CN114434917B - 一种防侵彻材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种防侵彻材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN114434917B
CN114434917B CN202210056183.3A CN202210056183A CN114434917B CN 114434917 B CN114434917 B CN 114434917B CN 202210056183 A CN202210056183 A CN 202210056183A CN 114434917 B CN114434917 B CN 114434917B
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penetration
layer
composite material
graphene
adhesive
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CN114434917A (zh
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胡梦龙
杨海洋
甘顺昌
胡小刚
郑永
谷元
许双喜
张亚新
谭平华
彭超义
向中华
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Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

一种防侵彻材料的及其制备方法和应用，所述防侵彻材料由外至内包括：上涂层(1)、约束层(2)、陶瓷层(3)、支撑层(4)、散能层(5)、吸能层(7)、下涂层(8)，所述散能层(5)包括复合材料A和复合材料B，所述复合材料A为高性能纤维‑剪切增稠液复合材料，复合材料B包括高性能纤维‑石墨烯和高性能纤维‑石墨烯衍生物复合材料中的至少一种。本发明的防侵彻材料通过综合考虑防护性和机动性等因素而设计的一种复合材料装甲，能有效降低防护结构的面密度与厚度，并将侵彻破坏限制在小范围内。

Description

一种防侵彻材料及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明属于防护装甲领域，尤其涉及一种防侵彻材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
随着现代武器侵彻能力不断提高，对直升机装甲、坦克装甲的防护性提出了更高的要求，防弹装甲的重量也越来越重。然而为保证作战设备的机动性，装甲重量与其防护性之间的矛盾成为需要解决的首要问题。
金属材质防弹装甲要达到有效防护弹侵彻的效果，需要不断提高防弹钢的厚度，会大大牺牲作战设备的机动性。因此，研究者们对非金属材质的防弹装甲进行了开发。非金属陶瓷材料因其密度低、模量高、刚度强，在高温下不丧失硬度的特点，近些年被广泛用于防弹装甲替代金属材料。然而，陶瓷材料应用于防弹装甲仍有其局限性，子弹的侵彻作用容易使其发生整体碎裂，无法抵御连续的弹丸侵彻破坏。现有的装甲抵御弹丸侵彻时无法完全吸收其动能，仍有部分冲击传递至作战设备，造成冲击，影响作战设备运行的稳定性。因此，选用多种材质进行复合是制备现代化防弹装甲的发展趋势。
目前，防弹装甲的制备仍有诸多方面亟需改进，主要表现为以下几个方面：(1)防护性要求制约了装甲重量的轻量化；(2)装甲的抵御连续侵彻破坏能力不足；(3)无法满足现代化战争对装甲的防护性提出的更高的要求；(4)为保证作战设备的稳定运行对装甲的阻尼吸能性仍待提高。
为解决上述问题，需对防弹装甲的材料和整体结构进行***性研究开发。
发明内容
本发明克服以上背景技术中提到的不足和缺陷，提供一种防侵彻材料及其制备方法和应用。为解决上述技术问题，本发明提出的技术方案为：
一种防侵彻材料，所述防侵彻材料由外至内包括：上涂层、约束层、陶瓷层、支撑层、散能层、吸能层、下涂层，所述散能层包括复合材料A和复合材料B，所述复合材料A为高性能纤维-剪切增稠液复合材料，复合材料B包括高性能纤维-石墨烯和高性能纤维-石墨烯衍生物复合材料中的至少一种；更优选的，包括高性能纤维-氧化石墨烯复合材料。
散能层包括高性能纤维-剪切增稠液复合机织布复合材料A和高性能纤维-石墨烯/石墨烯衍生物复合机织布复合材料B，其中高性能纤维-剪切增稠液复合机织布复合材料在子弹的冲击下，由柔软***，能够吸收更多的冲击能量，同时使冲击力分散面积增大；
石墨烯及其衍生物作为一种二维材料，在面内有很好的力学性能，有利于弹丸侵彻产生的应力波沿平面方向传递，使冲击能量在装甲平面内分散均匀，提高防护性能。并且，高性能纤维-石墨烯复合机织布复合材料和高性能纤维-石墨烯衍生物复合材料中石墨烯的存在与纤维在能量的面内传递上具有协同作用，有利于子弹冲击波能量的传递，一方面能提高纤维与纤维间的能量传递，另一方面，厚度方向上石墨烯二维平面在弹丸侵彻作用下发生偏转，能提高厚度方向上各层机织布之间的能量传递。
优选的，所述高性能纤维包括选取芳纶Ⅱ、芳纶Ⅲ或超高分子量聚乙烯中的至少一种；所述剪切增稠液为SiO2-聚乙二醇体系。
优选的，所述复合材料A和复合材料B交叉层叠。
优选的，所述散能层与吸能层之间还设有橡胶层。
橡胶层能有效耗散子弹的冲击能量，起缓冲减震与阻尼吸能的作用。
橡胶层设计在散能层与吸能层之间，一是阻尼吸能与缓冲减震；二是橡胶层的刚度与模量较小，弹丸侵彻到达橡胶层时，易发生弹丸的弹道偏转，增强防护性能。
优选的，所述橡胶层中设置有帘子布作为支撑骨架，所述橡胶包括天然橡胶、丁基橡胶或氯丁橡胶中的至少一种。
优选的，所述的陶瓷层选用陶瓷整板或由规则多边形陶瓷片拼接而成的陶瓷拼接板，其材质包括Al2O3、SiC、B4C、BN或Si3N4中的至少一种；所述的支撑层包括碳纤维；所述的约束层、吸能层包括高性能纤维；所述上涂层和下涂层包括聚脲涂层。所述的聚脲涂层具有耐磨、高硬的特点，能有效抗子弹侵彻。
在同一个技术构思下，本发明还提供一种防侵彻材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)制备散能层：将高性能纤维(一)经由剪切增稠液浸渍处理并烘干，得到复合材料A，将高性能纤维(二)经含有石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物的预浸胶粘剂溶液浸渍处理，得到复合材料B，复合材料A与复合材料B表面涂覆预浸胶粘剂，交叉层叠后热压粘结得到散能层；
(2)将约束层、陶瓷层、支撑层、散能层、橡胶层、吸能层依次粘接，热压成型，得到防侵彻材料主体；
(3)打磨防侵彻材料主体，喷涂上下涂层，得到防侵彻材料。
优选的，步骤(1)中含有石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物的预浸胶粘剂溶液的制备方法为：将石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物加入预浸胶粘剂溶液中，搅拌分散，超声震荡，得含有石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物的预浸胶粘剂溶液，其中质量配比为预浸胶粘剂:石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物:＝95:5～97.5:2.5；所述含有石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物的预浸胶粘剂溶液占复合材料B总重量的30％～50％。
优选的，所述剪切增稠液通过在SiO2/聚乙二醇的剪切增稠液体系中加入乙醇稀释而成，稀释体积比为乙醇:剪切增稠液＝(1～3):1。
优选的，步骤(1)所述热压温度为110～130℃，压力为10～15MPa。
优选的，步骤(1)中所述胶粘剂均选择同一种类，步骤(2)中所述支撑层由碳纤维预浸树脂后热压粘结得到，所述吸能层由高性能纤维预浸树脂后热压粘结得到，所述预浸胶粘剂及预浸树脂包括环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯中的至少一种。
选择同种胶粘剂使两种高性能纤维复合材料之间具有较好的界面粘结性，不易发生界面脱粘。
优选的，步骤(2)所述粘接采用胶粘剂，其中橡胶层与相邻的散能层和吸能层之间采用双涂层胶粘剂进行粘结，所述胶粘剂包括环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯、聚醋酸乙烯脂、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚乙烯醇缩醛中的至少一种。
所述的吸能层能吸收子弹的剩余能量，确保装甲的防护性。
优选的，步骤(2)中热压温度控制为110～120℃，压力控制为2～2.5MPa；步骤(3)中所述喷涂上下涂层为在装甲主体的上表面与下表面喷涂聚脲涂层。
在同一个技术构思下，本发明还提供一种防侵彻材料的应用，所述防侵彻材料应用在防弹装备中。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果为：
(1)本发明的防侵彻材料通过综合考虑防护性和机动性等因素而设计的一种复合材料装甲，能有效降低防护结构的面密度与厚度，并将侵彻破坏限制在小范围内。
(2)本发明中的散能层采用高性能纤维与剪切增稠液、石墨烯、石墨烯衍生物的复合材料交叉层叠热压粘结得到，相比于仅由单一的高性能纤维热压粘结得到的散能层，具有更高的能量传递效率，能吸收耗散更多的能量。
(3)本发明在防侵彻材料层合结构中引入橡胶层，且内有帘子布作为支撑骨架，提高了装甲整体的阻尼吸能性，能更好地吸收弹丸动能释放产生的冲击，保证作战设备运行的稳定性。
(4)本发明中的约束层主要用于防止陶瓷层整体碎裂与碎片飞出，提高装甲的抵御连续的侵彻破坏能力。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为实施例1防侵彻材料横截面示意图；
图中：1、上涂层；2、约束层；3、陶瓷层；4、支撑层；5、散能层；6、橡胶层；7、吸能层；8、下涂层。
具体实施方式
为了便于理解本发明，下文将结合说明书附图和较佳的实施例对本发明做更全面、细致地描述，但本发明的保护范围并不限于以下具体实施例。
除非另有定义，下文中所使用的所有专业术语与本领域技术人员通常理解含义相同。本文中所使用的专业术语只是为了描述具体实施例的目的，并不是旨在限制本发明的保护范围。
除非另有特别说明，本发明中用到的各种原材料、试剂、仪器和设备等均可通过市场购买得到或者可通过现有方法制备得到。
实施例1：、
一种防侵彻材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)支撑层由多层碳纤维机织布预浸树脂后通过热压粘结在一起得到，所用预浸树脂为环氧树脂，环氧树脂占支撑层的质量比为30～40％，在120～150℃，压力15～20MPa条件下，保温保压30min，得到厚度为5mm的支撑层。
(2)在SiO2-聚乙二醇体系的STF体系中加入乙醇稀释，稀释体积比为乙醇:STF＝3:1，将芳纶Ⅱ机织布放入上述溶液中浸渍处理，取出后在60～100℃条件下烘干8h，得到芳纶Ⅱ/STF复合机织布。
将石墨烯加入环氧树脂中，先搅拌分散均匀，再超声震荡30min，待均匀分散后得含有石墨烯的环氧树脂分散液，其质量配比为环氧树脂:石墨烯:＝95:5；将芳纶Ⅲ纤机织布经含石墨烯的环氧树脂分散液浸渍处理，得到芳纶Ⅲ/石墨烯复合机织布，其中含有环氧树脂分散液占纤维预浸布总重量的40％～50％。
在芳纶Ⅱ/STF复合机织布与芳纶Ⅲ/石墨烯复合机织布表面涂覆环氧树脂胶粘剂并多层堆叠，在110～130℃，压力10～15MPa条件下，保温保压20min，得到厚度为5mm的散能层。
(3)吸能层由多层超高分子量聚乙烯纤维机织布预浸树脂后通过热压粘结在一起得到，所用预浸树脂为环氧树脂，环氧树脂占第二纤维复合层的质量比为25～30％，在120～150℃，压力18～25MPa条件下，保温保压30min，得到厚度为5mm的吸能层。
(4)将约束层、陶瓷层、支撑层、散能层、橡胶层、吸能层依次叠放，其中约束层材质为超高分子量聚乙烯UD布，陶瓷层为厚度为10mm的B4C陶瓷整板，橡胶层为5mm厚的氯丁橡胶层且内有帘子布作为增强骨架；橡胶层与相邻的散能层和吸能层之间采用双涂层胶粘剂进行粘结，其余各层界面由环氧树脂粘结，在室温条件下静置12h后，再在热压罐中热压复合，热压工艺条件：温度控制为110～120℃，压力控制为2～2.5MPa，保温保压1h，得到装甲主体，装甲主体表面用砂轮打磨平整后，再在装甲主体上表面与下表面分别喷涂厚度为0.5mm聚脲涂层。
一种防侵彻材料，由外至内包括：上涂层1、约束层2、陶瓷层3、支撑层4、散能层5、吸能层7、下涂层8，散能层5包括芳纶Ⅱ/STF复合机织布和芳纶Ⅲ/石墨烯复合机织布。
本实施例的防侵彻材料，运用在防弹装甲中。
图1为实施例1防侵彻材料横截面示意图；由图可以看出，上涂层1、约束层2、陶瓷层3、支撑层4、散能层5、吸能层7、下涂层8，按顺序依次排列，复合而成防侵彻材料。
实施例2：
实施例2与实施例1的区别在于SiO2-聚乙二醇体系的STF体系与乙醇稀释体积比为1:1。
实施例3：
实施例3与实施例1的区别在于石墨烯选用氧化石墨烯。
试验表明SiO2-聚乙二醇体系的STF体系与乙醇稀释体积比为1:1的抗穿刺效果要优于3:1；氧化石墨烯由于表面存在极性基团，与纤维界面结合较好，力学性能要优于石墨烯。

Claims (11)

1.一种防侵彻材料，其特征在于，所述防侵彻材料由外至内包括：上涂层(1)、约束层(2)、陶瓷层(3)、支撑层(4)、散能层(5)、吸能层(7)、下涂层(8)，所述散能层(5)包括复合材料A和复合材料B，所述复合材料A为高性能纤维-剪切增稠液复合材料，复合材料B包括高性能纤维-石墨烯和高性能纤维-石墨烯衍生物复合材料中的至少一种；所述高性能纤维包括选取芳纶Ⅱ、芳纶Ⅲ或超高分子量聚乙烯中的至少一种，所述剪切增稠液为SiO2-聚乙二醇体系，所述复合材料A和复合材料B交叉层叠；所述散能层(5)与吸能层(7)之间还设有橡胶层(6)。
2.如权利要求1所述的防侵彻材料，其特征在于，所述橡胶层(6)中设置有帘子布作为支撑骨架，所述橡胶包括天然橡胶、丁基橡胶或氯丁橡胶中的至少一种。
3.如权利要求1-2任一项所述的防侵彻材料，其特征在于，所述的陶瓷层(3)选用陶瓷整板或由规则多边形陶瓷片拼接而成的陶瓷拼接板，其材质包括Al2O3、SiC、B4C、BN或Si3N4中的至少一种；所述的支撑层(4)包括碳纤维；所述的约束层(2)、吸能层(7)包括高性能纤维；所述上涂层(1)和下涂层(2)包括聚脲涂层。
4.一种如权利要求1-3中任一项所述的防侵彻材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
(1)制备散能层：将高性能纤维(一)经由剪切增稠液浸渍处理并烘干，得到复合材料A，将高性能纤维(二)经含有石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物的预浸胶粘剂溶液浸渍处理，得到复合材料B，复合材料A与复合材料B表面涂覆预浸胶粘剂，交叉层叠后热压粘结得到散能层；
(2)将约束层、陶瓷层、支撑层、散能层、橡胶层、吸能层依次粘接，热压成型，得到防侵彻材料主体；
(3)打磨防侵彻材料主体，喷涂上下涂层，得到防侵彻材料。
5.如权利要求4所述的防侵彻材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(1)中含有石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物的预浸胶粘剂溶液的制备方法为：将石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物加入预浸胶粘剂溶液中，搅拌分散，超声震荡，得含有石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物的预浸胶粘剂溶液，其中质量配比为预浸胶粘剂:石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物:＝95:5～97.5:2.5；所述含有石墨烯和/或石墨烯衍生物的预浸胶粘剂溶液占复合材料B总重量的30％～50％。
6.如权利要求4所述的防侵彻材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述剪切增稠液通过在SiO2/聚乙二醇的剪切增稠液体系中加入乙醇稀释而成，稀释体积比为乙醇:剪切增稠液＝(1～3):1。
7.如权利要求4或5所述的防侵彻材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(1)所述热压温度为110～130℃，压力为10～15MPa。
8.如权利要求4或5所述的防侵彻材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(1)中所述预浸胶粘剂均选择同一种类，步骤(2)中所述支撑层由碳纤维预浸树脂后热压粘结得到，所述吸能层由高性能纤维预浸树脂后热压粘结得到，所述预浸胶粘剂及预浸树脂包括环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯中的至少一种。
9.如权利要求4所述的防侵彻材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(2)所述粘接采用胶粘剂，其中橡胶层与相邻的散能层和吸能层之间采用双涂层胶粘剂进行粘结，所述胶粘剂包括环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯、聚醋酸乙烯脂、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚乙烯醇缩醛中的至少一种。
10.如权利要求4所述的防侵彻材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(2)中热压温度控制为110～120℃，压力控制为2～2.5MPa；步骤(3)中所述喷涂上下涂层为在装甲主体的上表面与下表面喷涂聚脲涂层。
11.一种如权利要求1-3中任一项所述的防侵彻材料的应用，其特征在于，所述防侵彻材料应用在防弹装备中。
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