CN1143714C - 黑水料浆除气和冷却的方法及所用的装置 - Google Patents

黑水料浆除气和冷却的方法及所用的装置 Download PDF

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CN1143714C
CN1143714C CNB988073110A CN98807311A CN1143714C CN 1143714 C CN1143714 C CN 1143714C CN B988073110 A CNB988073110 A CN B988073110A CN 98807311 A CN98807311 A CN 98807311A CN 1143714 C CN1143714 C CN 1143714C
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保罗・S・***
保罗·S·***
ぴ己惭
凯·A·约翰逊
・D・费尔
德龙姆·D·费尔
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Abstract

本发明为对黑水料浆除气和冷却的方法及使用的装置。热黑水料浆是由合成气体洗涤器获得的。将黑水料浆暴露在真空下进行冷却和除气,其条件足以从黑水料浆中分离溶解的气体。这些气体随后从黑水料浆中清除掉。这些气体还可以在气化过程中再循环利用。对黑水料浆除气和冷却的装置包括真空闪蒸桶、水蒸汽冷凝器、具有含氢氧化物或氨水的吸收器和真空发生器,其中黑水进入真空闪蒸桶,闪蒸的蒸汽顺序地从真空闪蒸桶通过水蒸汽冷凝器、吸收器和真空发生器。

Description

黑水料浆除气和冷却的方法及所用的装置
技术领域
本发明一般涉及对由洗涤合成气体获得黑水料浆除气和冷却的方法及使用的装置。
背景技术
合成气体是固体或液体的含碳燃料与空气、富氧空气或氧气等气体在任选的蒸汽或水的参与下在气化反应器内反应生成。所获合成气体由气化反应器排出和经过数次清洗工序以清除在气化过程中由固体或液体的含碳燃料形成或释放出的各种杂质。如果在气化过程中未经正确处理,则这些杂质很容易变成环境污柒物。
例如,在合成气体中常见的物质包括硫化氢、氨气、氰化物、酚、各种卤素以及碳、灰份和煤的颗粒及微量金属。这些污染物的处理和控制必须谨慎地进行,以便使气化成为有生存力的过程,而不附带产生环境污染问题。
当合成气体由气化器排出时,它通常要经过多次冷却和清洗工序,包括洗涤工艺,其中气体被吸入至少一个洗涤器内与喷水流接触,使气体冷却和冷凝可冷凝物,如焦油、油脂及有机物。洗涤工序使用的水变为通常所称“黑水”,因为它被碳污染。黑水也可含有可溶气体。黑水可经一系列工序处理,包括含碳固体的倾滤,料浆内固体的局部冷凝,硫化氢、氨等气体的分离,以及溶剂萃取工序以清除碳及溶解的含碳化合物如酚及氰化物。
颗粒固体,即由个别的氧化气体发生器的原料气流吸入的碳、碳黑和烟灰的清除方法是将热气流直接引入骤冷桶的水内骤冷和在气体洗涤区用水洗涤。使用这些方法分别产出清洁的气流和弥散的颗粒固体,即碳和灰份。按上述程序清除颗粒固体和气体杂质以回收上述弥散物中的水是经济的。然而,回收工序在***中形成难以泵送的水悬浮液需要清除。随后回收的水可再循环至气体骤冷和洗涤区。
现有技术使用内蒸柱回收灰水。灰水为大部分碳及其他固体已被清除的水。这些***不能清除大量的有害气体以便在大气中处理已除气的黑水。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种改进的对黑水料浆除气和冷却的方法及所用的设备。
本发明提供了一种由合成气体洗涤器获得黑水料浆除气和冷却的方法。黑水料浆的冷却以及除气是将其暴露在真空条件下足以由黑水料浆分离出溶解的气体。然后从黑水料浆中清除这些气体。这些气体在气化过程中可回收利用。
这里使用的术语“真空”系指小于大气压的压力,即小于约101KPa绝对压力。这里确定的真空度是按绝对压力计,即压力0KPa为完全真空。
这里使用的术语“气体”系指在存在点压力和温度条件下呈气态的分子,以及可以包括在室温或甚至高温可冷凝的蒸汽。水蒸汽也是这里使用的术语气体之一。
在产生含有氢气和一氧化碳气体混合物的局部氧化过程中,泵料气体流含有吸入的颗粒固体,即碳和灰份。气体还含有气体杂质,特别是二氧化碳,氨气及硫化氢。气体还可能含有钠盐和钙盐。颗粒固体和大部分杂质气体可以借助水中骤冷或洗涤,或两者共用来清除。在合成气体洗涤过程中(它是在气化反应器中产生的)会产生含有颗粒碳和灰份的热黑水料浆,其中含有二氧化碳、硫化氢和可能其它气体,还可能含有可溶盐,特别是钙盐。
包括硫化氢的硫化物可以用添加铁盐,即硫酸铁再生为固体和随后作为黑水内的固体处理。代替的方法是硫化物可以作为挥发气体处理。
热黑水料浆含有约0.3至约10%(重量)的悬浮固体。热黑水料浆通常为约150℃至约300℃,而该温度不是临界的。
黑水料浆通入真空内闪蒸以清除溶解的气体、挥发物及水蒸汽。真空闪蒸包括将热黑水料浆暴露于真空下,其条件使气体和蒸汽可脱离热黑水料浆。通常,搅拌或充分的气体液体接触是借助闪蒸塔内的塔板或由气体液体接触面上方引入液体来实现。包括水蒸汽等蒸汽的闪蒸气体随后在真空桶的静区由于重力作用而与料浆分离,当冷却的除气料浆从桶的下部排出时,这些气体从桶的上部排出。
上述闪蒸也需要清除水蒸汽,以及冷却气体流。冷却量取决于产生的真空量以及清除的水蒸汽量。压力约52KPa料浆应冷却至约82℃。
真空度愈高,气体和水蒸汽清除越完全。然而,黑水料浆含有的气体是在高压下溶解,即常常在压力15000KPa绝对压力或更高。因此,压力从约50至约100KPa绝对压力一般能清除大部分溶解的气体。压力由约35至约50KPa绝对压力一般能清除更大部分溶解的气体,以及真空度从约10至约35KPa绝对压力实质上能清除全部溶解的气体。
在气体—水充分接触和真空度保持在约35至约75KPa绝对压力的过程中,最终的黑水料浆可以含有少于约10ppm的硫化氢以及少于约10ppm的游离氨(即不与酸离子结合的)。在气体—水充分接触和真空度保持在约10至约35KPa绝对压力的过程中,最终的黑水料浆可以含有少于约1ppm的硫化氢以及少于约1ppm的游离氨。当然,有可能达到更高的真空度,即5KPa,但达到上述真空度的费用不能正常地用清除更多气体量来证明合理。
在闪蒸时,黑水料浆冷却。黑水不容易用普通的热交换器冷却,因为其表面会沾上固体和钙盐。本发明没有热交换器那样的易沾固体和钙盐的冷却表面。冷却和除气的黑水料浆可进一步在大气条件下处理以便使固体与水分离。低水平的其他有害气体,特别是硫化氢,在黑水内不会造成安全隐患。
为实现本发明的目的,本发明还提供了一种对黑水料浆除气和冷却的方法中使用的装置,该装置具有:一个真空闪蒸桶,一个水蒸汽冷凝器,一个具有含氢氧化物或氨水的吸收器,一个真空发生器,其中黑水进入真空闪蒸桶,闪蒸的蒸汽顺序地从真空闪蒸桶通过水蒸汽冷凝器,吸收器和真空发生器。
真空桶的设计成处理带磨料固体的料浆。真空桶的底和连接管子具有足够的倾斜角,即与水平面不少于约10°以防止固体堆集。热黑水料浆至真空桶的入口与内壁齐平以防止喷口腐蚀。
将水蒸汽冷凝用于再循环至合成气体洗涤器常常是有利的。冷凝器或热交换器和液体排出容器可用于冷凝水蒸汽。最好冷凝在真空下进行以降低冷凝水中溶解的氨气、二氧化碳和硫化氢的含量。在冷凝器内短的滞留时间也有助于降低冷凝水中溶解的气体量。最好冷凝器将气体冷却至低于约40℃。
水蒸汽冷凝器排出的冷却气体含有吸收的氨气、二氧化碳、硫化氢以及一氧化碳、氢气和氮气之类的惰性气体。在冷却的碱性水中吸收氨、二氧化碳和硫化氢是有利的。碱性水可以含有碱性物质如氢氧化钠或为富氨的水。优选地水的pH值大于9,优选地大于11,更优选地大于12。吸收的水和气体在气体洗涤装置内直接接触。洗涤装置可为任何类型的,包括喷射洗涤器,塔盘、塔柱、文氏管或工业中使用的其他气体洗涤器。最好使用可计数流量的密封的气体洗涤塔。温度控制是重要的,由塔底排出的富氢氧化物或氨的水在循环返回塔顶之前应通过热交换器冷却。含氢氧化物水的温度在0至40℃之间,优选地在约5至约30℃之间。
由于这些气体的吸收与温度有关,希望氨、二氧化碳和硫化氢在真空下被吸收入冷却的富氢氧化物或氨气的水中。如果可能,特别是使用机械泵时,使这些气体在大气压力下,甚至在高温通过真空泵及吸收这些气体。
产生真空的方法并不重要。普通的装置包括喷嘴和机械泵。
富氢氧化物或氨气的水最好再循环至气化反应器,这些气体可以中和某些有机酸,特别是甲酸来帮助调节气化反应器的pH值。
附图说明
图1为本方法的示意图。
具体实施方式
原料热黑水来自气体洗涤容器(图中未示出)通过连接管30进入真空闪蒸桶10。黑水在真空中闪蒸,释放出溶解的气体和水蒸汽以及冷却黑水。黑水由真空闪蒸桶10排出通过连接管22进入下一步处理装置(图中未示出)。气体和蒸汽由真空闪蒸桶排出和通过冷凝器,此处为热交换器12和液体排放容器14。冷凝水蒸汽通过泵24至洗涤容器(图中未示出)。气体由液体排放容器14排出和进入吸收器(16)。含氢氧化物和氨的水通过循环泵20由吸收器16底部排出。由循环泵20排出的部分水通过高压泵28流至气化器。由循环泵20排出的部分水通过冷却器26反馈至吸收器的顶部。如果需要,可添加新鲜的含氢氧化物的水。剩余的气体包括氢气、一氧化碳和氮之类的惰性气体流经连接管18通过真空发生器(图中未示出)流至扩口装置(图中未示出)。

Claims (18)

1.一种对由合成气体洗涤器获得的黑水料浆除气和冷却的方法,该方法包括将黑水料浆暴露于真空下,其条件足以从黑水料浆中分离出溶解的气体以及从黑水料浆中清除这些气体。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于还包括将这些气体传送至冷凝器和冷凝水蒸汽。
3.按照权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于还包括传送冷凝水至合成气体洗涤器。
4.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于还包括在足以吸收氨、二氧化碳和硫化氢的条件下将气体暴露于冷却的碱性水。
5.按照权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于所述的冷却的碱性水包括冷却富氢氧化物或氨的水。
6.按照权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于在冷却的富氢氧化物或氨的水中吸收氨、二氧化碳和硫化氢步骤是在真空中进行的。
7.按照权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于在冷却的富氢氧化物或氨的水中吸收氨、二氧化碳和硫化氢步骤是在压力大于或等于101KPa压力下进行的。
8.按照权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于还包括将富氢氧化物或氨的水再循环至气化反应器的步骤。
9.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于还包括在大气条件下进一步处理黑水料浆以便由水中分离固体的步骤。
10.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于压力为约10至约75KPa绝对压力。
11.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于压力为约10至约50KPa绝对压力。
12.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于压力为约35至约50KPa绝对压力。
13.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于压力为约10至约35KPa绝对压力。
14.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于最终的黑水料浆含有少于约10ppm的硫化氢以及少于约10ppm的游离氨。
15.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于最终的黑水料浆含有少于约1ppm的硫化氢以及少于约1ppm的游离氨气。
16.一种权利要求1的方法中使用的装置,该装置具有:
一个真空闪蒸桶,
一个水蒸汽冷凝器,
一个具有含氢氧化物或氨水的吸收器,
一个真空发生器,
其中黑水进入真空闪蒸桶,闪蒸的蒸汽顺序地从真空闪蒸桶通过水蒸汽冷凝器,吸收器和真空发生器。
17.按照权利要求16所述的装置,其特征在于真空闪蒸桶的底部和连接管子与水平面倾斜角不小于10°以防止固体堆集。
18.按照权利要求16所述的装置,其特征在于真空闪蒸桶的黑水入口与内壁齐平以防止喷口腐蚀。
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