CN114450385A - 用于生产生物燃料的通过在高温高压下水解脂肪的进料预处理方法 - Google Patents
用于生产生物燃料的通过在高温高压下水解脂肪的进料预处理方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
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- C11C1/02—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils
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Abstract
一种生物燃料生产车间中加氢处理和异构化的预处理方法,其特征在于,所述方法通过由有机进料组成的供应原料实现,所述有机进料包括二次原料例如煎炸油、第1类动物脂肪、残油或由甘油单酯、甘油二酯、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸组成的副产品,将所述供应原料添加到由甘油单酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯的混合物组成的不含杂质的且从酯化单元输出的循环流中,所述方法利用过量水的水解进行,在受控的压力和温度条件下,从而使原料部分或全部转化为甘油和脂肪酸,引入水解方法的过量水作为以离子形式存在的各种性质杂质的溶剂,从而去除所述供应原料中存在的大部分重金属以及氯化物。
Description
本发明属于生物燃料生产领域,例如绿色柴油和绿色喷气燃料的生产,其对含有脂肪酸酯的生物来源的二次原料采用加氢处理和异构化方法进行处理。
更具体地,本发明涉及对例如煎炸油、第1类动物脂肪、残油或由甘油单酯、甘油二酯、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸组成的副产品等此类二次原料进行预处理的方法,该方法使得送至后续加氢处理过程的流中不需要的杂质(包括可作为磷而检测的含磷酸盐化合物、氯化物、钙和镁离子以及重金属)被去除。
有利地,本发明除了能使加氢处理过程中不需要的杂质被去除以外,还能向该过程中输送这样的流,所述的流例如能够使得在加氢处理反应的发展期间获得的副产品(如丙烷)的产出减少。
在过去五年中,用于生产生物燃料的加氢处理和异构化方法在工业领域中的应用越来越多,市场需求和欧洲对该生产方法的支持使得工业“原油精炼”综合体转变为生物精炼厂,这些生物精炼厂使用甘油三酯既作为主要原料,还作为对从原油中获得常规供应原料的补充。
迄今为止,在许多情况下,加氢处理和异构化方法都需要预处理方法,该预处理方法既用于归类为食品的植物油(因此是生产第一代生物燃料的供应原料),也用于目前被认为适合生产第二代生物燃料的所有二次原料。
例如,在US2009/0300970中描述了一种用于生产烃馏分的方法,该烃馏分可用作柴油燃料或用作源于含有脂肪酸酯的生物来源混合物的柴油燃料组分,该生物来源混合物可能含有一定量游离脂肪酸。
该方法包括使生物来源混合物脱氧的步骤(在该脱氧步骤前可能进行预处理),以及对脱氧步骤产生的流进行加氢异构化的步骤(该加氢异构化步骤前可能进行包括分离和洗涤流步骤的纯化处理)。
在脱氧步骤之前,该方法可选地包括对进料进行预处理,该预处理通过在特定材料上的吸收(例如,在这种情况下,可在填充有酸性土或粘土(例如蒙脱石、膨润土、绿土、酸性海泡石)的柱子上应用已知的渗滤技术)来进行,或用离子交换树脂处理,或者甚至采用硫酸或硝酸甚至盐酸优选地在常温和常压下进行微酸性洗涤的方式来进行。
基本上,预处理方法的目的是从进料中去除碱金属和碱土金属。
通常,目前用于预处理步骤的方法与食品工业中用于精炼植物油或动物脂肪的方法基本相同。
然而,其在二次原料上的应用并不适合将进料中所含的杂质降低至后续加氢处理所需的最佳水平。
在这些供应原料中存在的主要杂质是所有含磷酸盐的化合物(因此可作为磷而检测)、氯化物、钙和镁离子以及重金属,而加氢处理反应器中使用的催化剂对这些杂质耐受性较差。
表1显示了加氢处理植物油(HVO)方法所需的典型限值;由此可以看出,这些限值与基于酯交换方法生产脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)的技术所要求的限值相比更为严格,这已经得到世界范围内的广泛认可。
表1-限值
技术规格类型 | 磷(ppm) | 钙+镁(ppm) |
FAME | <5-10 | <5-7 |
HVO | <3 | <2-3 |
常规技术预计会使用干法脱胶和漂白的工业方法,这些方法使用底栖土减少不需要的组分至如表1所示的值。
然而,当以诸如棕榈油、菜籽油、大豆油等植物油为原料时这种技术的效果并不佳,在预处理中特别困难。因此,为了使用这类进料,需要特定的、具有功能的和高效的预处理方法。
此外,在已知方法中,在加氢处理步骤中(通常在此之前经过传统的预处理),产生百分比增加的轻质烃,例如脱氧反应的副产品丙烷。
根据下面报道的反应作为参考,轻产品的量与加氢处理反应器进料中存在的甘油三酯的百分比成正比,其中以由C16和C18链脂肪酸组成的甘油三酯作为解释。
这种轻质副产品的额外产率是不利的,不仅因为其限制了所需主要产品的数量,而且因为加氢处理车间通常位于“原油”精炼厂中,这些炼油厂从其他车间单元提供持续数量的该种轻质副产品;因此,丙烷的额外生产在经济上可能是不利的,产生的副产品几乎没有商业价值。
本发明描述了对二次原料,例如煎炸油、第1类动物脂肪、残油或由甘油单酯、甘油二酯、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸组成的副产品的预处理方法。
有利地,该预处理可以获得这样的流,在该流中不需要的杂质(例如含磷酸盐的化合物(因此可作为磷而检测)、氯化物、钙和镁离子以及重金属)在后续加氢处理步骤前被去除。
此外,除了去除不需要的杂质以外,本发明还可以向该加氢处理过程输送这样的流,例如在加氢处理反应发生期间,所述的流使得副产品(如果不是不存在的话)例如丙烷的产生减少。
根据本发明所描述的解决方案包括在高温和高压下用水对进料进行预处理。
有利地,送至该处理的进料是将由从酯化单元输出且不含杂质的脂肪酸循环流添加到原始进料中而得到的。
本发明的想法是在过量水中对由此获得的这种流进行连续水解反应,不仅使得存在于动物和植物来源的蛋白质中的磷脂完全水解,而且使得甘油三酯部分或全部转化为脂肪酸。
参照附图,本发明的其他优点和特征将从以下具体实施方式中变得容易理解,其中:
图1显示了当前植物油精炼方法的框图,其中预处理基于中和、干法脱胶和漂白或脱酸;和
图2显示了根据本发明的预处理方法和产物转换的总体框图。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及可用于处理适用于生产第二代燃料的原材料的方法。
根据本发明,将由原料组成的进料添加到由甘油单酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯的混合物组成的不含杂质的且从酯化单元输出的循环流中,进行水解反应,部分或全部生产的脂肪酸被送至加氢处理植物油(HVO)车间。
如前所述,进入车间的原材料包括煎炸油、第1类动物脂肪、残油或副产品(包括甘油单酯、甘油二酯、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸)、棕榈油生产废水(POME)或其混合物。
向该进料添加循环流,该循环流从酸性酯化单元输出,由甘油单酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯的混合物组成,不含污染物,因而是清洁的。
在过量水中甘油三酯的水解过程产生甘油和脂肪酸作为反应产物,根据如下所示的反应:
在甘油三酯水解反应中,不管反应本身的升高,因此也不管进料的转化百分比,过量的水用于对进料进行热压洗涤。
因此,在高温和高压条件下,水充当以离子形式存在的各种性质杂质的溶剂,从而可以有效除去进料中存在的大部分重金属以及氯化物。
在原料流中添加循环流(由来自酯化反应的甘油单酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯的混合物组成)的效果可以在进入车间的原料中最初存在的污染物的稀释液中发现;这共同促进了输送至处理的进料的均质化以及后续通过洗涤对杂质的去除。
有利地,在一系列操作条件下(相应地为10至60barg的压力、150至260℃的温度以及水/甘油三酯重量比为0.1至1),通过在过量水中进行连续水解反应,实现了存在于动物和植物来源蛋白质中磷脂的完全水解,以及甘油三酯部分或全部转化为脂肪酸。
此外,通过在上述条件下的反应,有可能水解所有以磷酸盐形式存在的化合物(主要是蛋白质),它们被水相除去,因此从进料中被除去。
因此,其结果是磷含量有效降低,降低至低于HVO方法所接受的限度。
有利地,通过操作进料(由原料组成)加入到循环流(由甘油单酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯的混合物组成)中,获得整个单元的设计优化,还使得进入处理的流在流量和组成方面实现均衡。
这种在组成方面的均衡包括在水解步骤中更有效地除去杂质,通常是除去不需要的化合物。
在下面的表2中,总结了当提供由煎炸油组成的进料时通常观察到的情况。
从表2中可以看出,根据之前在表1中报道的内容以及加氢处理植物油(HVO)方法的要求,磷的含量降低至低于2mg/kg。
煎炸油 | 获得的脂肪酸 | ||
密度@15℃ | kg/m<sup>3</sup> | 910–920 | 910–920 |
铁 | mg/kg | 10–30 | <3 |
钠 | mg/kg | 1–5 | <0.5 |
钾 | mg/kg | 1–5 | <0.5 |
钙 | mg/kg | 1–5 | <2 |
镁 | mg/kg | <0.5 | <0.5 |
磷 | mg/kg | 5–10 | <2 |
铝 | mg/kg | <0.5 | <0.5 |
锡 | mg/kg | 1–2 | <2 |
锌 | mg/kg | <0.5 | <0.5 |
总金属 | mg/kg | 30.3 | <10 |
氯 | mg/kg | 8 | <0.1 |
表2–获得的值
可以注意到,钙和镁的含量也在之前表1所示的加氢处理植物油(HVO)方法的范围内。
因此,水解过程输出的流分别是:一种富含甘油(和水)的流和一种富含脂肪酸的流。
富含脂肪酸的流被送至加氢处理过程和后续异构化和裂化过程,以生产生物燃料。
根据本发明的一个独特的特征,在水解中产生的一定量甘油,没有发现其有利的商业用途,该一定量甘油与一定量富含脂肪酸的流从水解过程输出,被送至酯化单元。该酯化单元输出的流是循环流,由甘油单酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯的混合物组成,将添加到进入整个方法的原料流中。
考虑到供应的甘油三酯的量,水解中产生的甘油量按重量计可在0.5至15%的范围内,更具体地在10至13%之间变化,并且该甘油可以在许多工业部门中用作中间体,或作为赋形剂;此外,该产品还可作为生产第二代生物燃料的原料。
将水解过程输出的甘油流送至洗涤单元,该洗涤单元包括用HCl进行化学处理,然后中和(用NaOH或CaO)和过滤。
在该步骤之后,这样的流可能会有各种用途:
·一部分可用于旨在生产生物乙醇的发酵过程;
·剩余部分可首先通过多效蒸发器浓缩,然后蒸馏,从而将精制(纯)甘油从含有在水解过程中被水除去的杂质的残余物中分离出来,该残余物主要包括非甘油有机物质(MONG)、盐类(主要是NaCl)和灰烬。
将甘油浓缩的优势体现在优化水电消耗的可能性上,特别是在水消耗方面;事实上,由甘油浓缩产生的蒸汽流,因此不含杂质,可以有利地冷凝并送至水解过程,这也有助于优化整个设备的设计,减少水电消耗和对浓缩车间的水全部进行回收。
如前所述,在酸性酯化单元中使用一定量经浓缩和蒸馏的甘油以及水解输出的脂肪酸流,目的是产生甘油单酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯的混合物,该混合物再循环到水解过程;剩余部分的甘油可以通过销售有利地置于生产计划中。
考虑到生物乙醇的生产,一定量经过盐酸处理和后续中和与过滤后输出的流,包含一定量的甘油,按重量计为0.5-15%,更具体地为10%至13%,该流将被送至在微生物过程中通过酶促发酵生产生物乙醇的单元。
有利地,在成本方面与常规的甘油精炼相比,使用根据本发明生产的部分甘油的这种可能性,使得根据更低廉的方法获得具有更高附加值的产品(生物乙醇)。
基于水解反应的预处理单元提供了用于纯化进料的有效解决方案,能够有效除去存在的对加氢处理过程有害的杂质,并且有利于加氢处理过程本身,输入加氢处理过程的流能最大限度地提高导向异构化的产物收率,从而最大限度地提高生物柴油的产量,从而最大限度地减少轻组分(如丙烷)的产量。
事实上,与常规车间(其中所有甘油三酯的转化都通过氢气处理完成,氢气处理不可避免地产生轻质产品,例如丙烷,导致后者包含在导向异构化的进料中,然后被分离)不同,在本发明中,甘油三酯与水的转化使其首先将甘油三酯分离成脂肪酸和甘油;这种分离又使得可对脂肪酸与甘油之间进行进一步分离,从而保证甘油含量在后续加氢处理操作中的最小化(如果甘油不是不存在的话),从而在后续过程步骤中使高附加值产品的最大化。
本专利所描述的方法流程图简要地如图2所示,其中可以看到:
·框A,示出了可用于本发明并形成流1的原料或其混合物;
·框B,显示了根据本发明的预处理方法,其中在10至60barg的压力和150至260℃的温度下输入流1和过量水流19,从其中输出流3(由部分和完全转化的脂肪酸组成)和流9(由水和甘油组成);
·框C,涉及加氢处理步骤,其中输入流3(由部分或完全转化的脂肪酸组成)和氢气流23,以使反应发展;
·框D,涉及异构化步骤,其中流5(加氢处理过程输出的产品)与输入所述框的流23进行反应;
·框E,涉及异构化输出产品(流7)的分馏步骤,如流7所示,该流导向用于生产生态燃料;
·框F,涉及对流9(从框B输出由水和甘油组成)的洗涤步骤,包括用盐酸(HCl)进行化学处理,然后用NaOH或CaO中和并过滤,以产生纯化的适合于后续处理的流11;
·框J,涉及对流11(从框F洗涤步骤输出)的浓缩步骤,该步骤通过至少一个多效蒸发器实现,并且使得水21与具有较高甘油含量的流13之间进行分离;
·框L,涉及通过蒸馏对流13进行纯化甘油的步骤,并从中获得流15(浓缩和纯化的甘油,被送至框H用于所示的后续用途)和流17(主要由非甘油有机物质(MONG)、盐(主要为NaCl)和灰烬组成,被送至排出物M);
·框G,涉及酸性酯化步骤,该步骤通过使浓缩纯化的甘油(如流15所示)与脂肪酸部分(框B输出的流3)反应实现;该过程的目的是生产脂肪酸酯(如流25所示),流25是被送回至框B与流1进行预处理的循环流;和
·框I,涉及可能的生物乙醇生产步骤,其中,由水和甘油组成的流11,在如果后者没有找到其他用途的情况下,可被导向用于酶促发酵以生产生物乙醇。
Claims (11)
1.一种生物燃料生产车间中加氢处理和异构化的预处理方法,其特征在于,所述方法通过由有机进料组成的原料流实现,所述有机进料包括二次原料例如煎炸油、第1类动物脂肪、残油或由甘油单酯、甘油二酯、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸组成的副产品,将所述原料流添加到由甘油单酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯的混合物组成的不含杂质的且从酯化单元输出的循环流中,所述方法利用过量水的水解进行,在受控的压力和温度条件下,从而使进料部分或全部转化为甘油和脂肪酸,引入水解过程的过量水作为以离子形式存在的各种性质杂质的溶剂,从而去除所述进料中包含的大部分重金属以及氯化物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中送至预处理的水的压力范围为10bar至60bar。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中送至预处理的水的温度范围为150℃至260℃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中送至预处理的过量水的水/甘油三酯比例范围为0.1至1。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,水解预处理输出的脂肪酸流不含对后续过程有害的组分,同时包含甘油、水和杂质的流从生物燃料生产线中被除去。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中预处理输出的经过蒸发浓缩和蒸馏纯化的产品中包含的甘油,通过将其中一定量导向而分离,与所述预处理输出的由脂肪酸组成的产品的一部分进入酯化单元;剩余部分的甘油直接销售。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述预处理输出的由脂肪酸组成的产品全部或部分送至后续加氢处理和异构化步骤以生产生物燃料。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中由甘油浓缩产生的因而不含杂质的蒸汽流,被冷凝并送至水解过程,从而减少水电消耗和对来自浓缩车间的水全部进行回收。
10.用于从由有机进料组成的原料流生产生物燃料的设备,所述有机进料包括二次原料例如煎炸油、第1类动物脂肪、残油或由甘油单酯、甘油二酯、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸组成的副产品,将所述原料流添加到由甘油单酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯的混合物组成的不含杂质的且从酯化单元输出的循环流中,所述设备包括:
·至少一个预处理反应器,在所述预处理反应器中,进料的水解反应利用在受控的压力和温度条件下的水来进行;
·至少一个用于处理预处理输出流的加氢处理反应器,所述流包括由预处理获得的脂肪酸;
·至少一个用于生产生物燃料的异构化反应器;
·对水解输出的由水和甘油组成的流进行洗涤,所述洗涤包括至少一次盐酸(HCl)处理、至少一次中和(用NaOH或CaO)和至少一次过滤;
·至少一个蒸发器,用于浓缩洗涤输出的含甘油的流;
·至少一个蒸馏塔,用于纯化蒸发器输出的甘油;和
·至少一个用于使甘油和脂肪酸反应的酯化反应器,适合接收来自蒸馏塔的任何过量的纯化甘油非卖品,以及一定量预处理反应器输出的由脂肪酸组成的产品。
11.根据权利要求5所述的方法获得的产品,所述产品包括脂肪酸且由预处理输出,其中磷的浓度低于3ppm,且钙和镁的浓度低于3ppm。
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US11718795B2 (en) | 2020-12-21 | 2023-08-08 | Green Carbon Development, Llc | Method of manufacturing renewable diesel from biological feedstock |
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KR20220047322A (ko) | 2022-04-15 |
WO2021028833A1 (en) | 2021-02-18 |
US20210047575A1 (en) | 2021-02-18 |
JP2022544550A (ja) | 2022-10-19 |
IT201900014778A1 (it) | 2021-02-14 |
US11725156B2 (en) | 2023-08-15 |
BR112022002625A2 (pt) | 2022-05-03 |
EP4004161A1 (en) | 2022-06-01 |
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