATS架构：在第一种架构中，***包括一个箱，该箱包含柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)、柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)以及一个或多个SCR模块(然后形成“一箱式***”)。在第二种架构中，EATS包括：一个箱，该箱包括DOC和DPF；以及另一个箱，该另一个箱包括SCR模块(然后形成“两箱式***”)。
通常，SCR催化剂包括：机械基底，该机械基底由陶瓷制成并且对NOx还原没有贡献(机械支撑件)；以及载体涂层(washcoat)，该载体涂层包括催化剂材料。基本上，所述机械基底是限定多个纵向通道的蜂窝结构。所述载体涂层覆盖基底通道的内表面。本发明特别适用于如下SCR催化剂的再生，在该SCR催化剂中，载体涂层包括沸石和活性催化物质，诸如铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)或者铜(Cu)和铁(Fe)的组合。
沸石材料是包含孔的晶体结构(多孔结构)，该结构提供可用于催化过程(SCR还原)的大的比表面积。
尽管SCR催化剂大体上提供了一种去除排气中的NOx的去污染的可靠手段，但实际应用表明，在某些情况下，这种催化剂可能会变得失活(即，失去NOx转化性能)，而且通常随着时间的推移而加速失活。出现耐用性问题的一种可能情况是孔堵塞，因为这可能降低SCR催化剂的活性。这种现象的可能原因是形成了限制进入活性位点的阻塞物。
可以想到若干种方法来处理SCR模块的性能和耐用性问题。可论证地，最常见的是更换整个***(包括SCR模块)，但这非常昂贵。而且，还存在用于重新活化金属离子的方法，诸如在US 2018/0363528中公开的方法。在该方法中，SCR催化剂被暴露于被选择成促进金属离子的移动的液体，从而将迁移的离子重新引入回SCR催化剂内的活性位置(例如，回收失活的金属沸石催化剂)。
然而，就申请人的认知而言，还未存在用于治理遭受孔堵塞的SCR催化剂的方法。换言之，需要开发一种用于疏通SCR催化剂的孔并从而恢复其SCR催化剂的性能的方法。
发明内容
为此目的，本发明涉及一种用于疏通在包括沸石的选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂的内部的、被阻塞物堵塞的孔的方法。SCR催化剂被包含在***的内部，该***是车辆的排气后处理***的一部分。该方法包括：
S.1.填充步骤，在该填充步骤中，将液体引入***的内部，以使每一个SCR催化剂完全浸入该液体中；
S.2.浸泡步骤，在该浸泡步骤期间，被引入***内部的一定比例的所述液体扩散到沸石的孔中；
S.3.排放步骤，在该排放步骤中，将被引入***内部的过量的所述液体从***去除；顾名思义，所述过量的液体是未扩散到沸石的孔中的、被引入***内部的一定比例的所述液体。
S.4.干燥步骤，在该干燥步骤中，在高于液体的沸腾温度的温度下加热SCR催化剂，以使保留在所述孔中的液体汽化并且生成经过阻塞物的蒸汽流，该蒸汽流去除阻塞物并且疏通所述孔，
此外，在干燥步骤S.4.期间不注入烃类。
该方法能够恢复SCR催化剂效率，并且随后在EATS中重新使用该SCR催化剂，而无需更换***。实际上，孔的疏通导致恢复了孔中所包括的宽活性表面，从而重新建立了通向活性位点的通路。
最后，本发明还涉及一种***，在该***的内部，已经使用上文描述的方法处理了至少SCR催化剂，并且本发明还涉及一种包括这种***的车辆。
虽然不是强制性的，但在从属权利要求和以下详细说明中详细描述了其它有利特征。
附图说明
图1是待用根据本发明的方法处理的SCR模块的一部分的示意性立体图。
图2是SCR模块的示意性剖视图。
图3是根据本发明的方法的流程图。
图4是根据本发明的特定实施例的方法的流程图。
图5是“一箱式”EATS的示意图。
图6是“两箱式”EATS的示意图。
图7是根据“一箱式”***的***的分解图；
图8是图7的***的剖视示意图。
图9是图7的***的另一个剖视示意图。
图10表示已经倾斜之后的图9的***。
图11表示车辆(特别是卡车)以及该车辆的EATS。
具体实施方式
SCR催化剂
如上文提及并且在图1和图2中示出，SCR模块1包括SCR催化剂，其通常包括：机械支撑件3(该机械支撑件由陶瓷制成并且对NOx还原没有贡献)；以及载体涂层，该载体涂层包括催化剂材料。
基本上，所述机械支撑件3是限定有多个纵向通道9并且具有入口10和出口11的蜂窝结构。所述载体涂层覆盖基底通道9的内表面。在本发明的应用领域中，所述载体涂层包括沸石2和活性催化物质，诸如铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)或者铜(Cu)和铁(Fe)的组合。
此外，在所述机械支撑件3的外表面上设置有垫13以及通常由金属制成的壳体12。所述壳体12被布置在所述垫13的周围。
通常，待用根据本发明的方法处理的SCR催化剂是基于金属沸石2的SCR催化剂。
在优选实施例中，所述金属选自Cu、Fe或者Cu和Fe的组合。
在具体实施例中，所述SCR催化剂包括硅磷酸铝沸石。
如本领域技术人员所知，沸石是包含孔的晶体结构。在SCR催化剂中，待处理的物质穿过沸石的孔流动到活性位点，所述活性位点是活性金属被结合在沸石结构中的位置。
在具体实施例中，所述SCR催化剂是内燃机、优选是柴油发动机的排气后处理***的一部分。
孔
如上文提及的，沸石具有孔4和5，这些孔在使用一定时间之后以及在某些情况下可能会被堵塞。
在本公开的含义中，多孔体积包括孔网络和空腔。
实际上，如图1所示，所述沸石2具有由空腔5形式的孔和管道4形式的孔制成的多孔结构。管道4形式的孔将空腔5形式的孔彼此联接，从而允许液体或气体在所述沸石2的内部流动。
此外，应当理解的是，能够通过单独的管道4来进入一个空腔5，这意味着若干个管道4能够通向同一空腔5。实际上，在本公开中，空腔是比管道大的孔。管道4形式的孔联接不同的空腔5形式的孔。
孔的堵塞
在使用一段时间之后，所述沸石2的孔4、5可能被阻塞物6、7部分或完全堵塞。
“完全堵塞”是指可以通过使用其它孔通路(管道)而使反应物进入活性位点，但这将引入对催化性能产生负面影响的传质限制。换言之，“完全堵塞”意味着管道4被完全堵塞，但并不意味着无法进入空腔5。
“部分堵塞”是指孔未被完全堵塞，但孔的横截面比最初小。当孔被部分堵塞时，一些颗粒、液体和气体仍可能进入或流过孔。这将引起传质限制。
如上文提及的，阻塞物6、7可能由来自沸石结构的元素(硅、铝、磷、活性位点或这些元素的组合)构成。
特别地，取决于已经使用SCR催化剂的时间，阻塞物6、7或多或少地会密实且较大。
如图1所示，阻塞物6部分堵塞孔，而阻塞物7完全堵塞孔。
用于疏通孔的方法
图3是表示根据本发明的方法的不同步骤的流程图。在图3中，实线指的是执行根据本发明的方法所必需的步骤，并且虚线指的是可选的步骤。
在前言中，应当理解的是，根据本发明的方法可以在***仍在卡车上的情况下或者在已经从卡车去除***之后执行。
步骤S.0：(预处理)
有利地，根据本发明的方法包括再生的预备步骤S.0。在预备步骤S.0(可选)，所述SCR模块在高温下经受第一再生子步骤(诸如驻车再生)和/或在较低温度下经受第二再生子步骤。
例如，所述第一再生子步骤在500℃至600℃之间(取决于SCR催化剂类型)的温度下执行，而所述第二再生子步骤在250℃至450℃之间(例如310℃)的温度下执行。
所述第一再生子步骤的目的是除硫，并且所述第二再生子步骤的目的是去除最终仍存在于催化剂内的任何烃类或NH3。
在这方面，可以在所述第一再生子步骤期间注入烃类(和可能的尿素)以达到对应的温度。然而，优选的是，在所述第二再生子步骤期间不注入尿素或烃类。
再生子步骤在于通过使得热气体(通常是排气)流过SCR模块来加热该SCR模块。这些再生子步骤可以使用车辆本身V或外部设备来完成。
所述外部设备可以是热空气生成器(亦称“空气加热器”)，该热空气生成器能够使用电能(电加热器)或者通过将其与来自燃烧器的燃烧产物(可以使用炉油、高速柴油(HSD)、轻柴油(LDO)、液化石油气(LPG)或天然气作为燃料)混合来供应被加热到高温的空气。
步骤S.1.(填充)
如已经提及的，图1是待用根据本发明的方法处理的SCR催化剂1的一部分的示意性立体图。
该方法的第一步骤是用液体至少部分地填充SCR催化剂1的多孔体积。
用于至少部分地填充SCR催化剂的液体因为该液体能够扩散到沸石2的孔4、5中的能力而被选择。
在具体实施例中，所述液体是蒸馏水。使用蒸馏水至少部分地填充沸石是有利的，因为在SCR催化剂中未引入另外的杂质。
在另一个具体实施例中，所述液体具有酸性pH。根据本公开，酸性pH涵盖严格小于7.00的所有pH。
具有酸性pH的液体可以促进阻塞物6、7的一些成分的溶解和/或去除。然而，具有过低pH(低于2)的液体可能会侵蚀沸石。
因此，当使用具有酸性pH的液体时，优选的是，pH高于2.00，优选在2.2至4之间。因此，合适的液体可以是包含一定比例的乙酸的水溶液。
在优选实施例中，在SCR催化剂处于环境温度与90℃之间(优选为环境温度与60℃之间)的温度下的同时执行步骤S.1.。
步骤S.2.(浸泡)
为了确保液体有足够的时间在沸石的孔中扩散，根据本发明的方法包括以下步骤：该步骤在于让所述液体渗入SCR催化剂的多孔体积的内部。
实际上，所述液体由于毛细作用而在所述孔中扩散。如本领域技术人员所知，这种现象可能花费一些时间。此外，如上文解释的，孔4、5被部分或完全地堵塞。在部分堵塞的情况下，所述液体可以扩散经过阻塞物6，但这比孔完全未被堵塞的情况需要更多的时间。在完全堵塞的情况下，所述液体不能扩散通过阻塞物7，并且所述液体会遵循其它路径到达相关的孔(液体使用其它管道到达该孔)，这增加了填充SCR催化剂所需的时间。
此外，既不能确定阻塞物6和7的数量，也不能确定完全或部分阻塞的孔4和5的体积。
因此，取决于阻塞的类型和数量，步骤S.2的持续时间(亦称“浸泡期”)在10分钟至120分钟之间，优选地在30分钟至60分钟之间。
为了促进阻塞物的溶解和/或去除，可能是有利的是提高所述液体的温度，前提是液体温度保持在所述液体的沸点以下。
实际上，如上文提及的，每一个SCR模块被容纳在***中。然后，步骤S.1在于利用所述液体(蒸馏水或乙酸溶液)填充所述***，从而将每一个SCR模块完全浸入液体浴中(如图10所示)。当SCR模块被浸入液体浴中时，在步骤S.2期间，无论SCR模块的阻塞状态如何，所述液体首先渗入SCR模块的通道中，然后渗入沸石结构的孔中。因此，SCR模块保留在所述浴中足够的时间，以允许所述液体扩散到沸石的孔中。
步骤S.3.(排放)
之后，在浸泡期已经过去之后，过量的液体被从***中排放出来，所述过量的液体是未渗入基于沸石的SCR催化剂的孔中的液体。
准确地，SCR模块的通道内部的液体和SCR模块外部的液体被从***中排放出来。被吸收在沸石的孔的内部的液体保留在SCR模块的内部。
步骤S.4.(加热)
所述方法的第四步骤是如下步骤：加热SCR催化剂1，以使所述液体汽化并且产生蒸汽，以去除阻塞物6和7。
通过加热，由于所述液体的体积质量密度降低，因此所述液体占据更多的空间。这引起孔4和5中的压力增加，从而导致阻塞物6和7的去除。
在优选实施例中，通过在最高温度T1下加热SCR催化剂1来实施步骤S.4，所述最高温度T1在250°至470℃之间，优选地在280℃至330℃之间。因此，SCR催化剂承受的最高温度显著低于US2018/0363528A1中推荐的温度。实际上，US 2018/0363528 A1教导了SCR催化剂应当在极高的温度下保持一段时间(例如，在500℃下保持六小时，在700℃下保持两小时等)。这与以下事实一致：在本公开中，目的是通过将金属离子重新***回到其活性位置来重新活化活性位点，并且这种效果只能在特定的pH和温度条件下获得：特别地，离子迁移仅在温度高于500℃时发生。
优选地，步骤S.4持续的时间段在20分钟至120分钟之间，优选地在30分钟至90分钟之间。
在干燥步骤(步骤S.4)期间，必需的是停用HI注射器，使得不在气流中引入烃类。因此，烃类不会与仍然存在于孔中的液体相互作用，从而避免了所述液体或所述液体的蒸汽与烃类之间的任何不希望的化学反应，因为这种相互作用可能对净化过程产生负面影响。
优选的是，在干燥期间，尿素注射器也被停用，使得在步骤S.4期间不注入尿素。这也能够避免所述液体或所述液体的蒸汽与尿素之间的任何不希望的化学反应，因为这种相互作用可能对净化过程产生负面影响。
在替代实施例中，干燥步骤S.4包括在两个不同温度下的两个阶段，例如，在310℃至330℃之间的温度下的第一阶段以及在更高温度下(例如，在430℃至460℃之间的温度下，例如450℃)的第二阶段。
在特定实施例中，步骤S.4在于使得热气(例如排气)流过***。可替代地，热气流可以是由空气加热器生成的热空气流。
可选步骤S.5：去SOx的驻车再生
可选地，步骤S.4之后可以是步骤S.5，步骤S.5实质上在于去SOx的驻车再生，以去除硫及硫的衍生物。众所周知，取决于SCR催化剂类型，去SOx的驻车再生在于将流过SCR模块的排气的温度升高到500℃至600℃之间的高水平。为此，少量燃料被引入***上游的排气流中。然后，燃料在柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)中汽化和氧化，从而产生放热效应。顾名思义，在车辆V驻车(但发动机被启动)的同时执行去SOx的驻车再生。
通常，取决于SCR催化剂的类型，去SOx的驻车再生在于：将排气的温度升高到350℃至500℃之间的第一水平，然后升高到500℃至600℃之间的第二水平。
用于实施根据本发明的方法的方式
根据本发明的方法特别适用于作为内燃机(优选是柴油机)的排气后处理***的一部分的SCR催化剂。在这样的***中，如图5所示，EATS的部件被接收在***20的内部(然后形成“一箱式”***)，如图5所示。准确地，***20包括DOC、DPF以及一个或多个SCR催化剂。
根据一般知识，***20是金属外壳，在该金属外壳的内部容纳有EATS部件，并且排气在被排入大气之前在该金属外壳的内部流动。如图7所示，***20包括入口22和出口24，来自ICE的排气通过该入口22流入，被后处理过的排气通过该出口24流出。
基本上，所述***包括：第一隔室，DOC和DPF被容纳在该第一隔室的内部；层降件26(亦称“DPF盖”)；尿素混合管28；和第二隔室，SCR模块被接收在该第二隔室的内部。在图7中示出了尿素混合管28的一个孔口28a。该孔口28a未被覆盖，然后当层降件26被移除时，能够从***的外部接近该孔口28a。
层降件26将第一隔室连接到尿素混合管28。所述层降件26是梨形部分。
尿素混合管28为U形。顾名思义，尿素混合管是排气流与一定比例的尿素(注入)在其中混合的设备。
按顺序，排气首先流过第一隔室(DOC和DPF)，然后流过层降件26，流过尿素混合管28，并且最后流过第二隔室(SCR模块)。
可替代地，如图6所示，EATS包括：一个箱，所述一个箱包括DOC和DPF；以及另一箱，所述另一个箱包括SCR模块(然后形成“两箱式***”)。
通常使用焊接连接将SCR催化剂(亦称“SCR瓷砖”)保持在***的内部。因此，非常难以将SCR催化剂从***中移除，这就是本发明的方法已经被设定成使得不需要将SCR催化剂(瓷砖)移除到***之外的原因。
因此，步骤S.1在于用所述可汽化的液体直接填充***20。
能够直接在***中执行本发明的方法的可能性使得能够避免不得不从车辆V移除***20，从而节省了时间和操作成本。
有利地，当在将***从车辆V拆卸时执行根据本发明的方法时，该方法还包括如图4所示的以下子步骤：
*子步骤Ss.10.：该子步骤Ss.10.实质上在于从车辆V取下***20；
*子步骤Ss.11.：该子步骤Ss.11.实质上在于至少堵住***的出口24；
*子步骤：该子步骤在于移除层降件26，以揭开通向尿素混合管28的通路(28a)(所述液体将在填充步骤期间进入所述通路)，并且移除DPF，以避免在填充步骤期间损坏DPF。
*子步骤Ss.12.：该子步骤Ss.12.实质上在于将取下的***放入容器或凹坑(未示出)的内部；
*子步骤Ss.13.，该子步骤Ss.13.实质上在于将***定向成使得SCR催化剂放置在***中的可能的最低位置中。为此，如图9和图10所示，***20被倾斜90°。这种倾斜运动由图9中的箭头A1表示。
*可选的子步骤Ss.14.：该子步骤Ss.14.在于移除集成在***中的一些传感器(未示出)，诸如NOx传感器、压差传感器等。即使不影响所述方法本身的性能，移除这些传感器也能防止使它们损坏。
*子步骤Ss.15.：该子步骤Ss.15.在于在填充步骤期间移除DPF以避免液体溅到DPF上。这就是DPF未出现在图10中的原因。
在该实施例中，通过用所述液体部分地填充***直到SCR催化剂被完全浸入为止来执行步骤S.1.(参见图10，图10上表示了在填充步骤完成之后的***内部的液位)。然后，去除过量的液体，已经渗入沸石2的孔4、5中的液体保留在所述孔4、5中。
所述过量的液体包括存储在SCR砖的通道内部的液体体积以及在SCR模块周围但在***内部的体积。
可替代地，可以在无需从车辆V移除***的情况下执行所述方法。在这种情况下，还需要移除***的一些零件，特别是DPF盖(亦称“层降件”)26，以揭开通向SCR模块的直接通路28a，并且避免由于液体扩散在DOC或DPF上而损坏DOC或DPF。
而且，可以需要适配器，以将所述液体适当地引入***的内部并且避免所述液体滴落到地板上。
在这两种情况下，***的出口24应被堵住，以将所述液体保持在***的内部。
而且，一旦***已经被重新安装到车辆V上，就可以进行干燥步骤，这意味着可以使用排气来执行干燥步骤。
可以应用本发明的方法的车辆V的一个示例与其EATS一起在图11中示出。应当理解的是，即使图11示出了卡车，本发明也可以应用于任何其它轻型车辆、中型车辆或重型车辆，诸如乘用车、公共汽车、船舶或建筑机械。
用于实施根据本发明的方法的装置
可替代地，可以设想在不使用来自发动机的排气的情况下执行所述方法的所有步骤，特别是干燥步骤。为此，需要如下文描述的特定装置。
用于实施上述方法的装置包括：
·用于根据步骤S.1利用液体填充SCR催化剂的设备，这种设备将至少包括泵和出口软管；
·用于根据步骤S.4加热SCR模块的外部设备，例如通过让热空气流过***来进行加热。
用于加热SCR模块的外部设备是热空气生成器(亦称“空气加热器”)，该热空气生成器能够通过使用燃料燃烧(燃烧器)或电力(电加热器)来供应被加热到高温的空气。该设备包括用于产生待加热的气流的风扇或压缩机。由于这种类型的设备是众所周知的，所以不对其进行更详细的描述。
用于填充SCR催化剂的设备
在不将SCR从***移除的情况下，用于用液体填充SCR催化剂的设备包括用于将液体从储液器泵送到***的进入孔口28a的泵。
如果EATS***是两箱式***，则优选的是通过入口用液体填充***(如上文结合一箱式***所描述的那样)。然而，也可以设想将包含SCR模块的***放置在液体浴中。在该特定实施例中，用于用液体填充***的设备则为罐或容器。在该实施例中，不需要像“一箱式”***那样移除***的一些零件。
用于加热沸石的设备
用于加热SCR模块的外部设备是热空气生成器(亦称“空气加热器”)，该热空气生成器能够通过使用燃料燃烧(燃烧器)或电力(电加热器)来供应被加热到高温的空气。由于这种类型的设备是众所周知的，所以不对其进行更详细的描述。
在已经将SCR催化剂从***移除的情况下，可以设想使用配备有能够产生强气流的通风***的特定烘箱。由于这种类型的设备是众所周知的，所以不对其进行更详细的描述。
示例
示例1(E1)：
从车辆拆卸包含SCR催化剂的***。
然后，在已经堵住***的出口之后，通过***的入口用80L蒸馏水填充包括入口和出口的***(步骤S.1)。
在浸泡60分钟之后(步骤S.2.)，开放出口，并且从***中去除过量的蒸馏水(约75L)。其余的蒸馏水保留在沸石的孔的内部的SCR催化剂中。
然后，通过让排气流过***而将***在310℃下加热60分钟(步骤S.4)。
在表1中阐述了在应用根据示例1的方法之前和之后的SCR催化剂的NOx转化率(％)。
示例2(E2)：
用包含5％乙酸(醋)的水溶液代替蒸馏水重复示例1。
在表1中阐述了在应用根据示例2的方法之前和之后的SCR催化剂的NOx转化率(％)。
反例1(CE1)：
已经重复了类似于在US 2018/0363528中公开的方法。在这种方法中，直接使用600℃的驻车再生进行干燥，在此期间注入烃类以促进温度升高。
在下表1中阐述了在应用根据反例1的方法之前和之后的SCR催化剂的NOx转化率(％)。
关于示例的结论：
Figure BDA0003656571840000161
表1：NOx转化率结果
因此，可见，根据本发明的方法允许比US 2018/0363528中公开的方法更好的NOx转化恢复。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于疏通在包括沸石(2)的选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂的内部的、被阻塞物(6，7)堵塞的孔的方法，其中，所述SCR催化剂被包含在***(20)的内部，所述***(20)是车辆(V)的排气后处理***(EATS)的一部分，其中，所述方法包括：
S.1.填充步骤，在所述填充步骤中，将液体引入所述***(20)的内部，以使每一个SCR催化剂完全浸入所述液体中；
S.2.浸泡步骤，在所述浸泡步骤期间，被引入所述***(20)内部的一定比例的所述液体扩散到所述沸石(2)的孔(4，5)中；
S.3.排放步骤，在所述排放步骤中，将被引入所述***内部的过量的所述液体从所述***(20)去除；
S.4.干燥步骤，在所述干燥步骤中，在高于所述液体的沸腾温度的温度下加热所述SCR催化剂，以使保留在所述孔(4，5)中的所述液体汽化并且生成经过所述阻塞物(6，7)的蒸汽流，所述蒸汽流去除所述阻塞物并且疏通所述孔，
并且其中，在干燥步骤S.4期间不注入烃类。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，步骤S.4.在于使得热气流过所述***，所述热气例如为排气或热空气。
3.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，包括再生的预备步骤S.0。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其中，所述再生的预备步骤S.0包括在高温下的第一再生子步骤和/或在较低温下的第二再生子步骤，所述第一再生子步骤诸如为驻车再生。
5.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，在步骤S.4期间不注入尿素。
6.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，步骤S.2的持续时间在10分钟至120分钟之间，优选地在30分钟至60分钟之间。
7.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，通过在最高温度(T1)下加热所述SCR催化剂来实施步骤S.4，所述最高温度在250℃至470℃之间，优选地在280℃至330℃之间。
8.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，步骤S.4的持续时间在20分钟至120分钟之间，优选地在30分钟至90分钟之间。
9.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，步骤S.4之后是步骤S.5，所述步骤S.5实质上在于去SOx的驻车再生，以去除硫及硫的衍生物。
10.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，步骤S.1在于：堵住所述***的孔口，并且手动地将所述液体倒入所述***的另一个孔口中。
11.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，所述液体是蒸馏水。
12.根据权利要求1至10中的任一项所述的方法，其中，所述液体是pH在2至4之间的包含乙酸的水溶液。
13.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，进一步包括：
-子步骤Ss.10.，所述子步骤Ss.10.实质上在于从车辆(V)取下所述***(20)；
-子步骤Ss.11.，所述子步骤Ss.11.实质上在于至少堵住所述***的出口(24)；
-子步骤Ss.12.，所述子步骤Ss.12.实质上在于将取下的所述***(20)放入容器或凹坑的内部；
-子步骤Ss.13.，所述子步骤Ss.13.实质上在于将所述***(20)定向成使所述SCR催化剂(1)放置在所述***中的可能的最低位置中；
-可选的子步骤Ss.14.，所述子步骤Ss.14.在于移除集成在所述***中的一些传感器，所述一些传感器诸如为NOx传感器、压差传感器等。
14.一种车辆(V)，包括***(20)，在所述***(20)的内部已经使用根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法处理了至少一个SCR催化剂(1)。
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