CN114523207B - Laser welding method - Google Patents
Laser welding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114523207B CN114523207B CN202210204483.1A CN202210204483A CN114523207B CN 114523207 B CN114523207 B CN 114523207B CN 202210204483 A CN202210204483 A CN 202210204483A CN 114523207 B CN114523207 B CN 114523207B
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
- B23K26/24—Seam welding
- B23K26/26—Seam welding of rectilinear seams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/04—Automatically aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam, e.g. using the back-scattered light
- B23K26/046—Automatically focusing the laser beam
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/064—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms
- B23K26/0643—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms comprising mirrors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/067—Dividing the beam into multiple beams, e.g. multifocusing
- B23K26/0676—Dividing the beam into multiple beams, e.g. multifocusing into dependently operating sub-beams, e.g. an array of spots with fixed spatial relationship or for performing simultaneously identical operations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
- B23K2103/20—Ferrous alloys and aluminium or alloys thereof
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/10—Greenhouse gas [GHG] capture, material saving, heat recovery or other energy efficient measures, e.g. motor control, characterised by manufacturing processes, e.g. for rolling metal or metal working
Abstract
The invention provides a laser welding device and laser welding equipment, comprising a laser generator, a first reflecting mirror, a second reflecting mirror and a focusing mechanism; the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror are sequentially arranged on the light emitting side of the laser generator along the propagation path of the initial light beam; the first reflecting mirror is provided with a light transmission area which is coaxially arranged with the initial light beam, and the diameter of the light transmission area is smaller than that of the initial light beam; part of the light rays of the initial light beam are reflected to the surface of the workpiece by the first reflecting mirror to form annular preheating light spots; the light rays of the rest initial light beams penetrate through the light transmission area, and the second reflecting mirror reflects the light rays penetrating through the light transmission area to the surface of the workpiece to form solid welding spots; the preheating spot is located before the welding spot. The method is suitable for the butt joint mode between dissimilar metals, not only ensures the welding quality, but also reduces the manufacturing difficulty and the welding difficulty of the components. The invention also provides a laser welding method, which has the advantages of convenient parameter selection, simple welding process, better preheating effect and higher welding quality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of dissimilar metal welding, and particularly relates to a laser welding device, laser welding equipment and a laser welding method.
Background
Along with the increasing deep influence of the concepts of energy conservation, emission reduction and environmental protection on production and life, the automobile industry increasingly pays attention to the problems of energy consumption and tail gas emission. If the weight of the automobile is reduced by 10%, the fuel oil use efficiency can be improved by 6% -8%, and the weight of the automobile is one of important parameters affecting the energy consumption of the automobile.
In order to meet the design requirement of automobile light weight, the aluminum alloy with light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance becomes an important part replacement material, and the weight of the automobile body can be effectively reduced. However, steel and aluminum alloys cannot be unilaterally replaced with each other due to their unique use properties and mechanical properties, so that the welding of dissimilar metals of steel and aluminum is widely used in the automobile manufacturing process. The difference of the thermal physical performance parameters such as the melting point of steel and aluminum is large, intermetallic compounds are generated during welding, so that the brittleness of a welded joint is increased, a large number of microcracks are easy to generate, and stress concentration is generated. The laser welding of dissimilar metals has the characteristics of concentrated energy density, small heat affected zone, small welding deformation and large depth-to-width ratio of welding seams, and has the advantages of good appearance, continuous welding seams and few welding defects in the process of forming the welding seams. At present, for laser welding of steel-aluminum dissimilar metals, an overlapping mode is still needed to weaken the influence caused by the difference of thermal-physical properties between two materials, and the overlapping joint leads to larger thickness of a welding position, large welding operation difficulty and improvement of manufacturing difficulty of workpieces to be welded.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the invention provides a laser welding device, laser welding equipment and a laser welding method, which aim to reduce the operation difficulty of dissimilar metal welding and improve the applicability of a laser welding technology.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, there is provided a laser welding apparatus comprising:
the laser device comprises a laser generator, a first reflecting mirror, a second reflecting mirror and a focusing mechanism;
the laser generator is used for generating an initial beam;
the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror are sequentially arranged on the light emitting side of the laser generator along the propagation path of the initial light beam;
the first reflecting mirror is provided with a light transmission area which is coaxially arranged with the initial light beam, and the diameter of the light transmission area is smaller than that of the initial light beam;
part of the light rays of the initial light beam are reflected to the surface of the workpiece by the first reflecting mirror so as to form annular preheating light spots on the surface of the workpiece; the other light rays of the initial light beams penetrate through the light transmission area, and the second reflecting mirror reflects the light rays passing through the light transmission area to the surface of the workpiece so as to form solid welding spots on the surface of the workpiece; in the welding direction, the preheating light spot is positioned before the welding light spot;
the focusing mechanism is used for focusing the light rays reflected by the first reflecting mirror and the light rays reflected by the second reflecting mirror respectively.
With reference to the first aspect, in one possible implementation manner, the focusing mechanism includes a first focusing unit and a second focusing unit, where the first focusing unit is disposed corresponding to the first mirror, and the second focusing unit is disposed corresponding to the second mirror.
Compared with the prior art, the scheme disclosed by the embodiment of the application has the advantages that a light source is generated through the laser generator, the first reflector is utilized to skillfully split the light beam, one part of the light beam is directly reflected by the first reflector and can form a hollow annular preheating light spot on the surface of a workpiece, the other part of the light beam is reflected by the second reflector to form a solid welding light spot, the preheating light spot is firstly utilized to preheat (the dissimilar metal reaches the welding temperature) at the butt joint position of the surface of the workpiece, the welding process of the welding light spot is utilized, the mechanical property of a welding joint can be effectively improved, the butt joint mode can be adopted between the dissimilar metals, the thickness of the welding position is reduced, and the joint form of laser welding is widened; meanwhile, the preheating light spots are annular, so that the penetrating capacity of the preheating light spots is low, the preheating light spots have larger diameters, and uniform preheating can be realized on the surface of a workpiece. The laser welding device is suitable for the butt joint mode between dissimilar metals, not only ensures the welding quality, but also reduces the manufacturing difficulty and the welding difficulty of the components.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a laser welding apparatus, including:
the workbench is used for fixing workpieces to be welded; and
the laser welding device is arranged on the workbench.
With reference to the second aspect, in one possible implementation manner, the laser welding apparatus further includes:
the protective gas mechanism is arranged on the workbench and is used for conveying protective gas to a designated position; and
the powder feeding mechanism is arranged on the workbench and used for feeding solder to the designated position.
Compared with the prior art, the scheme that this application embodiment shows, through adopting foretell laser welding device, can carry out better laser welding operation between the dissimilar metal that is fixed in on the workstation, can effectively weaken the influence that the difference of thermal physical properties brought between the dissimilar metal.
In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a laser welding method, implemented based on the above laser welding apparatus, including the following steps:
acquiring laser power parameters and welding speed parameters according to preset parameters of a workpiece;
the method comprises the steps of obtaining the spot distance between a preheating spot and a welding spot, and adjusting the included angle between a light beam reflected by a first reflecting mirror and a light beam reflected by a second reflecting mirror, the defocusing amount of a laser beam used for preheating and the defocusing amount of the laser beam used for welding according to the spot distance;
and welding along a preset path according to the welding speed parameters, wherein the preset path is a butt joint seam of the workpiece.
With reference to the third aspect, in one possible implementation manner, acquiring a spot distance between the preheating spot and the welding spot specifically includes:
and acquiring the light spot distance according to the thickness of the workpiece.
With reference to the third aspect, in one possible implementation manner, adjusting the reflection angles of the first mirror and the second mirror according to the spot distance specifically includes:
according to calculation typeAcquiring an included angle between the light beam reflected by the first reflecting mirror and the light beam reflected by the second reflecting mirror;
wherein θ is an angle between the light beam reflected by the first reflecting mirror and the light beam reflected by the second reflecting mirror;
L 0 the light spot distance is the light spot distance;
L 1 a distance between a reflection area center point of the first mirror and a reflection area center point of the second mirror;
L 2 is the vertical distance from the center point of the reflecting area of the first reflecting mirror to the surface of the workpiece.
With reference to the third aspect, in one possible implementation manner, the acquiring welding speed parameters according to preset parameters of the workpiece specifically includes:
and acquiring welding speed parameters according to the thickness of the workpiece.
With reference to the third aspect, in one possible implementation manner, before welding along a preset path according to the welding speed parameter, the method further includes:
and introducing protective gas from the side surface of the workpiece.
With reference to the third aspect, in one possible implementation manner, before welding along a preset path according to the welding speed parameter, the method further includes:
heating the workpiece to a preset temperature, and keeping the workpiece at the preset temperature for a preset period of time;
the preset temperature is not lower than the vaporization temperature of water.
Compared with the prior art, the scheme shown in the embodiment of the application has the advantages that the parameter selection is convenient, the welding process is simple, the preheating effect is better, the welding quality is higher, the scheme is suitable for the butt welding operation between dissimilar metals, and the applicability of a laser welding process is improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a use state of a laser welding apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of the surface of the workpiece of FIG. 1;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a laser welding apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of an assembly structure of a rotary switching mechanism and a first mirror according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Reference numerals illustrate:
1. a laser generator;
2. a first mirror;
3. a second mirror;
4. a focusing mechanism; 410. a first focusing unit; 420. a second focusing unit;
5. an initial beam of light;
6. a light-transmitting region;
7. a workpiece; 710. a plate body;
8. preheating the light spots;
9. welding light spots;
10. butt joint and splice joint;
11. welding seams;
12. presetting an axis;
13. a connecting frame;
14. a deflector rod;
15. a shifting block;
16. sensing a patch;
17. an endless track.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical schemes and beneficial effects to be solved more clear, the invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the embodiment of the present application, the workpiece 7 is illustratively shown as being formed by butt-joining two plate bodies 710, one of which is an aluminum plate, the other of which is a steel plate, and the hollow arrow on the workpiece 7 shows the welding direction.
Referring to fig. 1 to 3, a laser welding apparatus provided by the present invention will now be described. The laser welding device comprises a laser generator 1, a first reflecting mirror 2, a second reflecting mirror 3 and a focusing mechanism 4; the laser generator 1 is used for generating an initial light beam 5; the first reflecting mirror 2 and the second reflecting mirror 3 are sequentially arranged on the light emitting side of the laser generator 1 along the propagation path of the initial light beam 5; the first reflecting mirror 2 is provided with a light transmission area 6 coaxially arranged with the initial light beam 5, and the diameter of the light transmission area 6 is smaller than that of the initial light beam 5; the focusing mechanism 4 is used for focusing the light reflected by the first reflecting mirror 2 and the light reflected by the second reflecting mirror 3 respectively.
Part of the light of the initial beam 5 is reflected to the surface of the workpiece 7 by the first reflecting mirror 2 to form an annular preheating light spot 8 on the surface of the workpiece 7; the light rays of the rest initial light beams 5 penetrate through the light transmission area 6, and the second reflecting mirror 3 reflects the light rays penetrating through the light transmission area 6 to the surface of the workpiece 7 so as to form a solid welding spot 9 on the surface of the workpiece 7; in the welding direction, the preheating spot 8 is located before the welding spot 9.
The laser welding apparatus of the present embodiment has two welding guns, one of which projects the light beam reflected by the first reflecting mirror 2 and the other of which projects the light beam reflected by the second reflecting mirror 3.
Compared with the prior art, the laser welding device provided by the embodiment has the following advantages:
1. the laser generator 1 is used for generating a beam of light source, the first reflecting mirror 2 is used for skillfully dividing the beam of light (initial light beam 5), one part of the light is directly reflected and can form a hollow annular preheating light spot 8 on the surface of the workpiece 7, the other part of the light is reflected by the second reflecting mirror 3 to form a solid welding light spot 9, the preheating light spot 8 is firstly utilized to preheat the butt joint seam 10 on the surface of the workpiece 7 (the dissimilar metals reach the welding temperature), and then the welding light spot 9 is utilized to weld, so that the problem that the two metals cannot be simultaneously melted during welding due to the difference of melting points is solved, the mechanical property of a welding joint can be effectively improved, the butt joint mode can be adopted between the dissimilar metals, the thickness of the welding position is reduced, and the joint form of laser welding is widened; meanwhile, the preheating light spots 8 are annular, so that the penetrating capacity is low, the diameter is larger, and uniform preheating can be realized on the surface of the workpiece 7. The laser welding device is suitable for the butt joint mode between dissimilar metals, not only ensures the welding quality, but also reduces the manufacturing difficulty and the welding difficulty of the components.
2. According to the embodiment of the application, the preheating and the welding can be finished simultaneously by adopting one laser light source, so that the setting difficulty of the laser light source is reduced to a great extent, and the integral structure of the device is simplified; meanwhile, the adjustment of the defocusing amount is completed through the focusing mechanism 4, so that the preheating and the welding temperature can be respectively adjusted according to actual conditions under the condition that the power of a light source is not changed, and the use is more flexible.
3. In the embodiment of the application, the hollow light beam generates a circular light spot, and due to the unique hollow structure, when the metal with higher heat sensitivity is welded by using laser welding, the extra heat input during preheating of the welding seam can be avoided, so that the controllability of the heat input of the preheating areas at the two sides of the welding seam is enhanced, and the limitation of the heat sensitivity of the plate is avoided.
In particular, in order to fully utilize the laser energy, the mirror surface of the first reflecting mirror 2 forms an angle of 45 ° with the tangent line corresponding to the preheating point, so that the reflected light can be projected to the preheating point along the normal direction of the preheating point. Taking two plates 710 of the workpiece 7 as flat plates as an example, the mirror surface of the first mirror 2 forms an angle of 45 ° with the plate surface of the plate 710.
In addition, the middle part of the second reflector 3 is connected with an angle adjusting mechanism, so that the included angle between the mirror surface of the second reflector 3 and the tangent line of the welding point can be adjusted, and then the projection angle of the welding beam can be adjusted. Taking two plate members 710 of the workpiece 7 as flat plates as an example, the included angle of the mirror surface of the second reflecting mirror 3 relative to the plate surface of the plate member 710 can be adjusted, and meanwhile, the center position of the second reflecting mirror 3 can be always guaranteed to be aligned with the center of the initial beam 5. The first mirror 2 is also provided with a similar angle adjustment mechanism for angle adjustment according to the shape of the workpiece 7.
In some embodiments, the ratio of the diameter of the light-transmitting region 6 to the diameter of the initial beam 5 is 1:4 to 3:4. In order to more equalize the preheating energy to the welding energy, the ratio of the diameter of the light-transmitting region 6 to the diameter of the initial beam 5 is preferably 1:2.
In practice, the light-transmitting region 6 may be formed by directly forming a light-transmitting hole on the first reflecting mirror 2, as shown in fig. 1; the light-transmitting region 6 may be formed of glass or other transparent member having good light transmittance, and is not shown in the figure. The other embodiments are not listed here, and can meet the requirement of light transmittance.
In some embodiments, referring to fig. 1 and 3, the focusing mechanism 4 includes a first focusing unit 410 and a second focusing unit 420, the first focusing unit 410 is disposed corresponding to the first mirror 2, and the second focusing unit 420 is disposed corresponding to the second mirror 3. In this embodiment, the first focusing unit 410 and the second focusing unit 420 are respectively configured, so as to focus the two light beams respectively, and more conveniently adjust the defocus amount and the corresponding spot size of the light beams.
In the present embodiment, the first focusing unit 410 and the second focusing unit 420 are each exemplarily shown as having one convex lens, but it should be understood that the specific structures of the first focusing unit 410 and the second focusing unit 420 can meet the performance requirements of focusing, and the arrangement of specific optical elements is not limited to the embodiment shown in the drawings.
In some embodiments, referring to fig. 4, the first mirrors 2 are provided in plurality, and the plurality of first mirrors 2 are distributed around a preset axis 12, and the preset axis 12 is parallel to the mirror surface of each first mirror 2, and the diameters of the light-transmitting areas 6 on each first mirror 2 are different, so that the light-transmitting areas can be applied to the initial light beams 5 with different diameters without disassembling the first mirrors 2; meanwhile, in order to realize switching between the plurality of first mirrors 2, each first mirror 2 is mounted to a rotation switching mechanism.
Based on the above embodiments, referring to fig. 4, the specific arrangement manner of the rotation switching mechanism is as follows: each first mirror 2 is connected to the outer ring surface of an annular (or semi-annular) connecting frame 13, and the connecting frame 13 is coaxially arranged with the preset axis 12 and can be rotatably connected to the main body of the device by the preset axis 12. A plurality of deflector rods 14 are arranged on the inner ring of the connecting frame 13 at intervals along the circumferential direction, and the deflector rods 14 are in one-to-one correspondence with the first reflecting mirrors 2; the inside of link 13 is equipped with the shifting block 15 of being connected with the device main part rotation, and the both sides face of shifting block 15 stirring end is the arcwall face, and two arcwall faces can be with driving lever 14 contact, are stirred by shifting block 15 when shifting block 15 rotates then. The first mirrors 2 are concentrated on one side of the connecting frame 13, so that the influence of other first mirrors 2 on the light passing after switching is avoided.
The state shown in fig. 4 is a state in which the dial 15 is rotated clockwise to be separated from the rightmost dial 14, and at this time, the middle first mirror 2 is facing the laser generator 1; if the dial 15 continues to rotate clockwise, the middle dial 14 is shifted, so that the first mirror 2 located on the left side in the figure gradually rotates toward a position facing the laser generator 1. The process of rotating the dial 15 counterclockwise is also similar and will not be described again.
The connecting frame 13 is illustratively provided in a semi-annular shape, the main body of the device is provided with an annular track 17, and the connecting frame 13 slides on the annular track 17, so that rotation around the preset axis 12 is realized. In addition, an elastic damping member is arranged between the connecting frame 13 and the annular rail 17, so that the stability of the position of the connecting frame 13 can be maintained under the condition that the connecting frame is not stirred by the deflector rod 14.
More specifically, referring to fig. 4, sensing patches 16 are respectively attached to the two arcuate surfaces, and the sensing patches 16 can sense the pressure between the dial block 15 and the dial rod 14; when the shifting block 15 pushes the shifting lever 14, the sensing patch 16 feeds back (in a wireless transmission mode) a first level signal to the control unit, and the control unit judges that the shifting lever is in the pushing process at the moment; when the toggling is finished, the sensing patch 16 releases the pressure and feeds back a second level signal to the control unit, and the control unit judges that the intermittent period is present at the moment. One of the first level signal and the second level signal is a high level signal, and the other is a low level signal.
In the arrangement of fig. 4, at the time of starting up, since it is difficult to determine which first mirror 2 is facing the laser generator 1, the dial 15 is continuously rotated clockwise, and the sensing patch 16 located above in the figure can be in contact with the dial lever 14. In the rotating process, the signal fed back by the sensing patch 16 is switched from the first level signal to the second level signal, and the completion of one-time stirring is judged; the signal fed back by the sensing patch 16 is switched from the second level signal to the first level signal, and then the next time of switching the junction is judged to start; the time period from the last toggle to the next toggle is an intermittent time period, and the time period has a certain duration; if the next toggle is delayed and not started (the duration exceeding the intermittent period) after the toggle block 15 is ended in the clockwise continuous rotation process, the first mirror 2 which is right opposite to the laser generator 1 and is the leftmost mirror is judged, and then the initial adjustment basis for adjusting the positions of the three first mirrors 2 relative to the laser generator 1 is provided, and the process is a prejudgment process.
It should be understood that the counterclockwise rotation of the dial 15 can also complete the pre-determination process, and the principle is similar to the above-mentioned determination principle of clockwise rotation, and will not be repeated here.
According to the embodiment, the initial basis for adjusting the position of the first reflecting mirror 2 can be accurately provided without naked eyes of operators, the operation is convenient, and the adjusting process is more accurate and rapid.
Based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the application further provides a laser welding device, which comprises a workbench and the laser welding device; the workbench is used for fixing a workpiece 7 to be welded, and the laser welding device is arranged on the workbench and can move relative to the workpiece 7 along a preset path.
In practice, the laser welding apparatus can be moved relative to the table, or the workpiece 7 can be moved relative to the table.
Compared with the prior art, the laser welding equipment provided by the embodiment can perform higher-quality laser welding operation between dissimilar metals fixed on the workbench by adopting the laser welding device, and can effectively weaken the influence caused by the difference of the thermal physical properties between the dissimilar metals.
In some embodiments, the laser welding apparatus further comprises a shielding gas mechanism and a powder feeding mechanism; the shielding gas mechanism is arranged on the workbench and is used for conveying shielding gas to a designated position; the powder feeding mechanism is arranged on the workbench and used for feeding solder to the designated position. The shielding gas mechanism in the embodiment is used for conveying shielding gas to the surface of the workpiece 7, and the powder feeding mechanism is used for paving welding flux (or cladding material) at the butt joint seam 10 before welding, so that the automation degree of the equipment is improved.
Based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the application also provides a laser welding method, which is realized based on the laser welding equipment and comprises the following steps:
acquiring laser power parameters and welding speed parameters according to preset parameters of the workpiece 7;
the spot distance between the preheating spot 8 and the welding spot 9 is obtained, and the included angle between the light beam reflected by the first reflecting mirror 2 and the light beam reflected by the second reflecting mirror 3, the defocusing amount of the laser beam used for preheating and the defocusing amount of the laser beam used for welding are adjusted according to the spot distance;
and welding along a preset path according to the welding speed parameters, wherein the preset path is a butt joint seam 10 of the workpiece 7.
The preset parameters of the workpiece 7 include material parameters and thickness parameters, and the absorptivity of different materials to laser is different, so that different materials should select appropriate laser power to meet the welding requirement, the larger the laser power is, the higher the energy density is, the smaller the formed light spot diameter is, the closer the defocus amount is to zero, and the smaller the light spot size is.
Compared with the prior art, the laser welding method provided by the embodiment has the advantages of convenience in parameter selection, simple welding process, better preheating effect and higher welding quality, is suitable for butt welding operation between dissimilar metals, and improves the applicability of a laser welding process.
In the specific implementation, the defocusing amount of the laser beam for preheating is adjusted by adjusting the position of the first focusing unit, and similarly, the defocusing amount of the laser beam for welding is adjusted by adjusting the position of the second focusing unit.
In some embodiments, obtaining the spot spacing of the preheating spot 8 and the welding spot 9 specifically includes: the spot spacing is obtained from the thickness of the workpiece 7.
The spot pitch is the pitch between the center position of the preheating spot 8 and the center position of the welding spot 9.
In some embodiments, adjusting the reflection angle of the first mirror 2 and the second mirror 3 according to the spot distance specifically includes:
according to calculation typeAcquiring an included angle between the light beam reflected by the first reflecting mirror and the light beam reflected by the second reflecting mirror;
wherein θ is the angle between the light beam reflected by the first reflecting mirror 2 and the light beam reflected by the second reflecting mirror 3;
L 0 is the distance between light spots;
L 1 is the distance between the center point of the reflective area of the first mirror 2 and the center point of the reflective area of the second mirror 3;
L 2 is the perpendicular distance from the center point of the reflective area of the first mirror 2 to the surface of the workpiece 7.
In some embodiments, the obtaining the welding speed parameter according to the preset parameter of the workpiece 7 specifically includes: the welding speed parameter is obtained from the thickness of the workpiece 7. Wherein the thickness is inversely proportional to the welding speed parameter.
In some embodiments, before welding along the preset path according to the welding speed parameter, the method further comprises: the shielding gas is introduced from the side of the workpiece 7. According to the embodiment, the space around the workbench is fully utilized in a lateral ventilation mode, so that the design difficulty of the shielding gas mechanism is reduced; meanwhile, the shielding gas can be quickly diffused in the welding area, and volatile gas generated by welding can be quickly taken away from the welding line 11, so that the welding quality is improved.
In some embodiments, before welding along the preset path according to the welding speed parameter, the method further comprises:
fully polishing the surface of the plate body 710 to remove surface oxides and greasy dirt;
heating the workpiece 7 to a preset temperature, and keeping the workpiece 7 at the preset temperature for a preset period of time; the preset temperature is not lower than the vaporization temperature of water.
In the embodiment, the temperature is increased to evaporate the water on the surface of the workpiece 7, so that the effect of welding is prevented from being influenced. The preset temperature can be set to 120-150 ℃ practically, and the preset time length is about 1 h.
In some embodiments, after welding along the preset path according to the welding speed parameter, the method further comprises: the surface of the workpiece 7 is subjected to grinding treatment.
The laser welding method of the present application is applicable to a variety of welding scenarios, as exemplified below:
1. general welding scenario
1) The welding process comprises the following steps:
A. polishing the plate body 710 to remove surface oxides and greasy dirt, heating the plate body 710 to 120-150 ℃ and preserving heat for 1h to avoid the influence of moisture, and fixing the plate body on a workbench;
B. according to the material and thickness of the plate 710, selecting proper laser power and defocus to obtain proper spot size;
C. adjusting the angles of the first reflecting mirror 2 and the second reflecting mirror 3 to achieve proper light spot spacing, and aligning the two welding guns with the workpiece 7 respectively;
D. pure argon is introduced from the side surface of the workpiece 7 as shielding gas;
E. the laser generator 1 is started to emit laser beams and moves on a preset path at a certain scanning speed, a welding line 11 is formed on the workpiece 7, and welding is completed.
2) The welding parameter regulation and control comprises the following contents:
a. designing a welding process path
Before welding, the polished plate body 710 is clamped on a workbench, and a butt joint seam 10 between the two plates is the welding seam position, wherein the gap between the butt joint seam 10 is preferably smaller than 0.2 mm.
b. Adjusting laser energy, defocus and spot spacing
Before welding, determining laser power, defocus amount and facula distance according to the thickness and material of the workpiece 7; for example, the thickness of the plate is welded to be 0.1-2 mm, laser power of 0.4-1 kW is adopted, the defocusing amount of a hollow laser beam for preheating is +3- +5mm, the defocusing amount of a solid laser beam is +1- +3mm, the diameters of two light spots are 0.1-1 mm, and the center distance between the centers of the two light spots is 0.5-1 mm; welding the plate thickness of 2-8 mm, adopting 1-2 kW laser power, the defocus amount of the hollow laser beam is-3-5 mm, the defocus amount of the solid laser beam is-1-3 mm, the diameters of two light spots are 1-2 mm, and the distance between the centers of the two light spots is 1.5-3 mm.
c. Controlling welding speed
Setting different laser scanning speeds according to different workpiece thicknesses, for example, the plate thickness is 0.1-2 mm, and the laser scanning speed is 65-75 mm/s; when the plate thickness is 2-8 mm, the laser scanning speed is set at 35-45 mm/s.
d. Regulating a shielding gas
The shielding gas can be Ar gas, he gas or mixed gas of the Ar gas and the He gas in any proportion, and the air flow rate can be 15-30L/min.
e. Controlling weld formation
According to the shape and quality detection after welding, adjustment on some parameters is carried out, so that the laser power can be increased and the defocusing amount can be reduced due to lack of penetration; the penetration of the welding can properly reduce the laser power, increase the distance between two light spots and properly increase the defocus amount.
3) In specific implementation, taking aluminum alloy 5052 and stainless steel 304 as examples for butt welding:
carrying out butt-joint laser welding on an aluminum alloy 5052 plate and a stainless steel 304 plate with the dimensions of 150mm multiplied by 110mm multiplied by 1.5mm, cleaning and degreasing the surfaces of a steel plate and an aluminum plate before welding, and fixing the steel plate and the aluminum plate on a workbench in a butt-joint mode; setting the laser wavelength to 1070nm, the laser power to 1000W, the welding speed to 45mm/s, the defocus amount of the hollow laser beam to +3mm and the spot diameter to 0.6mm, the defocus amount of the solid laser beam to +1mm and the spot diameter to 0.2mm, and the distance between two spots to 0.8mm; the shielding gas was pure argon gas at a gas flow of 15L/min and blown in from the side of the workpiece 7 at a blowing angle of 45 °. In the embodiment, two laser beams are separated by using the same laser source, and the two metals are preheated in advance, so that the problem that the two metals cannot be melted simultaneously during welding due to the difference of melting points is solved, the generation of intermetallic compound Fe-Al can be reduced, and the performance of a welded joint is optimized.
2. Laser cladding scene
1) The welding process comprises the following steps:
A. fully polishing the plate body 710 to remove surface oxides and greasy dirt, heating the plate body 710 to 120-150 ℃ and preserving heat for 1h to avoid the influence of moisture, and then fixing the plate body 710 on a workbench;
B. presetting cladding materials, wherein the cladding materials are preset on the plate body 710 through a powder feeding mechanism according to requirements;
C. adjusting the angles of the two welding guns to obtain a proper light spot distance, and aligning the welding gun head for emitting the hollow laser beam with a workpiece to be welded;
D. pure argon shielding gas is introduced from the side face of the cladding face;
E. starting the laser generator 1 to emit laser beams and moving on a preset path at a certain scanning speed to melt the cladding surface; wherein, the scanning speed can be set at 10-15 mm/s;
F. and grinding the surface of the workpiece 7 after cladding to obtain a final finished product.
2) The welding parameter regulation and control is similar to the above scene, and the main difference is that the method comprises the following steps:
a. the cladding material is a powdery material, and the grain size of the cladding material is about 50-150 um.
b. Controlling the quality of the cladding surface
According to morphology and quality detection after cladding, adjustment on some parameters is performed, and poor fusion can increase laser power and spot diameter and reduce scanning speed.
3) In specific implementation, taking laser cladding of a single cobalt-based alloy coating on a 42CrMo substrate as an example:
carrying out single-pass cobalt-based alloy laser cladding on a 42CrMo alloy steel substrate with the size of 100mm multiplied by 12mm on the plate 710, cleaning, polishing and removing greasy dirt and oxide on the surface of the plate 710 before welding, heating to 120 ℃, drying, preserving heat for 1h and fixing on a workbench; setting the laser power to 1500W, the defocusing amount of the hollow laser beam and the solid laser beam to be +2mm, the spot diameter to be 3.5mm, and the interval between the two spots to be 4mm. Presetting cladding materials at a designated position, wherein the powder diameter is 50-150 um, pure argon is selected as shielding gas, the air flow is 15L/min, and the cladding materials are blown in from the side face at a blowing angle of 45 degrees and a laser is turned on for cladding at a scanning speed of 14 mm/s; and finally, grinding the surface of the substrate after cladding. The preheating process of the substrate can be reduced and the laser absorptivity of the cladding process can be improved by carrying out laser cladding, so that the method has higher practical application value.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A laser welding method, implemented based on a laser welding apparatus, characterized in that the laser welding apparatus comprises:
the workbench is used for fixing workpieces to be welded; and
the laser welding device is arranged on the workbench;
the laser welding apparatus includes:
the laser device comprises a laser generator, a first reflecting mirror, a second reflecting mirror and a focusing mechanism;
the laser generator is used for generating an initial beam;
the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror are sequentially arranged on the light emitting side of the laser generator along the propagation path of the initial light beam;
the first reflecting mirror is provided with a light transmission area which is coaxially arranged with the initial light beam, and the diameter of the light transmission area is smaller than that of the initial light beam;
part of the light rays of the initial light beam are reflected to the surface of the workpiece by the first reflecting mirror so as to form annular preheating light spots on the surface of the workpiece; the other light rays of the initial light beams penetrate through the light transmission area, and the second reflecting mirror reflects the light rays passing through the light transmission area to the surface of the workpiece so as to form solid welding spots on the surface of the workpiece; in the welding direction, the preheating light spot is positioned before the welding light spot;
the focusing mechanism is used for focusing the light rays reflected by the first reflecting mirror and the light rays reflected by the second reflecting mirror respectively;
the laser welding method comprises the following steps:
acquiring laser power parameters and welding speed parameters according to preset parameters of a workpiece;
the method comprises the steps of obtaining the spot distance between a preheating spot and a welding spot, and adjusting the included angle between a light beam reflected by a first reflecting mirror and a light beam reflected by a second reflecting mirror, the defocusing amount of a laser beam used for preheating and the defocusing amount of the laser beam used for welding according to the spot distance;
and welding along a preset path according to the welding speed parameters, wherein the preset path is a butt joint seam of the workpiece.
2. The laser welding method according to claim 1, wherein obtaining the spot spacing of the preheating spot and the welding spot specifically comprises:
and acquiring the light spot distance according to the thickness of the workpiece.
3. The laser welding method according to claim 2, wherein adjusting the reflection angles of the first mirror and the second mirror according to the spot distance comprises:
according to calculation typeAcquiring an included angle between the light beam reflected by the first reflecting mirror and the light beam reflected by the second reflecting mirror;
wherein θ is an angle between the light beam reflected by the first reflecting mirror and the light beam reflected by the second reflecting mirror;
L 0 the light spot distance is the light spot distance;
L 1 a distance between a reflection area center point of the first mirror and a reflection area center point of the second mirror;
L 2 is the vertical distance from the center point of the reflecting area of the first reflecting mirror to the surface of the workpiece.
4. The laser welding method according to claim 1, wherein obtaining welding speed parameters according to preset parameters of the workpiece specifically comprises:
and acquiring welding speed parameters according to the thickness of the workpiece.
5. The laser welding method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to welding along the predetermined path according to the welding speed parameter:
and introducing protective gas from the side surface of the workpiece.
6. The laser welding method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to welding along the predetermined path according to the welding speed parameter:
heating the workpiece to a preset temperature, and keeping the workpiece at the preset temperature for a preset period of time;
the preset temperature is not lower than the vaporization temperature of water.
7. The laser welding method of claim 1, wherein the focusing mechanism comprises a first focusing unit and a second focusing unit, the first focusing unit being disposed corresponding to the first mirror, the second focusing unit being disposed corresponding to the second mirror.
8. The laser welding method of claim 1, wherein the laser welding apparatus further comprises:
the protective gas mechanism is arranged on the workbench and is used for conveying protective gas to a designated position; and
the powder feeding mechanism is arranged on the workbench and used for feeding solder to the designated position.
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