CN114292209B - Preparation method of valeronitrile - Google Patents

Preparation method of valeronitrile Download PDF

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CN114292209B
CN114292209B CN202111598761.8A CN202111598761A CN114292209B CN 114292209 B CN114292209 B CN 114292209B CN 202111598761 A CN202111598761 A CN 202111598761A CN 114292209 B CN114292209 B CN 114292209B
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sodium cyanide
valeronitrile
chlorobutane
reaction
catalyst
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CN114292209A (en
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郑明�
刘俊银
刘颖
陆舟
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Suzhou No4 Pharmaceutical Factory
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Suzhou No4 Pharmaceutical Factory
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/584Recycling of catalysts

Abstract

The application belongs to the technical field of chemical intermediates, and particularly relates to a preparation method of valeronitrile, which comprises the following steps: sodium cyanide and excessive 1-chlorobutane are used as raw materials to react under the action of a catalyst to generate valeronitrile. The method for preparing the valeronitrile by using the sodium cyanide and the 1-chlorobutane as raw materials has the advantages of relatively low raw material cost, high yield of the valeronitrile prepared by using the method and high purity of the product. And excessive 1-chlorobutane is adopted to react with sodium cyanide, so that the reaction of the sodium cyanide is promoted to be complete, and after the reaction is finished, the unreacted sodium cyanide is not required to be treated by excessive sodium hypochlorite, thereby reducing the generation of three wastes and being environment-friendly. And because the waste liquid of sodium cyanide has relatively large potential safety hazard, sodium cyanide generates cyanohydrin acid when meeting acid, is colorless, odorless and extremely toxic, and is easy to have safety problem, the excessive 1-chlorobutane matched catalyst is used for promoting the complete reaction of the sodium cyanide, so that the potential safety hazard is reduced.

Description

Preparation method of valeronitrile
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of chemical intermediates, and particularly relates to a preparation method of valeronitrile.
Background
Valeronitrile is a key raw material for preparing an imidazole aldehyde which is a key intermediate of losartan potassium serving as a hypertension drug. The traditional preparation process adopts 1-bromobutane and sodium cyanide as raw materials, but the 1-bromobutane has higher cost and is not beneficial to the reduction of the production cost.
In addition to the above methods, there are two methods for synthesizing valeronitrile; firstly, valeraldehyde and hydroxylamine hydrochloride are used as raw materials; secondly, n-butyl alcohol and tetrabutylammonium cyanide are used as raw materials. However, the two methods have some defects, the storage condition of the valeraldehyde raw material in the first method is harsh, and the storage is improper and easy to deteriorate; the starting material tetrabutylammonium cyanide in process two is expensive and difficult to obtain.
In view of this, there is a need to develop a new process for preparing valeronitrile which uses inexpensive and readily available starting materials and which is capable of achieving higher yields.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the application discloses a preparation method of valeronitrile, which takes sodium cyanide and 1-chlorobutane as raw materials to produce valeronitrile, the raw material cost is relatively low, and the method is adopted to prepare the valeronitrile with high yield and high product purity.
The application provides a preparation method of valeronitrile, which adopts the following technical scheme:
a process for the preparation of valeronitrile, comprising the steps of: sodium cyanide and excessive 1-chlorobutane are used as raw materials to react under the action of a catalyst to generate valeronitrile.
The method adopts sodium cyanide and excessive 1-chlorobutane to react to prepare the valeronitrile, so that the raw material cost is low, the yield of the valeronitrile is high, and the purity of the valeronitrile is high. The excessive 1-chlorobutane can promote the reaction of sodium cyanide to be complete, and after the reaction is finished, the unreacted sodium cyanide is not required to be treated by excessive sodium hypochlorite, so that the generation of three wastes is reduced, and the method is environment-friendly.
Preferably, the molar ratio of the sodium cyanide to the 1-chlorobutane is 1:1.1-1.9.
Preferably, the molar ratio of the sodium cyanide to the 1-chlorobutane is 1:1.5.
The inventor finds that the molar ratio of the sodium cyanide to the 1-chlorobutane is controlled to be 1:1.5, which is favorable for forward reaction, avoids excessive unreacted sodium cyanide remained in the system and can also avoid excessive use of the 1-chlorobutane.
Preferably, the sodium cyanide is a sodium cyanide solution with a mass percent concentration of 30%.
The sodium cyanide is added dropwise in the form of a solution, so that the full reaction of the sodium cyanide is facilitated, the post-treatment is facilitated, and the pollution to the environment is reduced.
Preferably, the catalyst is used in an amount of 5-10% of the total mass of 1-chlorobutane; the catalyst comprises tetrabutylammonium bromide.
Preferably, the catalyst further comprises triethylamine, and the mass ratio of tetrabutylammonium bromide to triethylamine is 1:0.3-0.5.
The inventors found in experiments that tetrabutylammonium bromide and triethylamine as combined catalysts are advantageous in obtaining higher yields and product purity.
Preferably, a cocatalyst is also added in the reaction, wherein the cocatalyst is isopropanol, and the mass ratio of tetrabutylammonium bromide to isopropanol is 1:3-5..
The inventors found in experiments that a slight amount of isopropanol was added to the catalyst to further promote the improvement of the yield and the purity of the product.
Preferably, the preparation method specifically comprises the following steps: adding sodium cyanide, 1-chlorobutane and a catalyst into a reaction kettle, heating to a reaction temperature under stirring, reacting 3-4 h, ending the reaction, standing for layering, and then distilling an organic layer to obtain valeronitrile.
The inventor discovers that the raw material proportion, the catalyst and the cocatalyst can be adopted to enable the sodium cyanide to react basically and completely in the reaction of about 3-4 h, so that excessive residual sodium cyanide in the reaction kettle can be avoided, the post-treatment is not facilitated, and the potential safety hazard is brought.
Preferably, the reaction temperature is 20 to 100 ℃, preferably 50 to 90 ℃.
The inventors found that the reaction temperature is controlled to 50-90℃to facilitate the reaction.
Preferably, the organic layer distillation is specifically: the 1-chlorobutane was recovered by distillation at 80℃and then distilled at 145℃to give valeronitrile.
The method comprises the steps of distilling and recovering 1-chlorobutane at a lower temperature, and then distilling and obtaining valeronitrile at a higher temperature, wherein unreacted 1-chlorobutane is directly recycled, so that the waste of resources is avoided, and the influence on the purity of the valeronitrile can be reduced.
The application has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The method for preparing the valeronitrile by using the sodium cyanide and the 1-chlorobutane as raw materials has the advantages of relatively low raw material cost, high yield of the valeronitrile prepared by using the method and high purity of the product. And excessive 1-chlorobutane is adopted to react with sodium cyanide, so that the reaction of the sodium cyanide is promoted to be complete, and after the reaction is finished, the unreacted sodium cyanide is not required to be treated by excessive sodium hypochlorite, thereby reducing the generation of three wastes and being environment-friendly. And because the waste liquid of sodium cyanide has relatively large potential safety hazard, sodium cyanide generates cyanohydrin acid when meeting acid, is colorless, odorless and extremely toxic, and is easy to have safety problem, the excessive 1-chlorobutane matched catalyst is used for promoting the complete reaction of the sodium cyanide, so that the potential safety hazard is reduced.
(2) The excessive 1-chlorobutane can be directly distilled and recovered in the organic layer distillation stage, the 1-chlorobutane is distilled and recovered at a lower temperature, then the valeronitrile is obtained by distillation at a higher temperature, the unreacted 1-chlorobutane is directly recycled, the waste of resources is avoided, and the influence on the purity of the valeronitrile can be reduced.
(3) The method adopts the mixture of tetrabutylammonium bromide and triethylamine as the catalyst, is favorable for providing the yield and the product purity, and can further improve the yield and the product purity after the promoter isopropanol is added.
Detailed Description
The present application will now be described in further detail with reference to examples.
Example 1
163.4g (1 mol) of sodium cyanide solution with the mass percent concentration of 30%, 139g (1.50 mol) of 1-chlorobutane and 10 g of catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide 10 g) are added into a four-port reaction bottle of 1000mL, the temperature is slowly increased to 60 ℃ and the temperature is kept for 4 hours, the reaction is basically complete, and the mixture is kept stand for layering. The organic layer was distilled at 80℃to recover 1-chlorobutane and at 145℃to give valeronitrile in 90.0% yield and 99.50% purity.
Example 2
163.4g (1 mol) of sodium cyanide solution with the mass percent concentration of 30%, 139g (1.50 mol) of 1-chlorobutane and 10 g catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide 7g and triethylamine 3 g) are added into a four-port reaction bottle of 1000mL, the temperature is slowly increased to 60 ℃ and the temperature is kept for 4 hours, the reaction is basically complete, and the mixture is kept stand for layering. The organic layer was distilled at 80℃to recover 1-chlorobutane and at 145℃to give valeronitrile in 90.8% yield and 99.56% purity.
Example 3
163.4g (1 mol) of sodium cyanide solution with the mass percent concentration of 30 percent, 139g (1.50 mol) of 1-chlorobutane, 10 g catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide 7g, triethylamine 3 g) and 40 g catalyst promoter (isopropanol 40 g) are added into a four-port reaction bottle of 1000mL, the temperature is slowly increased to 60 ℃ for 4 hours, the reaction is basically complete, and the mixture is stood for layering. The organic layer was distilled at 80℃to recover 1-chlorobutane and at 145℃to give valeronitrile in 92.3% yield and 99.84% purity.
Example 4
163.4g (1 mol) of sodium cyanide solution with the mass percent concentration of 30 percent, 139g (1.50 mol) of 1-chlorobutane, 10 g catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide 6.67 g, triethylamine 3.33 g) and 50 g catalyst promoter (isopropanol 50 g) are added into a four-port reaction bottle of 1000mL, the temperature is slowly increased to 60 ℃ for 4 hours, the reaction is basically complete, and the mixture is kept stand for layering. The organic layer was distilled at 80℃to recover 1-chlorobutane and 145℃to give valeronitrile in 91.4% yield and 99.62% purity.
Example 5
163.4g (1 mol) of sodium cyanide solution with the mass percent concentration of 30 percent, 139g (1.50 mol) of 1-chlorobutane, 10 g catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide 7.69 g, triethylamine 2.31 g) and 30 g catalyst promoter (isopropanol 30 g) are added into a four-port reaction bottle of 1000mL, the temperature is slowly increased to 60 ℃ for 4 hours, the reaction is basically complete, and the mixture is kept stand for layering. The organic layer was distilled at 80℃to recover 1-chlorobutane and at 145℃to give valeronitrile in 92.7% yield and 99.75% purity.
Example 6
163.4g (1 mol) of sodium cyanide solution with the mass percent concentration of 30 percent, 101.8 g (1.10 mol) of 1-chlorobutane, 10 g catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide 7g, triethylamine 3 g) and cocatalyst (isopropanol 40 g) are added into a four-port reaction bottle of 1000mL, the temperature is slowly increased to 60 ℃ for 4 hours, the reaction is basically complete, and the mixture is stood for layering. The organic layer was distilled at 80℃to recover 1-chlorobutane and at 145℃to give valeronitrile in 90.5% yield and 99.87% purity.
Example 7
163.4g (1 mol) of sodium cyanide solution with the mass percent concentration of 30 percent, 175.9 g (1.90 mol) of 1-chlorobutane, 10 g catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide 7g, triethylamine 3 g) and cocatalyst (isopropanol 40 g) are added into a four-port reaction bottle of 1000mL, the temperature is slowly increased to 60 ℃ for 4 hours, the reaction is basically complete, and the mixture is stood for layering. The organic layer was distilled at 80℃to recover 1-chlorobutane and at 145℃to give valeronitrile in 92.5% yield and 99.82% purity.
Comparative example 1
Into a 1000ml four-port reaction flask, 179.7g (1.5 mol) of 30% sodium cyanide solution and 92.57g (1.0 mol) of 1-chlorobutane were added, and the mixture was slowly warmed to 60℃and kept for 4 hours, and then allowed to stand for delamination, followed by 10-g catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide 10 g). The organic layer was distilled at 145 ℃ to give valeronitrile in 89.0% yield and 99.20% purity. There is more sodium cyanide remaining.
As can be seen from the above examples and comparative examples, in example 1, valeronitrile was prepared by carrying out the reaction in a molar ratio of 1:1.5 of sodium cyanide to 1-chlorobutane and using tetrabutylammonium bromide alone as a catalyst, and the final yield could reach 90.0% and the purity could reach 99.50%. The sodium cyanide basically reacts completely, is favorable for post-treatment, does not need to treat unreacted sodium cyanide by adopting excessive sodium hypochlorite after the reaction is finished, reduces the generation of three wastes, and is environment-friendly. And because the waste liquid of sodium cyanide has relatively large potential safety hazard, sodium cyanide generates cyanohydrin acid when meeting acid, is colorless, odorless and extremely toxic, and is easy to have safety problem, the excessive 1-chlorobutane matched catalyst is used for promoting the complete reaction of the sodium cyanide, so that the potential safety hazard is reduced.
In the example 2, tetrabutylammonium bromide and triethylamine are compounded to be used as catalysts, the yield of valeronitrile is improved to 90.8 percent under the same condition, the purity is improved to 99.56 percent, and the defect of the tetrabutylammonium bromide with a single catalyst can be overcome by compounding the triethylamine in the tetrabutylammonium bromide, so that the product yield is improved.
In example 3, the cocatalyst is added on the basis of example 2, the yield of valeronitrile is further increased to 92.3% under the same conditions, and the purity is improved to 99.84%, which is probably due to the fact that the addition of isopropanol helps to increase the solubility of triethylamine in the reaction system and improve the catalytic activity.
In example 6, the amount of 1-chlorobutane was reduced based on example 3, so that the molar ratio of sodium cyanide to 1-chlorobutane was changed to 1:1.10, and the final valeronitrile yield was reduced to 90.5%, indicating that more 1-chlorobutane was beneficial to more complete reaction.
In example 7, the amount of 1-chlorobutane is increased based on example 3, so that the molar ratio of sodium cyanide to 1-chlorobutane is changed to 1:1.90, the final yield of valeronitrile is 92.5%, and compared with example 3, the yield of valeronitrile is slightly increased, which indicates that more 1-chlorobutane cannot significantly improve the yield of valeronitrile, namely, the molar ratio of sodium cyanide to 1-chlorobutane is changed to 1:1.50.
The molar ratio of sodium cyanide to 1-chlorobutane in comparative example 1 was changed to 1.5:1.0, and excessive sodium cyanide was used as a raw material, but the valeronitrile yield was only 89.0%, which was lower than 90.0% of example 1, and excessive sodium cyanide was not only unable to obtain higher yields, but also resulted in excessive sodium cyanide residue, and the unreacted sodium cyanide was required to be treated with excessive sodium hypochlorite, which was not friendly to the environment. In addition, the waste liquid containing sodium cyanide has a relatively large potential safety hazard. Sodium cyanide generates cyanogen acid when meeting acid, is colorless, odorless and highly toxic, and is easy to generate safety problem.
The present embodiment is merely illustrative of the present application, and the present application is not limited thereto, and a worker can make various changes and modifications without departing from the scope of the technical idea of the present application. The technical scope of the present application is not limited to the contents of the specification, and must be determined according to the scope of claims.

Claims (3)

1. A preparation method of valeronitrile is characterized in that: the preparation method comprises the following steps: sodium cyanide and excessive 1-chlorobutane are used as raw materials to react under the action of a catalyst to generate valeronitrile; the molar ratio of the sodium cyanide to the 1-chlorobutane is 1:1.5-1.9; the catalyst is tetrabutylammonium bromide and triethylamine; the preparation method specifically comprises the following steps: adding sodium cyanide, 1-chlorobutane and a catalyst into a reaction kettle, heating to a reaction temperature under stirring, reacting 3-4 h to finish the reaction, standing for layering, and then distilling an organic layer to obtain valeronitrile; the organic layer distillation is specifically as follows: firstly, distilling at 80 ℃ to recover 1-chlorobutane, and then distilling at 145 ℃ to obtain valeronitrile; the dosage of the catalyst is 5-10% of the total mass of the 1-chlorobutane; the mass ratio of the catalyst tetrabutylammonium bromide to the triethylamine is 1:0.3-0.5; the reaction temperature is 50-60 ℃.
2. The method for producing valeronitrile according to claim 1, wherein: the sodium cyanide is a sodium cyanide solution with the mass percent concentration of 30 percent.
3. The method for producing valeronitrile according to claim 1, wherein: and a cocatalyst is also added in the reaction, wherein the cocatalyst is isopropanol, and the mass ratio of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide to isopropanol is 1:3-5.
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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006097808A1 (en) * 2005-03-15 2006-09-21 Pfizer Japan Inc. Benzimidazolone derivatives as cb2 receptor ligands
CN110845362A (en) * 2019-11-28 2020-02-28 安徽泰格生物科技有限公司 Preparation method of hydroxypivaonitrile

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006097808A1 (en) * 2005-03-15 2006-09-21 Pfizer Japan Inc. Benzimidazolone derivatives as cb2 receptor ligands
CN110845362A (en) * 2019-11-28 2020-02-28 安徽泰格生物科技有限公司 Preparation method of hydroxypivaonitrile

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Preparation of nitriles by cyanide displacement on primary alkyl halides in reversed micelles;Branko Jursic et al.;《Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses》(第10期);336-337 *
正戊腈合成研究;杜乾等;《精细与专用化学品》;第26卷(第3期);15-17 *

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