CN114568602A - 一种提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114568602A CN114568602A CN202210333839.1A CN202210333839A CN114568602A CN 114568602 A CN114568602 A CN 114568602A CN 202210333839 A CN202210333839 A CN 202210333839A CN 114568602 A CN114568602 A CN 114568602A
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- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开一种提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方及其制备方法和应用,涉及兽药技术领域。该中药复方组成包括裸花紫珠、马齿苋、鱼腥草、广藿香、薄荷、伏龙肝、百草霜,质量比为1.6~2.4:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.7~0.9:0.7~0.9,诸药相和,共奏抗菌消炎、清热燥湿、凉血解毒、止痢止泻、养阴生津、增强免疫力功效,对养殖动物生长具有促进的功效,同时还具备成本低廉、安全无耐药性、环保无残留、不含抗生素的优点。还可有效改善肉鸡,以提高肉鸡的生产性能和免疫功能,从而有效提肉鸡养殖的生产效率;且制备简单,不需要其他佐剂,能满足养殖业中大规模使用的需求。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及兽药技术领域,更具体地,涉及一种提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
抗生素在食用动物中一般用作大范围的预防性给药和抗生素促生长剂,通过提高生长速度、降低死亡率和预防疾病,成为维持家禽等单胃类动物饲料效率和健康状况的最具成本效益的方法。由于合成药物对家禽和消费者健康的负面影响以及在家禽生产中使用药物的成本不断上升,迫切需要找到功能性的替抗产品。欧盟于2006年已禁止使用抗生素作为促生长剂。我国农业农村部也发布公告,自2020年1月1日起,退出除中药外的所有促生长类药物饲料添加剂品种。
中药在防治养殖动物疾病和促进生长用的饲料或其添加剂中的应用也越来越广泛,无抗、绿色健康的养殖模式有着广阔的发展前景。中药含有蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素、多糖等多种营养成分,可有效改善动物生长性能,增强消化吸收功能;同时含有多种有效免疫活性成分,促进巨噬细胞吞噬功能和淋巴细胞的转化率,有利于抑制细菌,对机体的细胞免疫、体液免疫具有明显的增强作用。虽然天然植物开发的中药产品抗病效果很难比抗生素和化学合成药好,但中药极大地降低了耐药性风险,避免了超级细菌的产生,且我国中药还具有资源丰富、价格低廉、毒副作用小、无耐药性、不易残留等优势。
因此,开发出一种低价高效、安全无耐药性、环保无残留、不含抗生素的抗病促长的新型中药复方,在动物养殖业中具有重要的应用价值。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术中饲料及其添加剂的缺点与不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方。该中药复方组成包括裸花紫珠、马齿苋、鱼腥草、广藿香、薄荷、伏龙肝、百草霜,质量比为1.6~2.4:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.7~0.9:0.7~0.9,诸药相和,共奏抗菌消炎、清热燥湿、凉血解毒、止痢止泻、养阴生津、增强免疫力功效,对养殖动物生长具有促进的功效,同时其还具备成本低廉、安全无耐药性、环保无残留、不含抗生素的优点。
本发明的另一目的在于提供上述提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方的制备方法。
本发明的再一目的在于提供上述提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方的应用。
本发明的目的通过下述技术方案实现:
本发明提供一种提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方,包括裸花紫珠、马齿苋、鱼腥草、广藿香、薄荷、伏龙肝、百草霜,质量比为1.6~2.4:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.7~0.9:0.7~0.9。
优选的,质量比为2:1:1:1:1:0.8:0.8。
所述的提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
称取裸花紫珠、马齿苋、鱼腥草、广藿香、薄荷、伏龙肝、百草霜,粉碎,烘干,过筛,混匀,制得中药复方。
优选的,所述的烘干的温度为60℃~70℃;进一步为60℃;
优选的,所述的过筛为过60~80目筛;进一步为过80目筛;
所述的提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方在制备肉鸡饲料中的应用。
优选的,所述的提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方在肉鸡饲料中的添加量为1~5g/kg;进一步为3~5g/kg;更进一步为3g/kg。
其中,裸花紫珠有解毒、抗菌消炎、收敛止血、散瘀消肿之功效,对炎性渗出、肿胀有明显的缓解作用,从而能发挥出对炎性反应的良好控制作用,另外,裸花紫珠还有保肝及抗氧化的作用,一定程度上降低了患者的不良反应,减少对肝脏等器官的伤害,这正是该药的突出优点之一;马齿苋归大肠、肝经,具有清热解毒、利湿、凉血的功效,用于湿热或热毒所致的痢疾、痈肿和淋症等,对大肠杆菌、痢疾杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及某些致病真菌均有抑制作用,还有利尿、加强肠蠕动的作用,与其他药物配伍可防治鸡白痢、细菌性肠炎、消化不良及球虫等;鱼腥草归肺、脾经,可理气健脾,燥湿化痰,与其他药配伍可防治禽湿热痢疾、肠胃炎、消化不良、鸡白痢等。研究发现日粮中添加1%、3%和5%鱼腥草茎叶粉对百宜黑鸡产蛋后期生产效益影响和替代抗生素防治鸡白痢的效果较好,合成鱼腥草素还能不同程度的提高肉鸡免疫器官指数,促进免疫器官的发育。薄荷味辛、凉,归肺、肝经,具有疏散风热,清利头目之效;广藿香味辛、微温,归脾、胃、肺经,具有芳香化浊,和中止呕,发表解暑之效;百草霜已在2020年被批准为一种新型的天然饲料添加剂,可以吸附肠道霉菌毒素,抑制细菌繁殖,改善动物的消化功能,与其他药物适当配伍,用于畜禽风寒外感、脾胃虚寒、大便溏泻、损伤出血等疾病的治疗;伏龙肝,味辛、微温,有温中止血、降逆止呕之效,常用于虚寒性吐血、衄血、便血、胃寒呕吐、妊娠恶阻等证。
该中药复方中,诸药相和,共奏抗菌消炎、清热燥湿、凉血解毒、止痢止泻、养阴生津、增强免疫力功效,对养殖动物生长具有促进的功效,同时其还具备成本低廉、安全无耐药性、环保无残留、不含抗生素的优点。
经反复试验,作为一种最优选的方案,裸花紫珠、马齿苋、鱼腥草、广藿香、薄荷、伏龙肝、百草霜,质量比为2:1:1:1:1:0.8:0.8使用上述中药复方对文昌鸡进行实验,结果显示,食用添加了该中药复方的饲料的肉鸡实验组在平均日采食量、平均日增重、全期平均体重、料重比、脾脏指数、法氏囊指数、胸腺指数、免疫球蛋白IgG/IgM、抗氧化力等方面的表现均优于或等同于食用添加了阳性对照药山花黄芩提取物的饲料的肉鸡对照组,且该中药复方不添加抗生素,不会导致耐药性,不会使大量畜禽甚至人类暴露于耐药菌株引起的感染危险中,更不会给食品安全带来隐患。且该中药复方以3g/kg(中药/饲料)添加时整体上优于阳性对照药山花黄芩提取物的饲料的肉鸡对照组,能够为无抗、绿色健康的养殖模式提供新的思路。
本发明相对于现有技术具有如下的优点及效果:
本发明的中药复方中,诸药相和,共奏抗菌消炎、清热燥湿、凉血解毒、止痢止泻、养阴生津、增强免疫力功效,对养殖动物生长具有促进的功效,同时其还具备成本低廉、安全无耐药性、环保无残留、不含抗生素的优点,整体上优于阳性对照药山花黄芩提取物,为无抗、绿色健康的养殖模式提供新的思路。此外,该中药复方可有效改善肉鸡,以提高肉鸡的生产性能和免疫功能,从而有效提肉鸡养殖的生产效率;且制备简单,不需要其他佐剂,能满足养殖业中大规模使用的需求。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细的描述,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。除非另有说明,本发明实施例采用的原料为常规购买的原料。
实施例中所用的山花黄芩提取物,来自北京生泰尔科技股份有限公司,为农业部公告第2462号中的三类新兽药。
实施例1
1、实验材料
中药复方组按裸花紫珠20g、马齿苋10g、鱼腥草10g、广藿香10g、薄荷10g、伏龙肝8g、百草霜8g,质量比为2:1:1:1:1:0.8:0.8称取各原料,粉碎后于60℃热风干燥箱中烘干,过80目筛,混匀制得中药复方,再分为三组,分别与饲料混合均匀,使中药复方在饲料中的添加量为1g/kg(中药复方/饲料)、3g/kg(中药复方/饲料)、5g/kg(中药复方/饲料)。阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg):将山花黄芩提取物与饲料混合均匀,使其质量比为0.5g/kg(山花黄芩提取物/饲料)。其中,饲料即为基础日粮。
2、实验方法
选取300只1日龄文昌鸡,分为五组(每组60只文昌鸡,每组3个重复,每个重复20只文昌鸡),分别为空白对照组(仅用基础日粮饲喂,基础日粮的组成如表1所示)、阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)、中药复方组1(1g/kg)、中药复方组2(3g/kg)、中药复方组3(5g/kg),称重,计算每组平均空腹体重,分别饲养28天,期间自由饮水,保证通风良好、温度适宜。饲养28天后,记录采食量,空腹称重,计算每组试验肉鸡的平均日采食量、平均日增重(ADG)、全期平均体重、料重比(F/G);在28日龄饲喂试验结束后,从每个处理组随机抽取6只鸡(每个重复组中2只鸡)进行翅静脉釆血,血液样品在1200×g离心15分钟,收集血清样品于-20℃保存;采集脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊,剥离周围脂肪并用滤纸吸干水分后,称重并记录,计算免疫器官指数【免疫器官指数(g/kg)=免疫器官鲜重(g)/活重(kg)】。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELASA)试剂盒检测血清免疫球蛋白IgG和IgM含量,试剂盒购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司。用试剂盒检测血清中MDA和T-AOC浓度或活性,试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所。
表1基础日粮的组成
注:1.每kg多维5801的配方含:VA:9 000 000IU,VD3:2 500 000IU,VE:22 000mg,VK3:4 000mg,VB1:2 000mg,VB2:6 000mg,VB6:4 000mg,VB12:20.0mg,D-生物素120.0mg,D-泛酸12 000mg,叶酸1 000mg,烟酰胺40 000mg。2.每kg禽微矿的配方含:铁100 000mg,铜8330mg,锰92 000mg,锌75 000mg,碘417mg,硒208mg。3.饲粮营养水平均根据原料组成计算所得。
3、实验结果
用统计软件SPSS 22.0中单因素方差分析对试验数据进行多组样本间的差异显著性分析,所有数据均以“平均值±标准差”表示,得到试验结果如表2~7所示。
组别 | 平均日采食量(g) | 平均日增重(g) |
空白对照组 | 15.14±0.44<sup>c</sup> | 7.16±0.13<sup>c</sup> |
阳性对照组 | 15.57±0.66<sup>bc</sup> | 7.54±0.26<sup>bc</sup> |
中药复方组1 | 16.54±0.41<sup>ab</sup> | 7.85±0.22<sup>b</sup> |
中药复方组2 | 16.16±0.64<sup>a</sup> | 7.96±0.13<sup>ab</sup> |
中药复方组3 | 16.90±0.03<sup>a</sup> | 8.31±0.31<sup>a</sup> |
注:每列上标字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
由表2可知,与空白对照组相比,阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)有提高肉鸡的平均日增重的趋势,中药复方组1(1g/kg)、中药复方组2(3g/kg)能显著提高肉鸡的平均日增重(P<0.05),中药复方组3(5g/kg)能极显著提高肉鸡的平均日增重(P<0.01)。其中,中药复方不同剂量组对肉鸡日增重具有剂量依耐性,剂量越高,日增重越多,且中药复方组3(5g/kg)与阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)相比,能显著提高肉鸡的平均日增重(P<0.05),中药复方组1(1g/kg)和中药复方组2(3g/kg)日增重也一定程度上优于阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)。
表3肉鸡全期平均体重结果
组别 | 全期平均体重(g) |
空白对照组 | 234.91±4.18<sup>c</sup> |
阳性对照组 | 245.52±7.06<sup>bc</sup> |
中药复方组1 | 253.98±6.03<sup>b</sup> |
中药复方组2 | 257.63±4.21<sup>ab</sup> |
中药复方组3 | 266.39±9.11<sup>a</sup> |
注:每列上标字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
由表3可知,与空白对照组相比,中药复方组1(1g/kg)、中药复方组2(3g/kg)均能显著提高第28天龄肉鸡的全期平均体重(P<0.05);中药复方组3(5g/kg)与阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)相比能显著提高第28天龄肉鸡的平均体重(P<0.05),且与空白对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。
表4肉鸡料重比结果
组别 | 料重比(%) |
空白对照组 | 2.12±0.06 |
阳性对照组 | 2.06±0.02 |
中药复方组1 | 2.11±0.07 |
中药复方组2 | 2.03±0.05 |
中药复方组3 | 2.04±0.08 |
由表4可知,与空白对照组相比,阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)和中药复方各组的料重比没有显著差异,均呈现为降低趋势,其中中药复方组2(3g/kg)的料重比降低较多,说明中药复方组2(3g/kg)可以一定程度促进肉鸡的饲料转化率,其效果会优于阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)。
表5肉鸡免疫器官指数结果
组别 | 胸腺指数(g/kg) | 法氏囊指数(g/kg) | 脾脏指数(g/kg) |
空白对照组 | 0.43±0.14 | 0.43±0.08 | 0.24±0.02 |
阳性对照组 | 0.55±0.16 | 0.47±0.10 | 0.26±0.05 |
中药复方组1 | 0.49±0.19 | 0.51±0.10 | 0.26±0.03 |
中药复方组2 | 0.59±0.13 | 0.53±0.13 | 0.26±0.02 |
中药复方组3 | 0.60±0.05 | 0.46±0.09 | 0.25±0.05 |
脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊是禽类机体发挥免疫效应的器官,检测这些器官的免疫指数可以初步衡量机体的免疫状态及免疫***的发育情况。由表5可知,与空白对照组相比,阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)和中药复方各组的胸腺指数、法氏囊指数、脾脏指数都有一定的提高,其属于在正常范围内的增加,在一定程度上反映了动物免疫机能的增强,有利于促进机体产生免疫细胞和提高疫苗抗体水平。
表6血清免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM)结果
组别 | IgG(mg/L) | IgM(mg/L) |
空白对照组 | 2426.19±40.26<sup>c</sup> | 824.68±25.69<sup>b</sup> |
阳性对照组 | 2639.52±65.78<sup>b</sup> | 851.98±30.39<sup>b</sup> |
中药复方组1 | 2686.43±31.65<sup>b</sup> | 829.68±34.51<sup>b</sup> |
中药复方组2 | 2697.38±24.95<sup>b</sup> | 849.84±28.83<sup>b</sup> |
中药复方组3 | 2901.90±74.56<sup>a</sup> | 979.05±43.99<sup>a</sup> |
注:每列上标字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
免疫球蛋白是具有抗体活性的动物蛋白,经抗原刺激后转化为抗体,和免疫器官指数一样,都是衡量动物免疫机能的重要指标。其中IgG是血清中免疫球蛋白含量最高的,占75%,它是动物在自然感染和人工主动免疫后产生的主要抗体;IgM是一种高效能抗体,其含量仅次于IgG,占血清总Ig的10%~12%具有较强的杀菌溶菌、溶血及凝集作用。由表6可知,阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)与空白对照组相比,免疫球蛋白IgG显著升高,IgM一定程度提升,证明阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)可以提升肉鸡的免疫性能。观察中药复方组,发现中药复方组1和2能显著提升肉鸡的IgG水平,中药复方组3能极显著提升肉鸡的IgG水平,类似的结果也反应在免疫球蛋白IgM上,证明中药复方组同阳性对照组一样,可以提升机体的免疫功能,且中药复方组具有一定的剂量依耐性,剂量越大,提升效果越明显。综合来看,从中药复方组2(3g/kg)开始,IgG和IgM均一定程度上等同于或优于阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)。
表7血清抗氧化指标(T-AOC、MDA)结果
组别 | T-AOC(U/mL) | MDA(μmol/L) |
空白对照组 | 6.71±0.40<sup>c</sup> | 6.55±0.54<sup>a</sup> |
阳性对照组 | 7.14±0.29<sup>bc</sup> | 5.86±0.62<sup>ab</sup> |
中药复方组1 | 7.55±0.10<sup>ab</sup> | 5.95±0.64<sup>ab</sup> |
中药复方组2 | 7.32±0.15<sup>abc</sup> | 5.20±0.47<sup>b</sup> |
中药复方组3 | 7.86±0.54<sup>a</sup> | 5.09±0.70<sup>b</sup> |
注:每列上标字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
T-AOC用来评估机体抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶等构成的总抗氧化水平;MDA是膜脂过氧化最重要的产物之一,它的产生还能加剧膜的损伤,我们常通过MDA了解膜脂过氧化的程度。由表7可知,与空白对照组相比,中药复方各组总抗氧化力高于空白对照组,中药复方组3(5g/kg)显著高于阳性对照组(P<0.05)。阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)的MDA有降低的趋势,代表阳性对照组能够一定程度减少氧化油脂对机体的氧化损伤或增强了机体内源抗氧化能力;中药复方各组的MDA也均表现出下降趋势,其中中药复方组2(3g/kg)和中药复方组3(5g/kg)与空白对照组相比显著降低(P<0.05)。T-AOC和MDA的结果共同表明,中药复方组2(3g/kg)和中药复方组3(5g/kg)的抗氧化能力等同于或优于阳性对照组(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)。
综上,食用添加了该中药复方的饲料的肉鸡实验组在平均日增重、全期平均体重、料重比、脾脏指数、法氏囊指数、胸腺指数、免疫球蛋白IgG/IgM、抗氧化力等方面的表现均优于或等同于食用添加了阳性药物(山花黄芩提取物0.5g/kg)的饲料的肉鸡对照组,且该中药复方不添加抗生素,不会导致耐药性,不会使大量畜禽甚至人类暴露于耐药菌株引起的感染危险中,更不会给食品安全带来隐患,中药复方组2(3g/kg)和中药复方组3(5g/kg)整体上等同于或优于阳性对照药山花黄芩提取物,能够为临床用药提供更多选择,为无抗、绿色健康的养殖模式提供新的思路。
此外,经发明人多次实验,发现中药复方组按裸花紫珠20g、马齿苋10g、鱼腥草10g、广藿香10g、薄荷10g、伏龙肝8g、百草霜8g称取各原料,在复方总用量相同的情况下,各药物用量微小的变动对实验结果影响甚小,故本发明实施例详细记载为裸花紫珠16~24g、马齿苋8~12g、鱼腥草8~12g、广藿香8~12g、8~12g、伏龙肝7~9g、百草霜7~9g的实验结果,并经过剂量筛选,认为中药复方按3g/kg与饲料配比混匀,可以使药物性价比发挥到最大。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方,其特征在于,所述中药复方包括裸花紫珠、马齿苋、鱼腥草、广藿香、薄荷、伏龙肝、百草霜,质量比为1.6~2.4:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.8~1.2:0.7~0.9:0.7~0.9。
2.根据权利要求1所述的中药复方,其特征在于:
质量比为2:1:1:1:1:0.8:0.8。
3.权利要求1或2所述的提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
称取裸花紫珠、马齿苋、鱼腥草、广藿香、薄荷、伏龙肝、百草霜,粉碎,烘干,过筛,混匀,制得中药复方。
4.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
所述的烘干的温度为60℃~70℃;
所述的过筛为过60~80目筛。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
所述的烘干的温度为60℃;
所述的过筛为过80目筛。
6.权利要求1或2所述的提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方在制备肉鸡饲料中的应用。
7.根据权利要求6所述的应用,其特征在于:
所述的提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方在肉鸡饲料中的添加量为1~5g/kg。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的应用,其特征在于:
所述的提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方在肉鸡饲料中的添加量为3~5g/kg。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于:
所述的提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方在肉鸡饲料中的添加量为3g/kg。
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