CN114309260B - Method for improving single-curved-surface laser bending forming precision of fiber metal laminate - Google Patents
Method for improving single-curved-surface laser bending forming precision of fiber metal laminate Download PDFInfo
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- CN114309260B CN114309260B CN202111583791.1A CN202111583791A CN114309260B CN 114309260 B CN114309260 B CN 114309260B CN 202111583791 A CN202111583791 A CN 202111583791A CN 114309260 B CN114309260 B CN 114309260B
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- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005340 laminated glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002648 laminated material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- Bending Of Plates, Rods, And Pipes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of laser bending forming of fiber metal laminates, and relates to a method for improving the single-curved-surface laser bending forming precision of a fiber metal laminate. The invention adopts a method for bending and forming by alternately scanning laser on an upper layer and a lower layer, and aims at performing shape correction on elastic recovery deformation of a bending area in multi-channel scanning and bending forming by laser. And alternately performing upper-layer metal laser bending forming and lower-layer metal pre-bending laser bending forming based on a temperature gradient mechanism until a target bending angle is reached. The lower metal layer is plastically deformed like the upper metal layer, and elastic recovery of the formed bending region caused by subsequent scanning interference is inhibited. The single-curved-surface laser bending forming precision of the fiber metal laminate is improved, the residual stress in the board is reduced, and the technical requirement of the single curved surface of the metal laminate is met.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of laser bending forming of fiber metal laminates, and relates to a method for improving the single-curved-surface laser bending forming precision of a fiber metal laminate.
Background
Compared with the traditional autoclave forming method, the laser bending forming can enable the plate to generate composite bending deformation by controlling the scanning path of the laser beam, and is superior to the autoclave forming method in the aspects of processing speed, processing flexibility and cost. However, in the single-curved-surface laser bending forming of the fiber metal laminate, when the distance between two laser scanning paths is small (<15mm), the bending region can elastically recover and deform, that is, the subsequent scanning affects the bending region scanned previously, so that the bending deformation of the bending region is reduced. This phenomenon will cause the precision of laser bending forming on the complex curved surface of the fiber metal laminate to be difficult to control. In addition, excessive residual stress in the sheet after bending is also an important factor causing the use risk of the sheet after bending. The present research suggests that the main reason for the elastic recovery deformation of the buckling region and the large residual stress inside the sheet is the non-plastic deformation of the sandwich composite material and the underlying metal.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for improving the single-curved-surface laser bending forming precision of a fiber metal laminated plate, aiming at the problem that the non-plastic deformation of lower-layer metal after laser bending forming is caused by the material and the structural characteristics of the fiber metal laminated plate, so that the forming precision of a complex curved surface and the use risk of the plate are influenced.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for improving the single-curved-surface laser bending forming precision of a fiber metal laminated plate comprises the following specific steps:
the method comprises the following steps: laser bending forming of the upper layer metal based on a temperature gradient mechanism: one end of a fiber metal laminate 1 is held by a jig 2 and placed on a table of a laser processing machine. Setting laser parameters and laser power P only acting on the upper metal layer 4 of the fiber metal laminate 1 according to the temperature gradient mechanism 1 20W-35W, the diameter of the light spot D 1 2.5mm-3mm, laser frequency 40-50Hz, pulse width 2-5ms, auxiliary gas inert gas and gas pressure 0.1 MPa-0.5 MPa, in the course of processing, the spot diameter, gas pressure, pulse width and laser frequency are not changed, and scanning speed V is constant 1 800- 1 Is 1 order, area energy density
Is 0.5-1J/mm 2 . To avoid delamination failure of the sheet, the distance L between the scanning line and the edge of the sheet is measured 1 Not less than 15 mm. Along the set scanning line S 1 And moving the upper metal layer 4 to perform laser scanning processing.
Step two: pre-bending the lower layer metal by laser bending: after the first step of bending deformation, turning the plate 180 degrees, and clamping by using a clamp 2; setting laser power P based on original laser parameters 2 20W-30W, spot diameter D 2 4.5mm-5mm, scanning speed V 2 800- 2 Is 1 order, area energy density
Is 0.2-0.4J/mm 2 . Along the set scanning line S 1 ' laser scanning is performed on the surface of the lower metal layer 6. Care is taken to ensure the ratio E of the energy density of the first step to the second step 1 /E 2 The thickness is 1.8-2.2, the lower layer metal is easy to be deformed incompletely by plastic deformation when the thickness is too high, and unnecessary deformation is easy to be generated when the thickness is too low and the lower layer metal is bent by laser in a pre-bending way.
Step three: and repeatedly and alternately performing the first step and the second step, wherein in the processing engineering, the laser power, the laser scanning speed and the scanning times are required to be adjusted so that the bending angle of the bending area where the scanning paths S1 and S1' are located reaches the single-track target bending angle theta.
Step four: and repeating the first step, the second step and the third step to carry out laser scanning on the next paths S2 and S2', so as to avoid the layering failure of the plates, and ensure that the scanning distance d between the paths is more than or equal to 5mm until the processing of all the paths is finished.
The thickness of the fiber metal laminate 1 is 1-2 mm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention adopts the method of upper and lower layer alternative scanning laser bending forming to correct the elastic recovery deformation of the bending area. Firstly, carrying out primary laser scanning on the upper layer metal based on a temperature gradient mechanism to enable the plate to bend and deform towards a laser beam, wherein the lower layer metal is elastically deformed and is constrained by the upper layer metal to be in a pre-bending state. And then, turning the plate by 180 degrees, carrying out primary laser scanning on the lower layer metal in the bending area by adopting a laser beam with low energy density, ensuring that the ratio of the energy densities of the laser surfaces input by the upper layer and the lower layer is between 1.8 and 2.2, plastically deforming the lower layer metal, and alternately carrying out the laser scanning and the laser surface scanning until a target bending angle is reached.
The laser bending method provided by the invention can reduce the residual stress in the plate, inhibit the interference of subsequent scanning on previous scanning in multi-scanning laser bending forming, reduce the integral accumulated rebound deformation by more than 80%, and improve the laser bending forming precision of the single curved surface of the fiber metal laminate.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the laser bending forming process of the upper layer metal based on the temperature gradient mechanism in example 2.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the theoretical bending state and the actual bending state of the plate after all the paths are processed in example 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the laser bending process for pre-bending the lower metal layer in example 2.
Fig. 4 is a schematic view of the processing path in example 1.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the processing path of the method of bending upper and lower layers by alternately scanning laser in example 2.
FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing the bending state of the plate after all the paths are processed by the method of the upper and lower layer alternative scanning laser bending forming in example 2.
In the figure: 1, a fiber metal laminate; 2, clamping; 3 laser beam; 4, a metal layer is arranged on the substrate; 5 a composite layer; 6 a lower metal layer; s 1 、S 2 、S 3 、S 4 Scanning lines on the surface of the upper metal layer; s 1 ’、S 2 ’、S 3 ’、S 4 ' lower metal layer surface scanning line; theta single target bend angle; l is 1 Scanning the distance between the line and the edge of the plate; d, scanning the space; alpha is alpha Expected Theoretical cumulative bend angles; alpha is alpha experimental The actual cumulative bend angle.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings.
The invention adopts a method for bending and forming laser by alternately scanning an upper layer and a lower layer, which is characterized in that: as shown in fig. 1, first, the upper metal layer 4 of the fiber metal laminate 1 is subjected to laser bending forming based on a temperature gradient mechanism, and when the laser beam 3 scans the upper metal layer 4, a large temperature gradient is generated in the upper metal layer 4, so that the upper metal layer 4 generates a bending moment to drive the composite layer 5 and the lower metal layer 6 to bend toward a laser direction. The upper metal layer 4 has a high overall temperature and a low yield limit under the action of laser scanning, so that large plastic deformation is generated. But the composite layer 5 and the lower metal layer 6 are not plastically deformed. Therefore, compared with the integral metal material, the fiber metal laminate has larger residual stress inside after laser bending forming. When the next path is scanned and the distance d between the two paths is small (<15mm), the subsequent scanning reduces the yield strength of the metal on the upper layer of the plate, and further the composite layer 5 and the lower metal layer 6 are elastically restored to reduce the deformation, as shown in fig. 2. Therefore, the present invention scans the lower metal layer 6 along the bending region using a laser beam having a low energy density after laser bending the upper metal layer based on the temperature gradient mechanism, as shown in fig. 3. The temperature of the lower metal layer 6 is instantly heated to a high temperature state, the yield strength is rapidly lower, the elastic bending is converted into permanent plastic bending, the residual tensile stress stored in the plate is released, and the elastic recovery does not occur during the subsequent path scanning, so that the interference of the subsequent scanning on the bending region of the current scanning is inhibited.
The fiber metal laminate material that can be used for bending forming has various combinations, for example, glass fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminate (GLARE), carbon fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminate (CARALL), graphite fiber reinforced titanium alloy laminate (TIGR), and the like, and the layering method also has various forms, and may be 2/1 layering, 3/2 layering, and the like.
Example (b): and (3) carrying out multi-channel parallel equidistant laser scanning forming on the single curved surface of the glass fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminate.
Example 1, uncorrected prototype fabrication (comparative):
firstly, the fiber metal laminate 1 is made of a glass fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminate of the type GLARE 4B-2/3, and the sheet is processed into a rectangular sample piece with the thickness of 1mm, the width of 25mm and the length of 60mm by using an abrasive water jet processing platform. The scanning path is as shown in the figure, the number of scanning tracks N is 4, the target bending angle θ of a single track is 3 °, and the scanning distance d is 6 mm. In order to increase the light absorption rate, the scan lines S are formed on the upper metal layer 1 、S 2 、S 3 、S 4 The position is treated by carbon black, and in order to avoid the delamination of the plate, the distance L between the scanning line and the edge of the plate is 1 Not less than 15mm, this example L 1 ＝16mm。
And secondly, clamping one end of the fiber metal laminate 1 by using a clamp 2, and placing the fiber metal laminate on a workbench of a laser processing machine. Scanning line S along the set upper metal layer 1 And moving the upper metal layer 4 to perform laser scanning processing. In order to stabilize the laser light source during plate processing, an idle running distance is reserved, and the distance between the outer point of the edge and the plate is 3 mm. Setting the laser frequency at 40Hz, pulse width at 2ms, spot diameter at 2.5mm, laser power at 20W-35W, scanning speed at 800-1200mm/min, bending angle at each time of scanning at 0.3-0.5 deg., scanning for 6-10 times, and scanning pause time at 10s after each single laser scanning, wherein the laser power, laser scanning speed, and scanning frequency need to be adjusted in the processing engineeringSo that the scanning path S 1 The bending angle reaches a single-pass target bending angle theta of 3 degrees.
Thirdly, according to the scanning path S 1 Processing mode, sequentially completing the path S 2 、S 3 、S 4 As shown in the figure. Theoretical cumulative bend angle α Expected N × θ is 12 °. After the machining is finished, a three-coordinate measuring machine is adopted to measure the actual accumulated bending angle alpha experimental The cumulative spring-back deformation was 2.95 ° at 9.05 °, which did not satisfy the machining accuracy.
Example 2, proof sample preparation:
firstly, the fiber metal laminate 2 is made of a glass fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminate of the type GLARE 4B-2/3, and the sheet is processed into a rectangular sample piece with the thickness of 1mm, the width of 25mm and the length of 60mm by using an abrasive water jet processing platform. As shown in fig. 4, the scanning path on the surface of the upper metal layer is as follows, where N is 4, θ is 3 ° and P is 6 mm. The scanning paths of the lower metal layer surface are located right below the scanning paths of the upper metal layer surface as shown in fig. 5, and correspond to the scanning paths one by one. In order to increase light absorption rate, the scan lines S are formed on the upper metal layer 1 、S 2 、S 3 、S 4 Lower metal layer scan line S 1 ’、S 2 ’、S 3 ’、S 4 ' position treatment with carbon black, to avoid sheet delamination, scan line distance L from sheet edge 1 Not less than 15mm, this example L 1 ＝16mm。
Laser bending and forming of the upper layer metal based on a temperature gradient mechanism: one end of a fiber metal laminate 1 is held by a jig 2 and placed on a table of a laser processing machine. Scanning line S along the set upper metal layer 1 And moving the upper metal layer 4 to perform laser scanning processing. In order to stabilize the laser light source during plate processing, an idle running distance is reserved, and the distance between the outer point of the edge and the plate is 3 mm. Setting the laser power at 20W-35W, frequency at 40Hz, pulse width at 2ms, spot diameter at 2.5-3mm, scanning speed at 800-
Is 0.5-1J/mm 2 The bending angle is about 0.3-0.5 deg..
Thirdly, pre-bending laser bending and forming of the lower layer metal: the clamp 2 and the plate are turned over for 180 degrees together, and a scanning line S is scanned along the set lower metal layer 1 ' laser scanning processing is performed while moving on the surface of the lower metal layer 6. In order to stabilize the laser light source during plate processing, an idle running distance is reserved, and the distance between the outer point of the edge and the plate is 3 mm. And reducing the area energy density E on the basis of the original laser parameters. Setting the laser power at 20-25W, the spot diameter at 4.5-5 mm, the scanning speed at 800-1000mm/min, the scanning frequency at 1 time, and the surface energy density
Is 0.2-0.4J/mm 2 . Laser scanning is performed on the surface of the lower metal layer 6 along the bending region generated by the scanning line 4, and the ratio E of the surface energy density 1 /E 2 Is 1.8-2.2.
Fourthly, the first step and the second step are repeatedly and alternately carried out for 6 to 10 times, and the laser power, the laser scanning speed and the scanning times are required to be adjusted in the processing engineering so as to ensure that the scanning path S is scanned 1 And S 1 The bending angle of the bending zone reaches a single target bending angle theta of 3 degrees.
According to the scanning path S 1 、S 1 ' machining mode, completing the path S sequentially 2 、S 2 ’、S 3 、S 3 ’、S 4 、S 4 ' is processed as shown in FIG. 6. Theoretical cumulative bend angle α Expected N × θ is 12 °. After the completion of the processing, the actual cumulative bending angle α was measured with a three-coordinate measuring machine of the type prism navigator manufactured by zeiss, germany experimental The cumulative spring-back deformation is 0.16 ° at 11.84 °.
Compared with the non-correction laminated plate, the interference of subsequent scanning on a formed bending area is inhibited, the integral accumulated rebound deformation is reduced by 94.58%, the laser bending forming precision of a single curved surface is improved, and the residual stress in the plate is reduced.
Claims (2)
1. A method for improving the single-curved-surface laser bending forming precision of a fiber metal laminate is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
the method comprises the following steps: laser bending forming of the upper layer metal based on a temperature gradient mechanism: clamping one end of a fiber metal laminate (1) by using a clamp (2), and placing the fiber metal laminate on a workbench of a laser processing machine; setting laser parameters and laser power P only acting on the upper metal layer (4) of the fiber metal laminate (1) according to a temperature gradient mechanism 1 20W-35W, the diameter of the light spot D 1 2.5mm-3mm, laser frequency 40-50Hz, pulse width 2-5ms, auxiliary gas inert gas and gas pressure 0.1 MPa-0.5 MPa, in the course of processing, the spot diameter, gas pressure, pulse width and laser frequency are not changed, and scanning speed V is constant 1 800- 1 Is 1 order, area energy density
Is 0.5-1J/mm 2 (ii) a To avoid delamination failure of the sheet, the distance L between the scanning line and the edge of the sheet is measured 1 Not less than 15 mm; along the set scanning line S 1 Moving the upper metal layer (4) on the surface to perform laser scanning processing;
step two: pre-bending and laser bending forming of lower-layer metal: after the first step of bending deformation, turning the plate 180 degrees, and clamping by using a clamp (2); setting laser power P based on original laser parameters 2 20W-30W, spot diameter D 2 4.5mm-5mm, scanning speed V 2 800- 2 Is 1 order, area energy density
Is 0.2-0.4J/mm 2 (ii) a Along the set scanning line S 1 ', performing laser scanning on the surface of the lower metal layer (6); and the ratio E of the areal energy density of the first step to that of the second step 1 /E 2 1.8-2.2;
step three: repeatedly and alternately performing the first step and the second step, and adjusting the laser power, the laser scanning speed and the scanning times in the processing engineering so that the bending angle of the bending area where the scanning paths S1 and S1' are located reaches a single-track target bending angle theta;
step four: and repeating the first step, the second step and the third step to carry out laser scanning on the next paths S2 and S2', so as to avoid the layering failure of the plates, and ensure that the scanning distance d between the paths is more than or equal to 5mm until the processing of all the paths is finished.
2. The method for improving the single-curved-surface laser bending forming precision of the fiber metal laminate as claimed in claim 1, wherein; the thickness of the fiber metal laminate (1) is 1-2 mm.
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|---|---|
| CN114309260A (en) | 2022-04-12 |
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