CN114530334A - Asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114530334A CN114530334A CN202210201356.6A CN202210201356A CN114530334A CN 114530334 A CN114530334 A CN 114530334A CN 202210201356 A CN202210201356 A CN 202210201356A CN 114530334 A CN114530334 A CN 114530334A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/34—Carbon-based characterised by carbonisation or activation of carbon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/26—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/44—Raw materials therefor, e.g. resins or coal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/46—Metal oxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Abstract
The invention provides an asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of electric energy storage. The preparation method adopts green and efficient laser-induced carbonization. Asphalt is used as a carbon source, manganese dioxide powder is mixed, a semiconductor blue-violet laser is used as a laser light source to carbonize the asphalt, so that elements such as carbon, sulfur and the like are oxidized into gas to be released under the action of laser photo-thermal, porous structure carbon with three-dimensional conductive network interconnection is formed, and a synergistic effect is formed with manganese dioxide nanosheets inserted in the porous structure carbon, so that a self-supporting electrode material without an adhesive is obtained, the specific capacity and the cycling stability of a composite material are effectively improved, the electrode preparation cost is reduced, and the electrode preparation process is simplified.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of electric energy storage, in particular to an asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
With the exhaustion of petrochemical energy and the deterioration of the environment, the demand for sustainable clean power is increasing, and the efficient storage of power is an urgent problem to be solved in the world today. The zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor is considered to be a promising next-generation energy storage device because it has both the high energy density of the battery and the high power density of the supercapacitor. The zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor usually uses metal zinc as an anode and a carbon material as a cathode, and the cathode electrode material is usually used for determining the energy storage performance of the zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor.
According to the energy storage characteristics of reversible ion adsorption/desorption of the carbon material, the carbon material with a higher specific surface area and a layered porosity structure is considered to be an ideal anode substitute material. In addition, considering the stability of the electrode structure and the charge storage capacity together, a single carbon material often cannot satisfy high-efficiency energy storage, so that it is necessary to combine a redox type electrode material with higher energy density to improve the charge storage of the electrode. Manganese dioxide is considered to be one of the most promising electrode materials due to the characteristics of abundance, low price, safety, environmental protection, high theoretical specific capacitance and the like, but the electrochemical reaction is caused to occur only on the surface of an electrode due to the characteristic of poor conductivity, and the utilization rate of the electrode material is greatly limited, so that the large specific surface area and the excellent conductivity of the carbon material are utilized, and the capacitance utilization rate of the dispersed manganese dioxide is improved. Although research on improving the electrochemical performance of the electrode by compounding the carbon material and the manganese dioxide has been reported, the electrode material is mixed powder, a binder needs to be added for fixation, and the addition of the binder can reduce the conductivity of the electrode, thereby affecting the electrochemical performance of the electrode.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide an asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material, and a preparation method and an application thereof. The composite electrode material prepared by the invention is free of adhesive and is a self-supporting composite electrode material.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a preparation method of an asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material, which comprises the following steps:
mixing the asphalt solution with delta-MnO2Mixing and forming a film to obtain a film;
and carrying out laser-induced carbonization on the film to obtain the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material.
Preferably, the delta-MnO2The weight ratio of the asphalt to the asphalt in the asphalt solution is 1-4: 20.
Preferably, the delta-MnO2The weight ratio of the asphalt to the asphalt in the asphalt solution is 1: 10.
Preferably, the delta-MnO2The nano-film is a flower-shaped structure formed by stacking nano-sheets, and the diameter of the flower-shaped structure is 100-500 nm.
Preferably, the wavelength of the laser-induced carbonization is 400-465 nm, the power is 1.5-15W, and the scanning speed is 1-50 mm/s.
Preferably, the laser induced carbonization has a wavelength of 450nm, a power of 4.5W and a scanning rate of 5 mm/s.
The invention also provides the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material prepared by the preparation method in the technical scheme.
The invention also provides the application of the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material in the technical scheme in a zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor.
Preferably, the anode of the zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor is a zinc foil, the cathode of the zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor is the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material in the technical scheme, and the electrolyte comprises zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate.
Preferably, the molar ratio of the zinc sulfate to the manganese sulfate is 5: 1.
The invention provides a preparation method of an asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material, which comprises the following steps: mixing the asphalt solution with delta-MnO2Mixing and forming a film to obtain a film; and carrying out laser-induced carbonization on the film to obtain the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material.
The invention firstly mixes the materials into a film, and then uses the laser-induced carbonization method, can maintain the three-dimensional structure of the composite material, has self-supporting performance, can be directly used as an electrode, does not need to use a binder, and further can improve the conductivity of the electrode. In the invention, under the action of laser-induced carbonization of asphalt, carbon and sulfur elements are oxidized into gas to be released, so that porous structure carbon with three-dimensional conductive network interconnection is formed, and delta-MnO is inserted into the porous structure carbon2The method has the advantages that the synergistic effect is formed, the specific surface area and the conductivity of the carbon material are effectively improved, the capacitance is improved by the dispersed manganese dioxide, the binderless self-supporting electrode material is obtained, the specific capacity and the cycling stability of the composite material are effectively improved, the electrode preparation cost is reduced, and the electrode preparation process is simplified.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of pitch-based carbon prepared in comparative example;
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the pitch-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite prepared in example 2;
FIG. 3 is a cyclic voltammogram of the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode prepared in example 2 at different scan rates of 1-15 mV/s;
FIG. 4 is a constant current charge/discharge diagram of the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode prepared in example 2 at different current densities of 0.5-10A/g;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the cycling stability at a current density of 6A/g for the pitch-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode prepared in example 2;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the specific mass capacities of the pitch-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite materials prepared in examples 1 to 3 and the pitch-based carbon prepared in comparative example as electrodes at different current densities.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a preparation method of an asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material, which comprises the following steps:
mixing the asphalt solution with delta-MnO2Mixing and forming a film to obtain a film;
and carrying out laser-induced carbonization on the film to obtain the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material.
In the present invention, unless otherwise specified, all the raw materials used are commercially available in the art.
The invention mixes asphalt solution and delta-MnO2Mixing and forming a film to obtain the film.
In the present invention, the delta-MnO2The weight ratio of the asphalt to the asphalt in the asphalt solution is preferably 1-4: 20, and more preferably 1: 10.
In the present invention, the delta-MnO2Preferably, the flower-shaped structure is formed by stacking nano sheets, and the diameter of the flower-shaped structure is preferably 100-500 nm.
The asphalt is preferably dissolved in chloroform to obtain the asphalt solution.
In the present invention, the concentration by mass of the asphalt solution is preferably 40 g/L.
In the present invention, the delta-MnO2Preferably by a process comprising the steps of:
dissolving 2.217g of potassium permanganate in 60mL of deionized water, adding 2mL of hydrochloric acid solution with the mass concentration of 37%, stirring for 5min, transferring the solution into a polytetrafluoroethylene inner container of a 100mL stainless steel reaction kettle, reacting at 140 ℃ for 6h, separating out a reactant through vacuum filtration, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at 60 ℃ for 12h to obtain the delta-MnO2。
In the present invention, the film is preferably formed by evaporation in a polytetrafluoroethylene mold.
In the present invention, the inner dimension of the polytetrafluoroethylene mold is preferably 10mm × 20mm × 5 mm.
After the thin film is obtained, the thin film is carbonized through laser induction to obtain the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material.
In the invention, the wavelength of the laser-induced carbonization is preferably 400-465 nm, more preferably 450nm, the power is preferably 1.5-15W, more preferably 4.5W, and the scanning speed is preferably 1-50 mm/s, more preferably 5 mm/s.
In the present invention, the laser-induced carbonization is preferably performed in a semiconductor laser.
After the laser-induced carbonization is finished, the obtained laser-induced carbonization product is preferably washed with water and dried in vacuum in sequence to obtain the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material.
In the present invention, the temperature of the vacuum drying is preferably 45 ℃ and the time is preferably 12 hours.
The invention also provides the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material prepared by the preparation method in the technical scheme.
The invention also provides the application of the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material in the technical scheme in a zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor.
In the invention, the anode of the zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor is a zinc foil, the cathode of the zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor is the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material in the technical scheme, and the electrolyte comprises zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate.
In the present invention, the molar ratio of zinc sulfate to manganese sulfate is preferably 5: 1.
In the invention, the concentration of zinc sulfate in the electrolyte is preferably 2mol/L, and the concentration of manganese sulfate is preferably 0.4 mol/L.
To further illustrate the present invention, the pitch-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material provided by the present invention, its preparation method and application are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Taking 50mL of 40g/L asphalt solution; 0.1g of delta-MnO was added2Powder, fully dispersing; transferring the mixed solution into a polytetrafluoroethylene mold with the inner dimension of 10mm multiplied by 20mm multiplied by 5mm, and volatilizing the mixed solution to form a film; and (2) placing the film under a semiconductor laser, carbonizing by adopting laser parameters of wavelength 450nm, power 4.5W and scanning speed 5mm/s, washing the carbonized film for multiple times by using deionized water, and drying in vacuum at 45 ℃ for 12 hours to obtain the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite material.
Example 2
Taking 50mL of 40g/L asphalt solution; 0.2g of delta-MnO was added2Powder, fully dispersing; transferring the mixed solution into a polytetrafluoroethylene mold with the inner dimension of 10mm multiplied by 20mm multiplied by 5mm, and volatilizing the mixed solution to form a film; and (2) placing the film under a semiconductor laser, carbonizing by adopting laser parameters of wavelength 450nm, power 4.5W and scanning speed 5mm/s, washing the carbonized film for multiple times by using deionized water, and drying in vacuum at 45 ℃ for 12 hours to obtain the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite material.
Example 3
Taking 50mL of 40g/L asphalt solution; 0.4g of delta-MnO was added2Powder, fully dispersing; transferring the mixed solution into a polytetrafluoroethylene mold with the inner dimension of 10mm multiplied by 20mm multiplied by 5mm, and volatilizing the mixed solution to form a film; and (2) placing the film under a semiconductor laser, carbonizing by adopting laser parameters of wavelength 450nm, power 4.5W and scanning speed 5mm/s, washing the carbonized film for multiple times by using deionized water, and drying in vacuum at 45 ℃ for 12 hours to obtain the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite material.
Comparative example
Taking 50mL of 40g/L asphalt solution; transferring the solution into a polytetrafluoroethylene mold, and volatilizing the solution to form a film; and (2) placing the film under a semiconductor laser, carbonizing by adopting laser parameters of wavelength 450nm, power 4.5W and scanning speed 5mm/s, washing the carbonized film for multiple times by using deionized water, and drying in vacuum at 45 ℃ for 12 hours to obtain the asphalt-based carbon material.
Testing the electrochemical performance of the electrode material:
cutting the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material into a size of 10mm multiplied by 15mm to be used as a working electrode, using zinc foil with the same size as a counter electrode, using an electrolyte which is a mixed solution of 2mol/L zinc sulfate and 0.4mol/L manganese sulfate, wherein the molar ratio of the zinc sulfate to the manganese sulfate is 5:1, and carrying out electrochemical performance test on the electrode material on a CHI660E electrochemical workstation through a two-electrode system.
Fig. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of a pitch-based carbon material prepared in a comparative example, and fig. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of a pitch-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite prepared in example 2. By combining fig. 1 and fig. 2, it can be seen that the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite material prepared by the invention has a hierarchical porous structure, and manganese dioxide nano-sheets are inserted between asphalt-based carbon structures, so that the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite material has good structural stability.
Fig. 3 is a CV chart of the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite material prepared in example 2 as a cathode of a zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor at different scanning rates, and it can be seen from the CV chart that the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite material prepared by the present invention has good electrochemical properties.
Fig. 4 is a GCD graph of the pitch-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite material prepared in example 2 as a cathode of a zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor at different current densities, from which it can be seen that the pitch-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite material prepared by the present invention has a long discharge time.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing the cycle stability of the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite prepared in example 2 as a cathode of a zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor at a current density of 6A/g, and it can be seen that an electrode prepared using the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite prepared according to the present invention has a stable charge and discharge cycle.
FIG. 6 is a graph of mass specific capacities at different current densities of the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite materials prepared in examples 1-3 and the asphalt-based carbon prepared in comparative example as cathodes of zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors, from which it can be seen thatInto delta-MnO2The specific capacity of the electrode is obviously improved when delta-MnO2When the mass ratio of the composite electrode to the asphalt is 2:20, the composite electrode has the best specific mass capacity at each current density.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. It should be noted that modifications and adaptations can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principle of the present invention, and should be considered as within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
mixing the asphalt solution with delta-MnO2Mixing and forming a film to obtain a film;
and carrying out laser-induced carbonization on the film to obtain the asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the delta-MnO is2The weight ratio of the asphalt to the asphalt in the asphalt solution is 1-4: 20.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the delta-MnO is2The weight ratio of the asphalt to the asphalt in the asphalt solution is 1: 10.
4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the delta-MnO is2The nano-film is a flower-shaped structure formed by stacking nano-sheets, and the diameter of the flower-shaped structure is 100-500 nm.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the laser-induced carbonization has a wavelength of 400 to 465nm, a power of 1.5 to 15W, and a scanning speed of 1 to 50 mm/s.
6. The method of claim 1 or 5, wherein the laser-induced carbonization has a wavelength of 450nm, a power of 4.5W, and a scanning rate of 5 mm/s.
7. An asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 6.
8. Use of the pitch-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material of claim 7 in a zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor.
9. The use according to claim 8, wherein the anode of the zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor is a zinc foil and the cathode is the pitch-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material according to claim 7, and the electrolyte comprises zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate.
10. Use according to claim 9, characterized in that the molar ratio of zinc sulphate to manganese sulphate is 5: 1.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210201356.6A CN114530334B (en) | 2022-03-03 | 2022-03-03 | Asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material and preparation method and application thereof |
| ZA2022/03320A ZA202203320B (en) | 2022-03-03 | 2022-03-22 | Pitch-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material as well as preparation method and application thereof |
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| CN202210201356.6A CN114530334B (en) | 2022-03-03 | 2022-03-03 | Asphalt-based carbon/manganese dioxide composite electrode material and preparation method and application thereof |
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102683037A (en) * | 2012-05-10 | 2012-09-19 | 中国第一汽车股份有限公司 | Manganese dioxide asymmetric super capacitor and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN103500815A (en) * | 2013-09-26 | 2014-01-08 | 深圳市贝特瑞新能源材料股份有限公司 | Soft-carbon composite cathode material of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof |
| KR101580892B1 (en) * | 2014-09-29 | 2015-12-30 | 인하대학교 산학협력단 | Method for manufacturing manganese oxides-doped pitch-based carbon for supercapacitor |
| CN105977490A (en) * | 2016-05-18 | 2016-09-28 | 河南田园新能源科技有限公司 | Method for preparing graphene composite negative electrode material from modified graphene oxide |
| CN109065861A (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-12-21 | 桑德集团有限公司 | Asphaltic base porous carbon materials and preparation method thereof, silicon-carbon cathode material and secondary cell |
-
2022
- 2022-03-03 CN CN202210201356.6A patent/CN114530334B/en active Active
- 2022-03-22 ZA ZA2022/03320A patent/ZA202203320B/en unknown
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102683037A (en) * | 2012-05-10 | 2012-09-19 | 中国第一汽车股份有限公司 | Manganese dioxide asymmetric super capacitor and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN103500815A (en) * | 2013-09-26 | 2014-01-08 | 深圳市贝特瑞新能源材料股份有限公司 | Soft-carbon composite cathode material of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof |
| KR101580892B1 (en) * | 2014-09-29 | 2015-12-30 | 인하대학교 산학협력단 | Method for manufacturing manganese oxides-doped pitch-based carbon for supercapacitor |
| CN105977490A (en) * | 2016-05-18 | 2016-09-28 | 河南田园新能源科技有限公司 | Method for preparing graphene composite negative electrode material from modified graphene oxide |
| CN109065861A (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-12-21 | 桑德集团有限公司 | Asphaltic base porous carbon materials and preparation method thereof, silicon-carbon cathode material and secondary cell |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| TIMOTHY TOMKO: "High energy density capacitor using coal tar pitch derived nanoporous carbon/MnO2 electrodes in aqueous electrolytes", JOURNAL OR POWER SOURCES, vol. 196, no. 4, pages 2380 - 2386, XP027531179 * |
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| CN114530334B (en) | 2023-08-15 |
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