CN114324516A - Preparation method of nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compound with high sensitivity - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compounds with high sensitivity. The nano composite electrode material has the advantages of high sensitivity, good stability, good selectivity and wide linear range. The preparation process is controllable, the repeatability is good, the stability is high, and a feasible method is provided for the high-sensitivity electrochemical detection of the nitro compound.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the fields of electroanalytical chemistry and wastewater treatment, and particularly provides a preparation method of a nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compounds with high sensitivity.
Background
Nitro compounds are derivatives produced by substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon molecules with nitro groups, and are often used as important chemical raw materials and intermediates in the chemical industries such as medicines, dyes, fragrances, explosives, pesticides, and the like. For example, p-nitrophenol is a raw material for preparing non-prescription drugs of paracetamol and phenacetin, and partial polynitro compounds such as trinitrotoluene, trimethylenetrinitramine, nitroglycerin and the like have strong explosiveness and are environmental pollutants which are harmful to a large extent in waste water, thereby causing great threat to the water body environmental safety. On the other hand, most of the substances contain benzene rings, are not easy to biodegrade and have great biological toxicity. Because of the characteristics of such substances, such as poor solubility in water, stable chemical properties, poor biodegradability, high toxicity, carcinogenic mutagenicity, etc., the substances have been listed as the priority pollutants by the environmental protection authorities of various countries in the world. Therefore, the rapid and sensitive detection of the nitro compound has important practical significance. Currently, methods available include a series of methods such as spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography, and fluorescence, but these methods have problems of complicated operation and high cost. Compared with other traditional methods, the electrochemical method is concerned by the advantages of simple operation, fast detection, small volume, low cost, good selectivity and the like. In the actual detection process, the bare electrode often cannot meet the detection requirement. Therefore, it is highly desirable to select a suitable electrocatalytic material.
In recent years, metal nanoparticles have been used for their high number of active sites and good electrical conductivityThe fields of electrochemical detection and catalysis are receiving increasing attention. Common precious metal resources such as platinum, palladium, gold and the like are scarce, and the cost is high. The price of the metal copper is low, but the metal copper also has the defects of easy oxidation, easy agglomeration, relatively poor catalytic activity and the like. Zeolite imidazole ester framework like compounds (ZIFs) are novel metal organic framework Materials (MOFs), and the ZIFs have the excellent characteristics of porosity, large specific surface area, high stability and the like of the MOFs. Among them, ZIF-8 has a great potential in sensing, catalysis, gas separation, etc., and is one of a few commercial MOFs. The invention adopts a one-step method to prepare the MOF-based derivative loaded with copper nanoparticles, and further prepares the Cu nanocomposite based on the porous carbon skeleton by direct calcination, so as to improve the material performance and realize high-sensitive electrochemical detection (the sensitivity is more than 5 muA ppb) on the nitro-compound-1·cm-2)。
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a preparation method of a nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compounds with high sensitivity, which can effectively carry out electrochemical detection in the presence of dissolved oxygen, thereby avoiding the need of removing oxygen before detection operation. Meanwhile, the material has good anti-interference capability on common metal ions, inorganic ions and organic matters. The sensing system can also be operated such that the detectable concentration of nitro compounds is below 20ppb or even lower and the detection time is less than 20 seconds, which is very suitable for on-site monitoring.
A preparation method of a nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compounds with high sensitivity comprises the following steps:
dissolving copper nitrate and zinc nitrate/cobalt in a molar ratio of 1: 0.5-1: 9 in anhydrous methanol;
dissolving a certain amount of 2-methylimidazole in anhydrous methanol, and performing ultrasonic dispersion to fully dissolve the 2-methylimidazole;
dropwise adding the solution obtained in the step (2) into the solution obtained in the step (1), stirring at room temperature for reaction for 1-24 hours to obtain an intermediate product, washing the intermediate product with anhydrous methanol for 3-5 times, performing centrifugal separation, and performing vacuum drying at 55-70 ℃ for 12 hours;
and (4) calcining the intermediate product obtained in the step (3) at high temperature for 1-4h under the protection of inert gas to obtain the Cu nano composite material with the three-dimensional framework structure.
And (5) fully grinding the Cu nano composite material obtained in the step (4), mixing the Cu nano composite material with 5 wt% of nafion solution and ethanol according to a certain proportion, and ultrasonically dispersing for 0.5-2 h to prepare a dispersion liquid serving as an electrode active material for electrochemically detecting the nitro compound.
And (6) coating the dispersion liquid obtained in the step (5) on an electrode substrate to be used as a working electrode for detecting the nitro compound.
In the present invention, the molar ratio of copper nitrate and zinc nitrate/cobalt in the step (1) is preferably 1:0.5 to 1: 9.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the zinc nitrate/cobalt of the step (1) is zinc nitrate, cobalt nitrate or a mixture of zinc nitrate and cobalt nitrate.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the molar ratio of 2-methylimidazole in the step (2) to nitrate in the step (1) is 8:1 to 100: 1.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the inert gas of step (4) includes nitrogen or a mixed gas of nitrogen and argon.
In the invention, the high-temperature calcination temperature range in the step (4) is preferably 750-900 ℃. The heating rate of the high-temperature calcination is 2-5 ℃/min.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the particle size of the copper nanoparticles in the Cu nanocomposite material of step (4) is 10 to 20 nm.
In the invention, preferably, the mass ratio of the Cu nano composite material to the 5 wt% nafion solution in the dispersion liquid in the step (5) is 1: 4-1: 20, and the mass ratio of the Cu nano composite material to the ethanol is 1: 200-1: 500.
In the present invention, preferably, the electrode in the step (6) may be glassy carbon, conductive glass, or a printed electrode.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the number of nitro groups in the nitro compound is 1, 2, 3 or 4.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the copper nano particles are loaded on the three-dimensional porous carbon material, so that the prepared copper nano composite material has higher sensitivity, good stability, selectivity and wider linear range, and can better adsorb and respond to nitro compounds.
(2) The preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple steps, good repeatability, easy control of the process and easy popularization and application of the technology.
Drawings
The advantages of the above and additional aspects of the present invention will become apparent and readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is a TEM image of a Cu nanocomposite prepared according to example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an XRD pattern of a Cu nanocomposite prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the current response of a 50% copper content Cu nanocomposite electrode material prepared in accordance with the present invention (solid line a) to a bare glassy carbon electrode (solid line b) and a copper nanoparticle-free composite electrode material (dotted line c) to 1ppm p-nitrophenol; wherein the curve a is a whole curve, the CV curve of cyclic voltammetry is used, and the curves b and c are also cyclic in one circle, which is only shown in the figure and is not obvious.
Detailed description of the invention
Example 1
A method for preparing a nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compounds with high sensitivity comprises the following steps:
step (1) 2.5mmol of copper nitrate and 2.5mmol of zinc nitrate were accurately weighed in a 100mL beaker, 56.5mL of anhydrous methanol was added, and the mixture was sufficiently dissolved by sonication.
Step (2) accurately weighing 40mmol of 2-methylimidazole in a 100mL beaker, adding 56.5mL of anhydrous methanol, and performing ultrasonic treatment to fully dissolve the 2-methylimidazole.
Dropwise adding the solution obtained in the step (2) into the solution obtained in the step (1), stirring at room temperature for 24 hours to obtain an intermediate product, washing the intermediate product with anhydrous methanol for 3-5 times, performing centrifugal separation, and performing vacuum drying at 60 ℃ for 12 hours;
and (4) placing the intermediate product obtained in the step (3) into a tubular furnace, heating to 850 ℃ at the speed of 2 ℃/min under the protection of inert gas, and continuously calcining for 2h to obtain the Cu nano composite material with the copper content of 50% (mol/mol) and the three-dimensional framework structure.
And (5) fully grinding the Cu nano composite material obtained in the step (4), mixing 2mg of the Cu nano composite material with 8mg of 5 wt% nafion solution and 0.8g of ethanol, and ultrasonically dispersing for 1h to prepare a dispersion liquid which is used as an electrode active material for electrochemically detecting the nitro compound.
And (6) dripping 10 mu L of composite material solution on a glassy carbon electrode until the solution is naturally air-dried, and using the solution as a working electrode for detecting the nitro compound.
The application of the nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compounds with high sensitivity comprises the following steps: the electrode material is used for electrochemical detection of nitro compounds, and the test result shows that the sensitivity of the prepared copper nano composite electrode material to p-nitrophenol exceeds 20 muA ppb-1·cm-2Higher than the sensitivity reported in the known literature. And as can be seen from fig. 3, compared with the bare glassy carbon electrode (solid line b) and the composite electrode material (dotted line c) without copper nanoparticles, the Cu nanocomposite electrode material (solid line a) prepared in this example 1 has a good catalytic effect on p-nitro compounds, greatly increases the reduction potential (-0.38V) of nitro compounds, and eliminates the interference of overpotential and oxygen.
Example 2
The preparation method of the composite material for detecting p-nitrophenol with high sensitivity comprises the following steps:
step (1) 3mmol of copper nitrate and 2mmol of cobalt nitrate were accurately weighed in a 100mL beaker, 56.5mL of anhydrous methanol was added, and the mixture was sufficiently dissolved by sonication.
Step (2) accurately weighing 80mmol of 2-methylimidazole in a 100mL beaker, adding 56.5mL of anhydrous methanol, and performing ultrasonic treatment for half an hour to fully dissolve the 2-methylimidazole.
Dropwise adding the solution obtained in the step (2) into the solution obtained in the step (1), stirring at room temperature for 24 hours to obtain an intermediate product, washing the intermediate product with anhydrous methanol for 3-5 times, performing centrifugal separation, and performing vacuum drying at 60 ℃ for 12 hours;
and (4) placing the intermediate product obtained in the step (3) into a tubular furnace, heating to 900 ℃ at a speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of inert gas, and continuously calcining for 2h to obtain the Cu nano composite material with the copper content of 60% (mol/mol) and the three-dimensional framework structure.
And (5) fully grinding the Cu nano composite material obtained in the step (4), mixing 2mg of the Cu nano composite material with 8mg of 5 wt% nafion solution and 0.8g of ethanol, and ultrasonically dispersing for 1h to prepare a dispersion liquid which is used as an electrode active material for electrochemically detecting the nitro compound.
And (6) dripping 10 mu L of composite material solution on the conductive glass electrode until the conductive glass electrode is naturally air-dried, and using the conductive glass electrode as a working electrode for detecting the nitro compound.
The application of the nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compounds with high sensitivity comprises the following steps: the electrode material is used for electrochemical detection of nitro compounds, and the test result shows that the sensitivity of the prepared copper nano composite electrode material to trinitrophenol exceeds 8.9 mu A ppb-1·cm-2。
Example 3
The preparation method of the composite material for detecting p-nitrophenol with high sensitivity comprises the following steps:
step (1) 0.5mmol copper nitrate and 4.5mmol zinc nitrate were accurately weighed into a 100mL beaker, 56.5mL of anhydrous methanol was added, and the mixture was sufficiently dissolved by sonication.
Step (2) accurately weighing 450mmol of 2-methylimidazole in a 100mL beaker, adding 100mL of anhydrous methanol, and performing ultrasonic treatment for half an hour to fully dissolve the 2-methylimidazole.
Dropwise adding the solution obtained in the step (2) into the solution obtained in the step (1), stirring at room temperature for 24 hours to obtain an intermediate product, washing the intermediate product with anhydrous methanol for 3-5 times, performing centrifugal separation, and performing vacuum drying at 60 ℃ for 12 hours;
and (4) placing the intermediate product obtained in the step (3) into a tubular furnace, heating to 900 ℃ at a speed of 2 ℃/min under the protection of inert gas, and continuously calcining for 2h to obtain the Cu nano composite material with the copper content of 10% (mol/mol) and the three-dimensional framework structure.
And (5) fully grinding the Cu nano composite material obtained in the step (4), mixing 2mg of the Cu nano composite material with 8mg of 5 wt% nafion solution and 0.8g of ethanol, and ultrasonically dispersing for 1h to prepare a dispersion liquid which is used as an electrode active material for electrochemically detecting the nitro compound.
And (6) dripping 10 mu L of composite material solution on a glassy carbon electrode until the solution is naturally air-dried, and using the solution as a working electrode for detecting the nitro compound.
The application of the nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compounds with high sensitivity comprises the following steps: the electrode material is used for electrochemical detection of nitro compounds, and the test result shows that the sensitivity of the prepared copper nano composite electrode material to the glyceryl trinitrate exceeds 5 muA ppb-1·cm-2。
Example 4
The preparation method of the composite material for detecting p-nitrophenol with high sensitivity comprises the following steps:
step (1) accurately weighing 1mmol of copper nitrate, 3mmol of zinc nitrate and 1mmol of cobalt nitrate in a 100mL beaker, adding 56.5mL of anhydrous methanol, and performing ultrasonic treatment to fully dissolve the mixture.
Step (2) accurately weighing 100mmol of 2-methylimidazole in a 100mL beaker, adding 56.5mL of anhydrous methanol, and performing ultrasonic treatment for half an hour to fully dissolve the 2-methylimidazole.
Dropwise adding the solution obtained in the step (2) into the solution obtained in the step (1), stirring at room temperature for 24 hours to obtain an intermediate product, washing the intermediate product with anhydrous methanol for 3-5 times, performing centrifugal separation, and performing vacuum drying at 60 ℃ for 12 hours;
and (4) placing the intermediate product obtained in the step (3) into a tubular furnace, heating to 900 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the protection of inert gas, and continuously calcining for 2h to obtain the Cu nano composite material with the copper content of 20% (mol/mol) and the three-dimensional framework structure.
And (5) fully grinding the Cu nano composite material obtained in the step (4), mixing 2mg of the Cu nano composite material with 8mg of 5 wt% nafion solution and 0.8g of ethanol, and ultrasonically dispersing for 1h to prepare a dispersion liquid which is used as an electrode active material for electrochemically detecting the nitro compound.
And (6) dripping 10 mu L of composite material solution on a glassy carbon electrode until the solution is naturally air-dried, and using the solution as a working electrode for detecting the nitro compound.
The application of the nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compounds with high sensitivity comprises the following steps: the electrode material is used for electrochemical detection of nitro compounds, and the test result shows that the sensitivity of the prepared copper nano composite electrode material to 2, 6-dinitrotoluene exceeds 10 muA ppb-1·cm-2。
Comparative example 1
In the same way as example 1, only the mole numbers of copper nitrate and zinc nitrate in step (1) are respectively changed into 0.4mmol of copper nitrate and 5mmol of zinc nitrate, the mole ratio of the copper nitrate and the zinc nitrate is 1:12.5, the content of copper nano particles in the synthesized Cu nano composite material is less than 10% (mol/mol), the electrode material is used for electrochemically detecting nitro compounds with the same concentration, and the test result shows that compared with example 1, the response signal to nitrophenol is smaller, the reduction potential of the nitro compounds is larger (close to-0.6V), compared with example 1, the electrocatalytic effect is poorer, and the detection sensitivity is less than 1 muA ppb-1·cm-2。
Comparative example 2
In the same way as example 2, only the mole numbers of copper nitrate and cobalt nitrate in step (1) are respectively changed into 4mmol of copper nitrate and 1mmol of cobalt nitrate, the mole ratio of the copper nitrate and the cobalt nitrate is 1:0.25, the copper nanoparticle content in the synthesized Cu nano composite material is 80% (mol/mol), the three-dimensional structure of the material is collapsed, the appearance is not regular, the size of the nanoparticle is not uniform, the electrode material is used for electrochemically detecting the nitro compound with the same concentration, the test result is that compared with example 2, the response signal to trinitrophenol is smaller, the reduction potential of the nitro compound is larger (close to-0.55V), the electrocatalytic effect is poorer, and the detection sensitivity is smaller than 2 muA ppb-1·cm-2。
The above embodiments are merely examples for clearly illustrating the embodiments and do not limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. It is not necessary or necessary to exhaustively enumerate all embodiments herein, and obvious variations or modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims (9)
1. A preparation method of a nano composite electrode material for detecting nitro compounds with high sensitivity is characterized by comprising the following steps:
dissolving copper nitrate and zinc nitrate/cobalt in a molar ratio of 1: 0.5-1: 9 in anhydrous methanol;
dissolving 2-methylimidazole in anhydrous methanol, and performing ultrasonic dispersion to fully dissolve the 2-methylimidazole; wherein the molar ratio of the 2-methylimidazole to the nitrate in the step (1) is 8: 1-100: 1;
dropwise adding the solution obtained in the step (2) into the solution obtained in the step (1), stirring at room temperature for reaction for 1-24 hours to obtain an intermediate product, washing the intermediate product with anhydrous methanol for 3-5 times, performing centrifugal separation, and performing vacuum drying at 55-70 ℃ for 12 hours;
calcining the intermediate product obtained in the step (3) at high temperature for 1-4h under the protection of inert gas to obtain a Cu nano composite material with a three-dimensional framework structure;
fully grinding the Cu nano composite material obtained in the step (4), mixing the Cu nano composite material with 5 wt% of nafion solution and ethanol according to a certain proportion, and ultrasonically dispersing for 0.5-2 h to prepare a dispersion liquid serving as an electrode active material for electrochemically detecting the nitro compound;
and (6) coating the dispersion liquid obtained in the step (5) on an electrode substrate to be used as a working electrode for detecting the nitro compound.
2. The method for preparing a nanocomposite electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the zinc nitrate/cobalt of the step (1) is zinc nitrate, cobalt nitrate or a mixture of zinc nitrate and cobalt nitrate.
3. The method for preparing a nanocomposite electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the inert gas of the step (4) includes nitrogen or a mixed gas of nitrogen and argon.
4. The method for preparing a nanocomposite electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the high-temperature calcination temperature in the step (4) is in a range of 750 to 900 ℃.
5. The method for preparing the nanocomposite electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the temperature rise rate of the high-temperature calcination in the step (4) is 2-5 ℃/min.
6. The method for preparing the nanocomposite electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the particle size of the copper nanoparticles in the Cu nanocomposite material of the step (4) is 10 to 20 nm.
7. The method for preparing the nanocomposite electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the Cu nanocomposite to the 5 wt% nafion solution in the dispersion liquid of the step (5) is in a range of 1:4 to 1:20, and the mass ratio of the Cu nanocomposite to ethanol is in a range of 1:200 to 1: 500.
8. The method for preparing a nanocomposite electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the electrode in the step (6) is glassy carbon, conductive glass or a printed electrode.
9. The method for preparing a nanocomposite electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the number of nitro groups in the nitro compound is 1, 2, 3 or 4.
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