CN114267950A - Terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna and communication system - Google Patents
Terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna and communication system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna and a communication system, wherein the holographic impedance surface antenna comprises an excitation antenna and antenna radiation modules which are formed by arranging lattice units, each lattice unit comprises a grounding dielectric substrate, a graphene patch and an electrostatic bias plate, the graphene patch is positioned on the grounding dielectric substrate, and the electrostatic bias plate is positioned below the graphene patch so as to change the conductivity of the corresponding graphene patch and form different holographic impedance graphs. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages of higher gain, realization of two-dimensional adjustment of the beam direction and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of antennas, relates to a direction reconfigurable antenna, and particularly relates to a terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna.
Background
The holography is an optical technique for recording all information of object light using the principle of interference. It mainly uses holographic film to record the interference field information of reference light and object light, then uses the reference light to irradiate the holographic film to diffract the object wave. Compared with the traditional imaging technology, the holography technology can record not only the intensity of the object wave, but also the corresponding phase, thereby recovering the three-dimensional image of the object, having wide application prospect and attracting the attention of researchers. The holographic antenna expands visible light waves to a microwave frequency band, changes reference waves by using a holographic structure so as to radiate specific target waves, and has the advantages of low profile, high gain, flexible regulation and control, easiness in conformation and the like.
The extensive application of random holographic technology has led to an increasing research on holographic antennas. For Holographic Impedance Surfaces, in the document "Scalar and sensor Holographic architectural Impedance Surfaces", Scalar and Tensor Holographic Impedance Surfaces are constructed using metal patches of different sizes and structures, scattering a reference wave to generate a target beam, but once the surface structure is determined, only a specific target wave can be radiated. The document "single shielded Graphene leakage-Wave Antenna for Electronic Beamscanning at THz" utilizes a series of electrostatically biased Graphene strips to form a terahertz Leaky-Wave Antenna, which can realize beam scanning, but the Leaky-Wave Antenna has relatively low gain and cannot realize simultaneous scanning of an azimuth angle and a pitch angle. The document "a Fabry-P rot Antenna With Two-Dimensional Electronic Beam Scanning" proposes an FP cavity-type Antenna, but the Beam Scanning can be achieved only at a few fixed angles, and the Scanning range is small.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art, and provides a terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna which is high in gain and capable of realizing two-dimensional adjustment of a wave beam direction by utilizing the characteristic of controlling the conductivity of a single-layer graphene patch by using an external electrostatic bias and the principle of a holographic antenna.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
a terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna comprises an excitation antenna and antenna radiation modules formed by arranging lattice units, wherein each lattice unit comprises a grounding dielectric substrate, a graphene patch and an electrostatic bias plate, the graphene patch is located on the grounding dielectric substrate, and the electrostatic bias plate is located below the graphene patch so as to change the conductivity of the corresponding graphene patch.
The holographic impedance surface antenna utilizes a phase loading technology to load phases to an impedance modulation formula in a partition mode so as to radiate various polarized target waves, and can realize various antennas such as a circularly polarized holographic impedance surface antenna, a terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface conformal antenna and the like.
Further, a plurality of the lattice units are regularly arranged.
Furthermore, the lattice unit is a square lattice unit, so that the whole antenna radiation module is formed by N × N regularly arranged lattice units, and the graphene patch in the lattice unit is also a square single-layer graphene patch.
Furthermore, the plane size of the graphene patches is smaller than that of the whole crystal lattice unit, all the graphene patches are the same in size and are arranged at the same interval, and the thickness of each graphene patch is the thickness of single-layer graphene.
Further, the cross section of the lattice unit is square, the side length is 1/10 working wavelength, and the size is sub-wavelength.
Furthermore, the electrostatic bias plate is provided with a connecting interface connected with an external power supply
Further, the electrostatic bias plate is a polysilicon electrode plate, and is arranged under the graphene patch to apply bias voltage to the graphene patch, so that the conductivity of the corresponding graphene patch is changed.
Further, the grounding dielectric substrate comprises a dielectric substrate body and a metal grounding plate.
Furthermore, the material of the dielectric substrate body is silicon dioxide.
The invention further provides a terahertz frequency band communication system which comprises the terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) according to the invention, the single-layer square high-impedance graphene is used as the impedance patch unit, the patches are arranged at equal intervals in size, the structure is simple, the shape is regular, the manufacture is easy, the graphene patch is more inductive compared with a metal patch, and the impedance surface has a higher impedance modulation range.
(2) The invention has good radiation performance in the pass band, and different bias voltages are loaded on different graphene patches to draw an impedance of interest diagram. When the terahertz wave source is illuminated by source waves, the impedance surface scatters the terahertz wave source into target waves, different impedance graphs are formed by adjusting bias voltage loaded on each graphene patch, and beam scanning of target beams in a two-dimensional direction can be achieved in a terahertz wave band under the condition that an antenna structure is not changed.
(3) The invention can realize the radiation of any polarized wave such as linear polarization or circular polarization wave by changing the loading phase of impedance modulation.
(4) The ultrathin graphene and silicon dioxide substrate structure adopted by the invention also has better conformal performance.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a model of a lattice cell of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuit model of a graphene impedance surface;
fig. 4 is a two-dimensional pattern obtained by simulation calculation in embodiment 1 of the present invention, where (4a) is a target beam radiation angle of-30 °, (4b) is a target beam radiation angle of 30 °, (4c) is a target beam radiation angle of 45 °, (4d) is a target beam radiation angle of 60 °;
FIG. 5 is a three-dimensional directional diagram obtained by simulation calculation in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of antenna impedance modulation phase loading in embodiment 2 of the present invention, where (6a) is a left-handed circularly polarized loading phase, and (6b) is a right-handed original polarized loading phase;
FIG. 7 is a two-dimensional directional diagram simulated in embodiment 2 of the present invention, wherein (7a) is a left-handed circularly polarized directional diagram and (7b) is a right-handed in-plane polarized directional diagram;
FIG. 8 is an axial ratio plot simulated in example 2 of the present invention, wherein (8a) is the axial ratio of left-handed circular polarization and (8b) is the axial ratio of right-handed original polarization;
fig. 9 is a diagram of an antenna structure according to embodiment 3 of the present invention;
fig. 10 is a simulated two-dimensional pattern of embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments. The present embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and a detailed implementation manner and a specific operation process are given, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
Graphene is a two-dimensional single-layer material with hexagonally arranged carbon atoms, and has excellent electrical properties such as low loss factor and high electron mobility in a terahertz frequency band. For graphene with a certain doping concentration, the surface conductivity of the graphene can be flexibly adjusted by an external electric field and a magnetic field, and the graphene is an excellent material for the terahertz frequency band reconfigurable antenna. In the absence of an external magnetostatic bias, the surface conductivity of graphene is a scalar consisting of in-band conductivity and inter-band conductivity, as a function of temperature, chemical potential and frequency. Due to the fact that the chemical potential is controlled through the electrostatic bias voltage, the surface conductivity and the patch impedance of the graphene can be dynamically controlled, and meanwhile, the graphene can support Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP), so that the graphene can be a radiation component in a terahertz wave band and an infrared range. Many graphene-based devices, such as filters, antennas, attenuators, and absorbers operating at microwave, terahertz, and even optical frequencies, are designed and applied.
Based on the advantages of the graphene, the inventor of the present application creatively provides a terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna, as shown in fig. 1, which includes an excitation antenna 1 and an antenna radiation module formed by arranging lattice units, where the excitation antenna 1 is located at the center of the antenna radiation module, as shown in fig. 2, each lattice unit includes a grounded dielectric substrate, a graphene patch 2 and an electrostatic bias plate 3, the graphene patch 2 is located on the grounded dielectric substrate, and the electrostatic bias plate 3 is located below the graphene patch 2, so as to change the conductivity of the corresponding graphene patch 2.
The plurality of lattice cells are regularly arranged, and each lattice cell can be a square lattice cell. The cross-section of the lattice cell is square with a side length of 1/10 operating wavelengths.
The graphene patches 2 are square single-layer graphene patches, the plane size of each graphene patch is smaller than that of the whole crystal lattice unit, all the graphene patches are the same in size, and the arrangement intervals are the same.
The electrostatic bias plate 3 is provided with a connection interface connected with an external power supply. The electrostatic bias plate 3 may be a polysilicon electrode plate, and is disposed under the graphene patch to apply a bias voltage thereto, so as to change the conductivity of the corresponding graphene patch.
The grounding dielectric substrate comprises a dielectric substrate body 4 and a metal grounding plate 5, wherein the material of the dielectric substrate body 4 can be silicon dioxide. In each lattice unit, the graphene patch 2, the dielectric substrate body 4 and the metal grounding plate 5 are arranged from top to bottom in sequence, and the electrostatic bias plate 3 is located below the graphene patch 2 and arranged in the dielectric substrate body 4.
In the terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna, the conductivity of graphene is changed by loading electrostatic bias, and the imaginary part of the graphene patch impedance is fitted to be chemical potential mucThe mathematical relationship between them is: z ═ f (μ)c) The modulation formula of the antenna is as follows:
and the phase loading technology is utilized to load the phase to the impedance modulation formula in a partition mode so as to radiate various polarized target waves.
In another embodiment, a thz frequency band communication system is provided, which includes the thz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna as described above.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1, the terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna in this embodiment includes a monopole excitation antenna, a graphene impedance patch, a silicon dioxide dielectric substrate, a polysilicon plate embedded therein for applying a bias voltage, and a grounding metal plate.
In the embodiment, the excitation source antenna is a monopole antenna, and is formed by vertically erecting an independent oscillator on a ground plane, the designed working frequency is 1THz, the size is 74 micrometers, the radius is 5 micrometers, and the excitation source antenna is placed in the center of the holographic impedance surface antenna.
The size of the impedance surface lattice unit is 30 mu m multiplied by 30 mu m, wherein the size of the graphene patch is 23 mu m multiplied by 23 mu m, and the dielectric substrate material is SiO2Dielectric constant εrThe thickness is 30 μm, the entire holographic impedance modulation surface is composed of N × N lattice units, N is 51 in this embodiment, and the impedance surface specification is 1530 μm × 1530 μm.
The relative dielectric constant of the polycrystalline silicon plate is 3, the thickness is 20nm, and a bias voltage V is appliedcAnd graphene carrier density nsThe relationship between them is:
concentration of carriers nsCan be expressed as graphene chemical potential mucFunction of (a):
in the formula: t represents the thickness of the graphene patch,
representing the reduced planck constant of the catalyst,
corresponding to the Fermi-Dirac distribution, vFIs the fermi rate.
Graphene conductivity is divided into in-band and inter-band conductivity and can be represented by the Kubo formula:
wherein the first term is the in-band conductivity, the second term is the inter-band conductivity,
can be approximately expressed as:
where ω is the angular frequency and represents μcFermi energy, Γ represents the scattering rate, which is half the reciprocal of the relaxation time τ, and T is the thermodynamic temperature. q is the charge of an electron, and kBRepresenting boltzmann's constant. According to the invention, the chemical potential of the graphene is changed by controlling the bias voltage applied by the bias plate, so that the chemical potential of the graphene is controlled, and then the graphene patch generates different impedance values to form a holographic impedance graph.
The impedance surface of this embodiment supports propagation of TM SPP, and the equivalent circuit model shown in fig. 3 is used to solve the surface impedance of the graphene patch, including calculating the reflection coefficient of the impedance surface, extracting the patch impedance of the graphene layer, and finally calculating the equivalent surface impedance value through the patch impedance and the characteristics of the dielectric layer. The lattice cell can be seen as a circuit model consisting of a graphene patch, a dielectric substrate and a parallel floor. It is apparent that the ends of the transmission line constituted by the substrate are short-circuited by the metallic ground plane. According to the transmission line theorem, the equivalent parallel susceptance can be directly calculated as:
in the present embodiment, it is preferred that,the graphene patch model is modeled as an impedance boundary in the Ansoft HFSS, and the input impedance Z when the impedance surface is irradiated by a vertically incident wave source is obtained by using a driving modeinAnd then the impedance Z of the graphene patch is obtainedpatch. The impedance surface of the present embodiment supports propagation of TM SPP and therefore uses the transmission line model as shown in fig. 3. In this modified transmission line model, the input impedance Z with respect to a downward view from above the impedance surface can be obtained from the lateral resonance conditiondownAnd an input impedance Z looking up from below the impedance surfaceupThe relation of (1):
Zup(x)+Zdown(x)＝0
and the equivalent surface impedance Z of the TM wave propagating on the impedance surfacesurfThe following relations are provided:
wherein:
in this embodiment, the mathematical relationship between the imaginary part of the equivalent graphene patch impedance and the chemical potential obtained by HFSS simulation and MATLAB solution fitting is:
in this embodiment, the holographic impedance modulation formula is:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
representing the distance of a point (x, y) on the impedance surface from the origin,ktwave number, k, representing the propagation of a surface wave on an impedance surface0Represents the wave number of electromagnetic wave propagation in free space, and θ represents the radiation angle.
In order to realize the vertical polarized wave, the embodiment loads a pi phase in an x <0 region to eliminate zero depth generated at a target angle theta due to the phase inconsistency of a forward traveling wave and a backward traveling wave generated by the surface. The holographic impedance surface is modified by controlling the amplitudes of the horizontal and vertical polarization components so that the radiation wave has a particular polarization in the direction of the target radiation.
Fig. 4 shows a two-dimensional far-field pattern calculated by HFSS simulation in this embodiment, the antenna operates at 1THz frequency, the main radiation direction of the antenna deviates from the normal direction by-30 °, 45 ° and 60 °, and the antenna can be dynamically adjusted, and the gains are 9.60dB, 10.68dB, 8.42dB and 7.06dB, respectively. The cross polarization level is low, and the antenna has excellent performance, and the three-dimensional directional diagram of the antenna of the embodiment is shown in figure 5.
Example 2
Based on the implementation of embodiment 1, the present embodiment provides a circularly polarized holographic impedance surface antenna, which has the same inventive concept as that of embodiment 1, modifies a holographic impedance modulation formula, and sequentially loads pi/2 phases in four quadrants as shown in fig. 6, so as to realize radiation of left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized target waves, and the main polarized wave gain is above 10dB as shown in fig. 7 as a two-dimensional far-field directional pattern; fig. 8 shows the axial ratio behavior and the antenna performance is excellent.
Example 3
Based on the implementation of embodiment 1, the embodiment provides a terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface conformal antenna, which has the same inventive concept as that of embodiment 1, and the embodiment 1 is conformal to a cylinder with a radius of 1500 μm, as shown in fig. 9, a target beam direction is simulated by 30 °, the maximum gain is 6.3dB, a front-to-back ratio exceeds 11dB, and a beam can accurately point to a target design direction, as shown in fig. 10.
The foregoing detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented. It should be understood that numerous modifications and variations could be devised by those skilled in the art in light of the present teachings without departing from the inventive concepts. Therefore, the technical solutions available to those skilled in the art through logic analysis, reasoning and limited experiments based on the prior art according to the concept of the present invention should be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.
Claims (10)
1. The terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna is characterized by comprising an excitation antenna and antenna radiation modules formed by arranging lattice units, wherein each lattice unit comprises a grounding dielectric substrate, a graphene patch and an electrostatic bias plate, the graphene patch is positioned on the grounding dielectric substrate, and the electrostatic bias plate is positioned below the graphene patch so as to change the conductivity of the corresponding graphene patch.
2. The terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna of claim 1, wherein a plurality of the lattice units are regularly arranged.
3. The terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna of claim 1, wherein the lattice unit is a square lattice unit.
4. The terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna of claim 1, wherein a planar size of the graphene patch is smaller than a planar size of the monolithic lattice unit.
5. The terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cross section of the lattice unit is square, and the side length is 1/10 working wavelength.
6. The terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrostatic bias plate is provided with a connection interface for connecting with an external power supply.
7. The terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna of claim 1, wherein the electrostatic bias plate is a polysilicon electrode plate.
8. The thz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna of claim 1, wherein the grounded dielectric substrate comprises a dielectric substrate body and a metallic ground plate.
9. The terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna as claimed in claim 8, wherein the dielectric substrate body is made of silicon dioxide.
10. A terahertz frequency band communication system comprising the terahertz graphene holographic impedance surface antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
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