CN114599548B - Battery management system, battery management method, battery pack, and electric vehicle - Google Patents

Battery management system, battery management method, battery pack, and electric vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114599548B
CN114599548B CN202180006093.7A CN202180006093A CN114599548B CN 114599548 B CN114599548 B CN 114599548B CN 202180006093 A CN202180006093 A CN 202180006093A CN 114599548 B CN114599548 B CN 114599548B
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charging
battery
current
value
mth
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CN114599548A (en
Inventor
南基民
金炯奭
黄太炫
赵源泰
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LG Energy Solution Ltd
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LG Energy Solution Ltd
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • B60L53/62—Monitoring or controlling charging stations in response to charging parameters, e.g. current, voltage or electrical charge
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B60L58/15—Preventing overcharging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/0071—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage with a programmable schedule
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/00714—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery charging or discharging current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/549—Current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

Provided are a battery management system, a battery management method, a battery pack, and an electric vehicle. The battery management system includes: a sensing unit generating a sensing signal indicating a voltage and a current of the battery; a memory unit storing a reference charge map for constant current charging using the first to mth reference current rates; and a control unit determining a start value indicating a charging factor at a time of receiving the charging command based on the sensing signal. The control unit generates first to mth reference charge functions corresponding to the first to mth reference current rates in a one-to-one relationship according to the reference charge map. When a charging cycle starts, the control unit sequentially controls a charging current supplied to the battery using the first to mth reference current rates based on the sensing signal, the start value, and the first to mth reference charging functions.

Description

Battery management system, battery management method, battery pack, and electric vehicle
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a battery management system, a battery pack, an electric vehicle, and a battery management method.
Background
Recently, demand for portable electronic products such as notebook computers, video cameras, mobile phones is rapidly increasing, and with the widespread development of electric vehicles, energy storage batteries, robots, and satellites, a great deal of research is being conducted on high-performance batteries that can be repeatedly charged and discharged.
Currently, commercial batteries are nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, lithium batteries, and the like, and among them, lithium batteries have little or no memory effect, so that lithium batteries are attracting attention because of their advantages of being chargeable at any time, having a very low self-discharge rate, and having a high energy density, as compared with nickel-based batteries.
In constant current charging of a battery, when the current rate of the charging current is low, it takes a long time to charge the battery. Conversely, when the current rate of the charging current is too high, the battery may rapidly deteriorate. Therefore, during constant current charging, it is necessary to gradually adjust the current rate of the charging current according to the state of the battery.
In order to gradually adjust the current rate during constant current charging, a charging map having a "multi-stage constant current charging protocol" is mainly used. The charge map includes at least one data array (array) storing relationships between a plurality of current rates and a plurality of conversion conditions. Each time each transition condition is met, the next current rate may be provided to the battery as a charging current. The current rate (simply referred to as "C-rate") is a value obtained by dividing the charging current by the maximum capacity of the battery, and is in units of "C".
In the same charging cycle, damage (e.g., lithium metal deposition) is caused to the battery because stress build-up, such as an increase in polarization voltage, by the charging current occurs as the charging is performed. Therefore, in general, a charging map is prepared such that the C-rate of the charging current gradually decreases from the start of charging to the end of charging. For example, in a charge map, the C rate (e.g., 1.5C) corresponding to the current conversion condition (e.g., state of charge (SOC) 50%) is higher than the C rate (e.g., 1.4C) corresponding to the next conversion condition (e.g., SOC 60%).
However, a conventional charge map is prepared on the premise that the charge cycle starts from the fully charged state (e.g., SOC 0%) of the battery. Therefore, even if the battery is not fully charged, the C-rate of the charging current is unconditionally limited by the charging map. For example, when a charging cycle is started at a battery SOC of 55%, the maximum C rate (e.g., 2.0C) is not used as a charging current, and constant-current charging is started by a charging current of a C-speed (e.g., 1.5C) lower than the maximum value, among the plurality of C rates. As a result, the time taken to complete charging increases unnecessarily.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem
The present disclosure is designed to solve the above-described problems, and therefore it is an object of the present disclosure to provide a battery management system, a battery management method, a battery pack, and an electric vehicle in which constant current charging of a battery is performed using all of a plurality of current rates in order by setting a conversion condition for each of the plurality of current rates based on a charging factor (e.g., state of charge (SOC), voltage) of the battery at a start time of a charging cycle.
These and other objects and advantages of the present disclosure will be understood from the following description, and will be apparent from the embodiments of the present disclosure. Further, it will be readily understood that the objects and advantages of the present disclosure may be realized by the means and combinations thereof set forth in the appended claims.
Technical proposal
According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a battery management system includes: a sensing unit configured to generate a sensing signal indicating a voltage and a current of the battery; a memory unit configured to store a reference charging map for constant current charging using first to mth reference current rates (C rates), where m is a natural number of 2 or more; and a control unit configured to determine a start value indicating a charging factor of the battery at a point of time when the charging command is received based on the sensing signal in response to receiving the charging command. The control unit is configured to generate first to mth reference charge functions corresponding to the first to mth reference C rates in a one-to-one relationship according to the reference charge map. When a charging cycle including constant current charging starts, the control unit is configured to control a charging current supplied to the battery using the first to mth reference C-rates in order based on the sensing signal, the start value, and the first to mth reference charging functions.
The control unit may be configured to replace the reference charging map stored in the memory unit with the first to mth reference charging functions.
The reference charging map may include first to mth reference arrays corresponding to the first to mth reference C rates in a one-to-one relationship. Each reference array may include first to nth reference values and first to nth boundary values. n is a natural number of 2 or more. When i is a natural number of 2 or more and m or less, and j is a natural number of 1 or more and n or less, the j-th boundary value of the first reference array indicates an allowable limit value at which constant current charging is performed at the first reference C rate when the charging cycle starts at a point in time when the charging factor of the battery is equal to the j-th reference value. The j-th boundary value of the i-th reference array indicates an allowable limit value for constant current charging at the i-th reference C rate from a point of time when the charging factor of the battery reaches the j-th boundary value of the i-1-th reference array.
The ith reference C rate may be less than the ith-1 reference C rate.
When k is a natural number of 2 or more and n or less, the k-th reference value may be greater than the k-1-th reference value, and the k-th boundary value of the i-th reference array may be greater than the k-1-th boundary value of the i-th reference array.
The control unit may be configured to determine first to mth conversion values according to the first to mth reference charge functions, respectively, based on the start value, and output the first control signal. The first control signal may be a signal requesting that the charging current be set equal to the first reference C rate.
When z is smaller than m, the control unit may be configured to increase z by 1 and output a z-th control signal in response to the charging current at the z-th reference C rate causing the charging factor of the battery to reach a z-th conversion value. The z-th control signal may be a signal requesting that the charging current be set equal to the z-th reference C rate, z being a natural number indicating the present current index.
The control unit may be configured to output a conversion signal requesting a change from constant-current charging to constant-voltage charging having a threshold voltage in response to the charging current at the mth reference C rate bringing the charging factor of the battery to the mth conversion value.
The control unit may be configured to set the threshold voltage equal to a voltage of the battery at a point of time when the charge factor of the battery reaches the mth conversion value.
The control unit may be configured to terminate the constant voltage charge in response to the current of the battery reaching the threshold current during the constant voltage charge.
A battery pack according to another aspect of the present disclosure includes a battery management system.
An electric vehicle according to yet another aspect of the present disclosure includes a battery pack.
A battery management method according to still another aspect of the present disclosure, the battery management method comprising: generating first to mth reference charge functions corresponding to the first to mth reference C rates in a one-to-one relationship according to a reference charge map for constant current charging using the first to mth reference C rates; when a charge command is received, determining a start value, the start value being a charging factor of the battery at a point in time when the charge command is received; determining first to mth conversion values according to the first to mth reference charge functions, respectively, based on the start values; outputting a first control signal requesting that the charging current be set equal to a first reference C rate to start a charging cycle including constant current charging; and when z is smaller than m, z is a natural number indicating the current index, increasing z by 1 and outputting a z-th control signal requesting to set the charging current equal to the z-th reference C rate in response to the charging current at the z-th reference C rate to bring the charging factor of the battery to the z-th conversion value.
Technical effects
According to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, constant current charging of a battery may be performed using all of a plurality of current rates in order by setting a conversion condition for each of the plurality of current rates by a charging factor (e.g., state of charge (SOC), voltage) of the battery at a start time of a charging cycle. Therefore, since the charging current is gradually adjusted from the maximum value to the minimum value among the plurality of current rates even when the charging cycle is started without the battery being fully discharged, it is possible to reduce the time taken to complete the charging.
The effects of the present disclosure are not limited to the above-described effects, and these and other effects will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the appended claims.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the detailed description of the disclosure described below, serve to provide further understanding of technical aspects of the present disclosure, and therefore the present disclosure should not be construed as limited to the accompanying drawings only.
Fig. 1 is a diagram exemplarily showing a configuration of an electric vehicle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Fig. 2 is a diagram exemplarily showing a reference charging map.
Fig. 3 is a diagram referenced in describing an exemplary reference charge function generated from a reference charge map.
Fig. 4 is a flowchart exemplarily illustrating a battery management method according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure.
Fig. 5 is a flowchart exemplarily illustrating a battery management method according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Before the description, it should be understood that the terms or words used in the specification and the appended claims should not be construed as limited to general and dictionary meanings, but interpreted based on the meanings and concepts corresponding to technical aspects of the present disclosure on the basis of the principle that the inventor is allowed to define terms appropriately for the best explanation.
Thus, the embodiments described herein and the examples shown in the drawings are only the most preferred embodiments of the present disclosure and are not intended to fully describe the technical aspects of the present disclosure, so it should be understood that various other equivalents and modifications may have been made thereto at the time of filing the application.
Terms including ordinal numbers such as "first," "second," and the like are used to distinguish one element from another element among the various elements, but are not intended to limit the element by term.
Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, it will be understood that the term "comprising" when used in this specification designates the presence of the mentioned element, but does not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other elements. Additionally, the term "unit" as used herein refers to a processing unit having at least one function or operation, and this may be implemented by hardware and software, alone or in combination.
Furthermore, throughout the specification, it will be further understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected to" another element, it can be directly connected to the other element or intervening elements may be present.
Fig. 1 is a diagram exemplarily showing a configuration of an electric vehicle 1 according to the present disclosure.
Referring to fig. 1, an electric vehicle 1 includes a battery pack 10, an inverter 30, and an electric motor 40.
The battery pack 10 includes a battery 11, a switch 20, and a battery management system 100.
The battery 11 includes at least one battery cell. Each battery cell includes any type of battery cell (e.g., a lithium ion battery) that can be repeatedly charged and discharged, but is not limited thereto. The battery 11 may be coupled to the inverter 30 and/or the charger 50 through a pair of power terminals provided in the battery pack 10.
The switch 20 is connected in series to the battery 11. The switch 20 is installed on a current path of charge/discharge of the battery 11. The switch 20 is controlled to be on/off in response to a switch signal from the battery management system 100. The switch 20 may be a mechanical relay turned on/off by electromagnetic force of a coil or a semiconductor switch such as a Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET).
The inverter 30 is configured to change Direct Current (DC) power from the battery 11 to Alternating Current (AC) power in response to a command from the battery management system 100. The electric motor 40 may be, for example, a three-phase AC motor. The electric motor 40 operates using AC power from the inverter 30.
The battery management system 100 is configured to perform all the controls related to the charge/discharge of the battery 11.
The battery management system 100 includes a sensing unit 110, a memory unit 120, and a control unit 140. The battery management system 100 may further include at least one of an interface unit 130 or a switch driver 150.
The sensing unit 110 includes a voltage sensor 111 and a current sensor 112. The sensing unit 110 may further include a temperature sensor 113.
The voltage sensor 111 is connected in parallel to the battery 11, and is configured to detect a voltage across the battery 11, and generate a voltage signal indicating the detected voltage. The current sensor 112 is connected in series to the battery 11 through a current path. The current sensor 112 is configured to detect a current flowing through the battery 11 and generate a current signal indicative of the detected current. The temperature sensor 113 is configured to detect the temperature of the battery 11 and generate a temperature signal indicating the detected temperature.
The memory unit 120 may include at least one type of storage medium such as a flash memory type, a hard disk type, a Solid State Disk (SSD) type, a Silicon Disk Drive (SDD) type, a multimedia card micro type, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM), an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), or a Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM). The memory unit 120 may store data and programs required for the calculation operation by the control unit 140. The memory unit 120 may store data indicating the result of the calculation operation performed by the control unit 140.
The memory unit 120 stores at least one reference charging map. The reference charging map may be stored in the memory unit 120 before the battery management system 100 is issued, or may be received from an external device (e.g., a battery manufacturer) or the upper level controller 2 through the interface unit 130 before a charging command is received. When the memory unit 120 stores at least two reference charging maps, each reference charging map may be associated with a different temperature.
The interface unit 130 may include a communication circuit configured to support wired communication or wireless communication between the control unit 140 and the upper level controller 2, for example, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The wired communication may be, for example, a Controller Area Network (CAN) communication, and the wireless communication may be, for example, a Zigbee (Zigbee) or Bluetooth (Bluetooth) communication. The communication protocol is not limited to a specific type, and may include any communication protocol supporting wired/wireless communication between the control unit 140 and the upper level controller 2. The interface unit 130 may include an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker) to provide information received from the control unit 140 and/or the superior controller 2 in an identifiable format. The upper controller 2 may control the inverter 30 based on battery information (e.g., voltage, current, temperature, state of charge (SOC)) collected via communication with the battery management system 100.
The control unit 140 is operably coupled to the sensing unit 110, the superordinate controller 2, the switch 20, the memory unit 120, the interface unit 130 and/or the switch driver 150.
The switch driver 150 is electrically coupled to the control unit 140 and the switch 20. The switch driver 150 is configured to selectively turn on/off the switch 20 in response to a command from the control unit 140. The control unit 140 may command the switch driver 150 to turn on the switch 20 during a charging cycle.
The control unit 140 may collect the sensing signal from the sensing unit 110. The sensing signal refers to a voltage signal, a current signal, and/or a temperature signal that are synchronously detected.
The control unit 140 may be implemented in hardware using at least one of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a Digital Signal Processing Device (DSPD), a Programmable Logic Device (PLD), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a microprocessor, or an electrical unit for performing other functions.
The control unit 140 communicates bi-directionally with the charger 50 through the interface unit 130. The charger 50 is configured to supply the charging current of the C rate requested from the battery management system 100 to the battery 11. The charger 50 may be configured to provide a charging voltage to the battery 11 having a voltage level requested from the battery management system 100. In response to a charge command received from a user of the vehicle 1 through the interface unit 130, the control unit 140 is configured to determine initial state information of the battery 11 and start a charge cycle of constant current charging.
The initial state information includes: data indicating the charge factor of the battery 11 before the initial charge current of the charge cycle is provided to the battery 11. The charging factor corresponds to the electric energy stored in the battery 11, and is SOC or voltage. That is, the charging factor is a value indicating that the battery 11 is in a state between the fully discharged state and the fully charged state. The control unit 140 determines (updates) the SOC, which is the charging factor of the battery 11, based on the sensing signal at predetermined time intervals during the charging cycle. To determine the SOC, well-known algorithms such as amperometric and kalman filters may be used. The initial state information includes data indicating the temperature of the battery 11 before an initial charge current of the charge cycle is supplied to the battery 11. When the memory unit 120 stores a plurality of reference charging maps associated with different temperatures, the control unit 140 may select one reference charging map associated with the temperature of the initial state information from among the plurality of reference charging maps and control the progress of the charging cycle using the selected reference charging map.
As used herein, reference numeral m is a natural number of 2 or more, i is a natural number of 2 or more and m or less, n is a natural number of 2 or more, and j is a natural number of 1 or more and n or less.
Fig. 2 is a diagram exemplarily showing a reference charging map 200, and fig. 3 is a diagram referred to in describing an exemplary reference charging function generated from the reference charging map 200 of fig. 2.
Referring to fig. 2, a reference charging map 200 is used for constant current charging using first to mth reference C rates C1 to Cm in order. That is, a multi-level constant current protocol is defined with reference to the charging diagram 200.
The reference charging map 200 may include first to mth reference arrays R1 to Rm. The reference array Ri is associated with the ith reference C-rate Ci. The reference array Ri may include first to nth boundary values Bi1 to Bin corresponding to the first to nth reference values A1 to An in a one-to-one correspondence.
When the SOC is used as a charging factor, the reference value may be referred to as a reference SOC, and the boundary value may be referred to as a boundary SOC. When a voltage is used as a charging factor, the reference value may be referred to as a reference voltage, and the boundary value may be referred to as a boundary voltage.
The first reference C rate C1 may be greater than the ith reference C rate Ci. As i is higher, the ith reference C-rate Ci may be lower. For example, C1< Ci < Cm.
The first reference array R1 defines an allowable limit value at which constant current charging is performed at the first reference C rate from the constant current charging start time. Specifically, the j-th boundary value B1j of the first reference array R1 indicates an allowable limit value at which constant current charging is performed at the first reference C rate C1 when constant current charging of the charging cycle starts at a point in time when the charging factor of the battery 11 is equal to the j-th reference value Aj. For example, when constant current charging is started at a point in time when the charging factor of the battery 11 is equal to the first reference value A1, the charging current is maintained at the first reference C rate C1 until the charging factor of the battery 11 reaches the first boundary value B11.
In the first reference array R1, aj may increase as j is larger. For example, A2 is greater than A1. Additionally, in the first reference array R1, B1j is greater than Aj. For example, B11 is greater than A1.
The second reference array defines an allowable limit value for charging at the second reference C rate C2 from a point in time when the charging current changes from the first reference C rate C1 to the second reference C rate C2 during constant current charging. Specifically, the jth boundary value B2j of the second reference array R2 indicates an allowable limit value at which constant current charging is performed at the second reference C rate C2 from a point in time when the charging factor of the battery 11 reaches the jth boundary value B1j of the first reference array R1. For example, when constant current charging is started from a point of time when the charging factor of the battery 11 is equal to the first reference value A1, the charging current is maintained at the second reference C rate C2 from a point of time when the charging factor of the battery 11 reaches the first boundary value B11 of the first reference array R1 until the charging factor of the battery 11 reaches the first boundary value B21 of the second reference array R2.
The j-th boundary value Bij of the i-th reference array Ri indicates an allowable limit value for constant current charging at the i-th reference C rate Ci from a point in time when the charging factor of the battery 11 reaches the j-th boundary value B (i-1) j of the i-th reference array R (i-1). That is, the reference charging map 200 defines that the charging current is supplied at the ith reference C rate Ci in the charging range of the jth boundary value B (i-1) j of the ith-1 reference array R (i-1) to the jth boundary value Bij of the ith reference array Ri.
In the reference charging map 200, bij may increase as j increases when i is equal. For example, B12 is greater than B11. In the reference charging map 200, when j is equal, bij may increase as i increases. For example, B21 is greater than B11.
Fig. 3 shows a two-dimensional map of information recorded in the first reference array R1 and the i-th reference array Ri of fig. 2. For convenience of description, n is 5 in fig. 3.
Referring to fig. 3, a curve 301 indicates a relationship between a reference value recorded in a first reference array R1 used in constant current charging at a first reference C rate C1 and a boundary value. The graph 302 indicates the relationship between the reference value recorded in the i-th reference array Ri used in the constant current charging of the i-th reference C-rate Ci and the boundary value.
The control unit 140 generates a first reference charge function corresponding to the first reference C rate C1 based on the five reference points P11 to P15 as the relationships recorded in the first reference array R1.
The control unit 140 may generate an ith reference charging function corresponding to an ith reference C rate based on five reference points Pi1 to Pi5 as the relationships recorded in the first reference array R1.
A well-known curve fit (e.g., least squares) may be used to generate the reference charge function based on the reference points of each reference array. For example, the first reference charge function may be represented as a higher order polynomial, equation 1, and the ith reference charge function may be represented as a higher order polynomial, equation 2.
< 1>
< 2>
In equations 1 and 2, k indicates the order of the higher order polynomial, and x is the start value. The start value x indicates the charging factor of the battery 11 at the point in time when the charging command is received.
In formula 1, alpha 1h Coefficients representing the h-th order term, y 1 Indicating a first conversion value. First converted value y 1 Is an allowable limit value for charging at the first reference C rate C1. In formula 2, α ih Coefficients representing the h-th order term, y i Indicating the i-th conversion value. Ith conversion value y i Is the allowable limit value for charging at the ith reference C-rate Ci. That is, generating a reference charge function from each reference array may represent each coefficient of equations 1 and 2. The control unit 140 may determine the second to mth conversion values using equation 2.
For example, wherein A1<x<A2，B11<y 1 <B12 and Bi1<y i <Bi2。
The control unit 140 may sequentially or simultaneously generate the first to mth reference charge functions based on the relationships recorded in the first to mth reference arrays R1 to Rm and replace the reference charge map 200 stored in the memory unit 120 with the first to mth reference charge functions. That is, the control unit 140 may store the first to mth reference charge functions in the memory unit 120 and delete the reference charge map 200 from the memory unit 120. Since the reference charge function changes the relationship indicated by each reference array to a single formula, less data storage space than the reference array may be required. Accordingly, additional space in the memory unit 120 may be recovered by replacing the reference charging map 200 with the reference charging function.
The control unit 140 determines a first conversion value from the first reference charging function based on the start value. Subsequently, the control unit 140 may output a first control signal to the interface unit 130 to start a charging cycle. The interface unit 130 may transmit the first control signal to the charger 50. The first control signal may be a signal requesting that the charging current be set equal to the first reference C rate C1. The charger 50 supplies the charging current of the first reference C rate C1 to the battery 11 in response to the first control signal until another control signal is received.
In response to the charging factor of the battery 11 reaching the first conversion value y1, the control unit 140 may output a second control signal to change the charging current from the first reference C rate C1 to the second reference C rate. The interface unit 130 may transmit the second control signal to the charger 50. The second control signal may be a signal requesting that the charging current be set equal to the second reference C rate. The charger 50 supplies a charging current of a second reference C rate to the battery 11 in response to the second control signal until another control signal is received.
The control unit 140 controls constant current charging by sequentially outputting control signals corresponding to each conversion value. When receiving the charge command, the control unit 140 may set the current index z to be equal to 1, and increase the current index z by 1 each time the charge factor of the battery 11 reaches the z-th conversion value. The control unit 140 outputs a z-th control signal corresponding to the current index z. The z-th control signal is a signal requesting that the charging current be set equal to the z-th reference C rate. The charger 50 supplies a charging current of the z-th reference C rate to the battery 11 in response to the z-th control signal until another control signal is received.
The control unit 140 may output the switching signal in response to the charge factor of the battery 11 reaching the mth switching value. The switching signal is a signal requesting a change from constant-current charge to constant-voltage charge. The transition signal may include data indicative of a threshold voltage. The threshold voltage may be a preset voltage level or a voltage of the battery 11 at a point of time when the charge factor of the battery 11 reaches the mth conversion value. The charger 50 supplies a charging voltage equal to the threshold voltage to the battery 11 in response to the switching signal. When the mth conversion value indicates the full state of the battery 11, the control unit 140 may terminate the charging cycle instead of outputting the conversion signal.
During the constant voltage charging, the control unit 140 may output a termination signal in response to the current of the battery 11 reaching the threshold current. The charger 50 may terminate the charging cycle in response to a termination signal.
Fig. 4 is a flowchart exemplarily illustrating a battery management method according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure. The method of fig. 4 is used for constant current charging involved in the charging cycle.
Referring to fig. 1 to 4, in step S410, the control unit 140 generates first to mth reference charge functions corresponding to the first to mth reference C rates Cm in a one-to-one relationship from the reference charge map 200 stored in the memory unit 120.
In step S412, the control unit 140 replaces the reference charging map 200 with the first to mth reference charging functions. Since step S412 is not necessary, step S412 may be omitted from the method of fig. 4.
In step S420, the control unit 140 determines whether a charge command is received. When the value of step S420 is yes, step S430 is performed.
In step S430, the control unit 140 determines a start value indicating a charging factor of the battery 11 at a point of time when the charging command is received.
In step S440, the control unit 140 determines first to mth conversion values according to the first to mth reference charge functions, respectively, based on the start value. Each conversion value is used to change the charging current in order from the first reference C rate C1 to the mth reference C rate Cm.
In step S442, the control unit 140 sets the present current index z to 1. The current index z is used to select a currently used reference C rate from among the first to mth reference C rates.
In step S450, the control unit 140 outputs a z-th control signal requesting that the charging current be set equal to the z-th reference C rate.
In step S460, the control unit 140 determines whether the charging factor of the battery 11 reaches the z-th conversion value. When the value of step S460 is yes, step S470 is performed.
In step S470, the control unit 140 determines whether the present current index z is equal to m. When the value of step S470 is no, step S480 is performed. When the value of step S470 is yes, the constant current charging according to the method of fig. 4 may be ended.
In step S480, the control unit 140 increases the present current index z by 1. After step S472, the method returns to step S450.
Fig. 5 is a flowchart exemplarily illustrating a battery management method according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure. The method of fig. 5 is used for constant voltage charging included in the charging cycle. When the constant current charging according to the method of fig. 4 is completed, the method of fig. 5 may be performed by the control unit 140.
Referring to fig. 1 to 5, in step S500, the control unit 140 determines a threshold voltage. The threshold voltage may indicate the voltage of the battery 11 at a point in time when the charge factor of the battery 11 reaches the last mth conversion value among the first through mth conversion values. When a voltage is used as the charging factor instead of the SOC, the threshold voltage may be equal to the mth conversion value. Alternatively, the threshold voltage may be a preset voltage level, and in this case, step S500 may be omitted from the method of fig. 5.
In step S510, the control unit 140 outputs a switching signal requesting a change from constant-current charging to constant-voltage charging. The interface unit 130 may transmit the conversion signal to the charger 50. The switching signal may be a signal requesting termination of the constant current charging, and the charging voltage may be set equal to the threshold voltage. The charger 50 supplies a charging voltage equal to the threshold voltage to the battery 11 in response to the switching signal.
In step S520, the control unit 140 determines whether the charging current of the battery 11 reaches a threshold current. Since the voltage of the battery 11 gradually increases during constant voltage charging, the current of the battery 11 gradually decreases to the threshold current. The threshold current is preset, for example 0.1A. When the value of step S520 is "no", the control unit 140 may repeatedly perform step S520 at predetermined intervals until the value of step S520 is "yes". When the value of step S520 is yes, step S530 is performed.
In step S530, the control unit 140 outputs a charge completion signal indicating that the constant voltage charge is completed. The interface unit 130 may transmit a charging completion signal to the charger 50. The charger 50 may terminate the charging cycle by disconnecting the electrical coupling with the battery 11 in response to the charging completion signal.
The embodiments of the present disclosure described above are not only implemented by the apparatus and method, but also may be implemented by a program that performs a function corresponding to the configuration of the embodiments of the present disclosure or a recording medium having the program recorded thereon, and such implementation may be easily implemented by those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the foregoing embodiments.
While the present disclosure has been described above with respect to a limited number of embodiments and drawings, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made thereto within the technical aspects of the present disclosure and the equivalent scope of the appended claims.
Additionally, since many substitutions, modifications and variations of the above-described disclosure may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the technical aspects of the disclosure, the disclosure is not limited to the above-described embodiments and the accompanying drawings, and some or all of the embodiments may be selectively combined to allow for various modifications.
The present application claims priority from korean patent application No. 10-2020-0074321, filed on 18 th month 6 in 2020, to korean intellectual property office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Claims (16)

1. A battery management system, the battery management system comprising:
a sensing unit configured to generate a sensing signal indicating a voltage and a current of the battery;
a memory unit configured to store a reference charging map for constant current charging using first to mth reference C rates, where m is a natural number of 2 or more, the C rates being current rates; and
a control unit operably coupled to the sensing unit and configured to determine, in response to receiving a charge command, a start value based on the sensing signal received from the sensing unit, the start value indicating a charging factor of the battery at a point in time when the charge command is received,
wherein the control unit is configured to:
generating first to mth reference charge functions corresponding to the first to mth reference C rates in a one-to-one relationship from the reference charge map, and
when a charging cycle including the constant current charging starts, controlling a charging current supplied to the battery using the first to mth reference C rates in order based on the sensing signal, the start value, and the first to mth reference charging functions,
wherein the reference charging map includes first to mth reference arrays corresponding to the first to mth reference C rates in a one-to-one relationship,
each reference array comprises a first reference value to an nth reference value and a first boundary value to an nth boundary value, wherein n is a natural number more than 2, and
when i is a natural number of 2 to m, and j is a natural number of 1 to n,
the jth boundary value of the first reference array indicates an allowable limit value for constant-current charging at the first reference C rate when the charging cycle starts at a point in time when the charging factor of the battery is equal to the jth reference value, and
the jth boundary value of the ith reference array indicates an allowable limit value for constant current charging at the ith reference C rate from a point in time when the charging factor of the battery reaches the jth boundary value of the ith-1 reference array.
2. The battery management system of claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to replace the reference charging map stored in the memory unit with the first to mth reference charging functions.
3. The battery management system of claim 1 wherein the ith reference C rate is less than the i-1 th reference C rate.
4. The battery management system of claim 1 wherein when k is a natural number of 2 or more and n or less,
the k-th reference value is greater than the k-1-th reference value, and
the k boundary value of the i-th reference array is greater than the k-1 boundary value of the i-th reference array.
5. The battery management system according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to determine first to mth conversion values from the first to mth reference charge functions, respectively, based on the start value, and output a first control signal, and
wherein the first control signal is a signal requesting that the charging current be set equal to the first reference C rate.
6. The battery management system of claim 5 wherein when z is less than m, the control unit is configured to increase z by 1 and output a z-th control signal in response to a charging current at a z-th reference C-rate causing the charging factor of the battery to reach a z-th conversion value, wherein z is a natural number indicating a current index, and
wherein the z-th control signal is a signal requesting that the charging current be set equal to the z-th reference C rate.
7. The battery management system according to claim 6, wherein the control unit is configured to output a conversion signal requesting a change from the constant-current charge to the constant-voltage charge having a threshold voltage in response to the charging current at the mth reference C-rate causing the charging factor of the battery to reach the mth conversion value.
8. The battery management system of claim 7, wherein the control unit is configured to set the threshold voltage equal to a voltage of the battery at a point in time when a charging factor of the battery reaches the mth conversion value.
9. The battery management system of claim 7 wherein the control unit is configured to terminate the constant voltage charge in response to the current of the battery reaching a threshold current during the constant voltage charge.
10. The battery management system of claim 1 wherein the charging factor corresponds to electrical energy stored in the battery and is a value indicative of a state of the battery between a fully discharged state and a fully charged state.
11. A battery pack comprising the battery management system according to any one of claims 1 to 10.
12. An electric vehicle comprising the battery pack according to claim 11.
13. A battery management method, the battery management method comprising the steps of:
generating first to mth reference charge functions corresponding to first to mth reference C rates in a one-to-one relationship according to a reference charge map for constant current charging using the first to mth reference C rates, wherein m is a natural number of 2 or more and the C rates are current rates;
when a charge command is received, determining a start value, which is a charging factor of the battery at a point of time when the charge command is received;
determining first to mth conversion values according to the first to mth reference charge functions, respectively, based on the start value;
outputting a first control signal requesting that a charging current be set equal to the first reference C rate to start a charging cycle including the constant current charging; and
when z is smaller than m, in response to a charging current at a zth reference C rate causing a charging factor of the battery to reach a zth conversion value, increasing z by 1 and outputting a zth control signal requesting to set the charging current equal to the zth reference C rate, wherein z is a natural number indicating a current index,
wherein the reference charging map includes first to mth reference arrays corresponding to the first to mth reference C rates in a one-to-one relationship,
each reference array comprises a first reference value to an nth reference value and a first boundary value to an nth boundary value, wherein n is a natural number more than 2, and
when i is a natural number of 2 to m, and j is a natural number of 1 to n,
the jth boundary value of the first reference array indicates an allowable limit value for constant-current charging at the first reference C rate when the charging cycle starts at a point in time when the charging factor of the battery is equal to the jth reference value, and
the jth boundary value of the ith reference array indicates an allowable limit value for constant current charging at the ith reference C rate from a point in time when the charging factor of the battery reaches the jth boundary value of the ith-1 reference array.
14. The battery management method according to claim 13, wherein a conversion signal requesting a change from the constant-current charge to the constant-voltage charge having a threshold voltage is output in response to the charging current at the mth reference C rate causing the charging factor of the battery to reach the mth conversion value.
15. The battery management method according to claim 14, wherein the threshold voltage is set equal to a voltage of the battery at a point of time when a charging factor of the battery reaches the mth conversion value.
16. The battery management method of claim 14 wherein the constant voltage charge is terminated in response to the current of the battery reaching a threshold current during the constant voltage charge.
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