CN114222036A - Optical assembly - Google Patents
Optical assembly Download PDFInfo
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- CN114222036A CN114222036A CN202111353254.8A CN202111353254A CN114222036A CN 114222036 A CN114222036 A CN 114222036A CN 202111353254 A CN202111353254 A CN 202111353254A CN 114222036 A CN114222036 A CN 114222036A
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- mirror
- reflector
- area
- image sensor
- optical assembly
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PFNQVRZLDWYSCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (fluoren-9-ylideneamino) n-naphthalen-1-ylcarbamate Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2C1=NOC(=O)NC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 PFNQVRZLDWYSCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical compound [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- OYLGJCQECKOTOL-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ba+2] OYLGJCQECKOTOL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001632 barium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005499 meniscus Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/50—Constructional details
- H04N23/55—Optical parts specially adapted for electronic image sensors; Mounting thereof
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B17/00—Details of cameras or camera bodies; Accessories therefor
- G03B17/02—Bodies
- G03B17/17—Bodies with reflectors arranged in beam forming the photographic image, e.g. for reducing dimensions of camera
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B30/00—Camera modules comprising integrated lens units and imaging units, specially adapted for being embedded in other devices, e.g. mobile phones or vehicles
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Studio Devices (AREA)
- Lenses (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an optical assembly which comprises a first reflecting mirror, a second reflecting mirror and an image sensor, wherein the optical axis of the first reflecting mirror, the optical axis of the second reflecting mirror and the central axis of the image sensor are superposed, the first reflecting mirror, the second reflecting mirror and the image sensor are sequentially arranged, the first reflecting mirror comprises a transmission area and a reflection area, the second reflecting mirror comprises a reflection area and a light transmission area, and light rays are incident through the transmission area of the first reflecting mirror, reflected through the reflection area of the second reflecting mirror and the reflection area of the first reflecting mirror in sequence and then imaged on the image sensor through the light transmission area of the second reflecting mirror. By adopting the method and the device, the technical problems of blurred hand shaking and more image noise in the prior art can be solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optics, in particular to an optical assembly.
Background
At present, one of the trends in the development of electronic devices is to have a stronger photographing capability. For this reason, the number of lenses in a camera module of an electronic device is increasing. However, in practice, it is found that when taking a long focal length lens of a mobile phone as an example, the field of view is relatively small, and therefore, a longer exposure time is required compared with a short focal length lens, which easily causes a situation that a hand is shaken and blurred during taking a picture. And because the exposure time is longer, the image noise formed by photographing is more, and the image noise is more.
Therefore, there is a need to provide a better optical assembly.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the application provides an optical assembly, and solves the technical problems that photographing hand shaking is fuzzy and image noise is more in the prior art.
In one aspect, the present application provides, by an embodiment of the present application, an optical assembly including: a first mirror, a second mirror, and an image sensor, wherein:
the optical axis of the first reflector, the optical axis of the second reflector and the central axis of the image sensor are overlapped, the first reflector, the second reflector and the image sensor are sequentially arranged, the first reflector comprises a transmission area and a reflection area, the second reflector comprises a reflection area and a light-transmitting area, light rays are incident through the transmission area of the first reflector, and after being reflected through the reflection areas of the second reflector and the first reflector in sequence, the light rays are imaged on the image sensor through the light-transmitting area of the second reflector.
Optionally, the first mirror is a plane mirror, and the second mirror is a concave mirror.
Optionally, the light-transmitting area is used for placing the image sensor.
Optionally, the reflective area is a central area of the first reflector, and the remaining areas are the transmissive areas.
Optionally, the central region is a circular region with a preset size, and the transmission region is a hollow circular ring region.
Optionally, the optical assembly further comprises at least one aberration correcting mirror, the at least one aberration correcting mirror is disposed between the second mirror and the image sensor, and the at least one aberration correcting mirror is disposed coaxially with the second mirror.
Optionally, after being reflected by the reflection areas of the second reflector and the first reflector in sequence, the light is subjected to aberration correction by at least one aberration correction mirror, and finally the light subjected to aberration correction is imaged on the image sensor.
Optionally, the aberration correcting mirror is a concave lens or a convex lens.
Optionally, the material of the second mirror comprises at least one of: glass, plastic, germanium, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, barium fluoride, and gallium arsenide.
Optionally, the reflective region of the first mirror is plated with a reflective film, and the material of the reflective film includes at least one of the following: aluminum, silver, gold, nickel, and titanium.
One or more technical solutions provided in the embodiments of the present application have at least the following technical effects or advantages: the application provides an optical assembly includes first speculum, second mirror and image sensor, wherein the optical axis of first speculum the optical axis of second mirror with image sensor's center pin coincidence, first speculum includes transmission area and reflection area, the second mirror is including reflection area and light-passing area, and light process the transmission area of first speculum is kicked into the back, passes through in proper order the second mirror with the reflection area of first speculum reflects the back, the rethread the light-passing area of second mirror images to on the image sensor. By adopting the method and the device, the area of the photographing light through hole can be increased, and the light incoming quantity can be improved, so that the technical problems that photographing is blurred by hand shaking and image noise is more in the prior art are solved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a first reflecting mirror provided in an embodiment of the present application.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a second reflector according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of another optical assembly provided in the embodiments of the present application.
Fig. 5 is a scene schematic diagram of a light ray incidence optical assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Fig. 6 is a schematic view of another scene of a light ray incidence optical assembly provided in an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
The applicant has also found in the course of the present application that: at present, in order to solve the problems that a long-focus camera is easy to shake and blur due to long exposure time, image noise is accumulated more, image noise points are more and the like, the method can be generally started from the following aspects: 1. the cost is obviously increased by selecting a lens with a smaller number of apertures (F), such as a high-cost lens with a large aperture. 2. When shooting, the camera is fixed through auxiliary equipment such as a tripod, but the tripod is inconvenient to carry, user experience is affected, and particularly when shooting is carried out by using a mobile phone. 3. The optical anti-shake structure is used in the mobile phone camera module, i.e. the multi-axis motor is added to achieve the anti-shake effect, and the cost is obviously increased.
To solve the above problem, embodiments of the present application provide an optical assembly.
In order to solve the technical problems, the general idea of the embodiment of the application is as follows: the present application provides an optical assembly comprising: a first mirror, a second mirror, and an image sensor, wherein:
the optical axis of the first reflector, the optical axis of the second reflector and the central axis of the image sensor are overlapped, the first reflector comprises a transmission area and a reflection area, the second reflector comprises a reflection area and a light transmission area, light rays enter the transmission area of the first reflector, are reflected by the reflection area reflected by the second reflector and the reflection area of the first reflector in sequence, and then are imaged on the image sensor through the light transmission area of the second reflector.
In order to better understand the technical solution, the technical solution will be described in detail with reference to the drawings and the specific embodiments.
First, it is stated that the term "and/or" appearing herein is merely one type of associative relationship that describes an associated object, meaning that three types of relationships may exist, e.g., a and/or B may mean: a exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" herein generally indicates that the former and latter related objects are in an "or" relationship.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The optical assembly 10 shown in fig. 1 includes: a first mirror 101, a second mirror 102 and an image sensor 103. Wherein the first mirror 101 and the second mirror 102 are arranged coaxially, and the central axis of the image sensor 103 coincides with the optical axis of the first mirror 101 or the second mirror 102, that is, the optical axis of the first mirror 101, the optical axis of the second mirror 102 and the central axis of the image sensor 103 coincide, in other words, the first mirror 101, the second mirror 102 and the image sensor 103 are arranged coaxially. And are arranged in order in the order of said first mirror 101, said second mirror 102 and said third mirror 103, in other words said second mirror 102 is arranged between said first mirror 101 and said image sensor 103.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, the first mirror 101 includes a transmission region 1011 and a reflection region 1012. The second mirror 102 includes a reflective region 1021 and a light-transmitting region 1022. The light enters through the transmission area 1011 of the first reflector 101, and is reflected and imaged through the reflection area 1021 of the second reflector 102, and the formed image (also referred to as reflected light) is reflected to the reflection area 1012 of the first reflector 101. And then reflected by the reflective region 1012 of the first mirror 101, and imaged onto the image sensor 103 via the light-transmitting region 1022 of the second mirror 102.
In an alternative embodiment, the first mirror 101 is a plane mirror. The reflective region 1012 is a central region (may also be referred to as a central region) of the first reflecting mirror 101, and the shape of the central region is not limited, and may be, for example, a circular region, an elliptical region, a rectangular region, or the like. The transmissive area 1011 is the remaining area of the first mirror 101 except for the reflective area 1012.
For example, please refer to fig. 2, which shows a schematic diagram of a possible first mirror. As shown in fig. 2, the black area is the reflection area 1012 of the first reflecting mirror 101, and the illustration only shows the reflection area 1012 as a circular area, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The size of the reflective area 1012 is not limited, and can be set according to actual requirements. The light-colored region in fig. 2 is a transmission region 1011 of the first reflecting mirror 101, and the illustration shows only a circular region in which the transmission region 1011 is hollow, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Similarly, the shape and size of the transmission region 1011 are not limited in this application, and can be set by user according to actual requirements.
In practical applications, the first mirror 101 may be a one-piece plane transparent mirror, and the central (i.e. the reflection area 1012) is a mirror surface coated with a reflective film on one or both sides, and the material/material of the mirror includes but is not limited to any one or more of the following: glass, plastic, germanium, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, barium fluoride, gallium arsenide, or other mirror materials. The materials of the reflective film include, but are not limited to, any one or combination of more of the following: aluminum, silver, gold, nickel, titanium, or other metals, and the like.
Alternatively, the first mirror 101 may also be composed of a transmissive area 1011 and a reflective area 1012, the transmissive area 1011 may be a central mirror, and the reflective area may be a planar transparent mirror with a hollowed central area, which may be joined together to form the first mirror 101, for example, the central mirror may be placed in the hollowed central area of the planar transparent mirror. Wherein, the central mirror can use independent mirrors, such as independent round or rectangular mirrors. The central mirror is embedded in a planar transparent mirror hollowed out in a planar manner, glued or otherwise connected, so that the first mirror 101 is formed. Optionally, the first reflecting mirror 101 may also be obtained by using a suspended center manner of the reflecting mirror, or by other manners, which is not limited in this application.
In an alternative embodiment, the second mirror 102 is a concave mirror, such as a spherical mirror, an aspherical mirror, or the like. Specifically, the second mirror 102 is a mirror having a light-transmitting region 1022, and the position of the light-transmitting region 1022 is not limited and may be set according to actual requirements. The concave surface of the second mirror 102 is opposite to the first mirror 101, that is, the concave surface of the concave mirror is arranged to face the first mirror (the plane of the plane mirror) so as to reflect the light incident through the transmission region of the first mirror 101.
Preferably, the second mirror 102 is a hollow concave mirror, i.e. the light passing area 1022 is a central area of the second mirror 102. The light-transmitting area is used for placing the image sensor 103 so as to reflect the light formed by the second reflector 102 to the image sensor for imaging.
In practical applications, the second reflector 102 may be a hollow-center reflector with concave surfaces at the periphery. The second mirror 102 may also be a concave mirror made of plastic, glass or other materials. The concave surface of the second mirror 102 may be a transparent or opaque mirror, and the mirror surface of the mirror is coated with a reflective film on one or both surfaces, the reflective film including but not limited to: aluminum film, silver film, gold film, nickel film, titanium film, other metal film, or other mixed metal film, etc.
Alternatively, the present application uses concave mirror imaging, which falls on the image sensor 103 right by reflection from the reflective region 1012 of the first mirror 101, so that a sharp image is taken. In addition, the concave reflecting mirror greatly improves the light inlet area, so that the exposure time of a darker environment (such as night photographing) is obviously shortened, and an image without the problems of shaking, blurring and the like can be photographed without an optical/electronic anti-shake device.
In an alternative embodiment, the optical assembly 10 further comprises at least one aberration-correcting mirror 104. Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of another optical lens of the present application. The optical assembly shown in fig. 4 includes: for the descriptions of the first reflecting mirror 101, the second reflecting mirror 102, the image sensor 103 and the aberration correcting mirror 104, reference may be made to the specific descriptions in the foregoing embodiments for the descriptions of the first reflecting mirror 101, the second reflecting mirror 102 and the image sensor 103, which are not described herein again.
Specifically, the aberration correcting mirror 104 is disposed coaxially with the first mirror 101, the second mirror 102, and the image sensor 103, respectively, and is particularly disposed behind the second mirror 102 and in front of the image sensor 103, that is, the aberration correcting mirror 104 is disposed between the second mirror 102 and the image sensor 103. Alternatively, if the second mirror 102 is a mirror having a hollow area, the aberration correction mirror 104 and the image sensor 103 are specifically disposed in the light-passing area 1022 of the second mirror 102.
In a specific implementation, the light enters through the transmission area 1011 of the first reflector 101 and is reflected by the reflection area 1021 of the second reflector 102, and the reflected light is reflected to the reflection area 1012 of the first reflector 101 again. The reflection area 1012 of the first reflecting mirror 101 reflects the reflected light to at least one aberration correcting mirror 104 for aberration correction, so that the corrected light image is clearer and has no burrs and the like. Finally, the aberration correcting mirror 104 reflects the light obtained after correction to the image sensor 103 for imaging.
In an alternative embodiment, the number of the aberration correcting mirrors 104 is not limited, and the following description will only use 2 aberration correcting mirrors 104 as an example. The aberration correcting mirror 104 may specifically be any one of the following: a concave lens, a convex lens, or a meniscus lens.
For example, please refer to fig. 5 and fig. 6, which respectively show a detailed schematic diagram of light imaging in the optical assembly 10 when light rays with two different incident angles enter. Fig. 5 shows a schematic diagram of imaging light incident on the optical assembly 10 and parallel to the optical axis. Fig. 6 specifically shows a schematic diagram of light imaging when a light ray with a large field angle (i.e. an incident light ray which is not parallel to the optical axis and has an angle with the optical axis) is incident on the optical assembly 10. The mirror surfaces shown in fig. 5 and 6 are the mirror surfaces of the first reflecting mirror 101 and the second reflecting mirror 102 in the optical assembly 101, and after entering through the first reflecting mirror 101, the light is reflected by the second reflecting mirror 102 and the first reflecting mirror 101 in sequence, and then is subjected to corresponding aberration correction in the two aberration correcting mirrors 104, and finally the light after aberration correction is reflected to the image sensor 103(sensor) for imaging.
Through implementing this application, this application provides an optical assembly includes first speculum, second mirror and image sensor, wherein the optical axis of first speculum the optical axis of second mirror with image sensor's center pin coincidence, first speculum includes transmission area and reflection area, and light passes through after the transmission area of first speculum is jeted into, pass through in proper order the reflection area of second mirror with after the reflection area reflection of first speculum, the rethread the light passing area of second mirror images to on the image sensor. By adopting the method and the device, the technical problems of blurred hand shaking and more image picture noise in the prior art can be solved under the condition of not obviously increasing the cost, namely the area of the photographing light through hole is increased, and the light incoming quantity is improved.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as including preferred embodiments and all such alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (10)
1. An optical assembly, comprising: a first mirror, a second mirror, and an image sensor, wherein:
the optical axis of the first reflector, the optical axis of the second reflector and the central axis of the image sensor are overlapped, the first reflector, the second reflector and the image sensor are sequentially arranged, the first reflector comprises a transmission area and a reflection area, the second reflector comprises a reflection area and a light-transmitting area, light rays are incident through the transmission area of the first reflector, and after being reflected through the reflection area of the second reflector and the reflection area of the first reflector in sequence, the light rays are imaged on the image sensor through the light-transmitting area of the second reflector.
2. The optical assembly of claim 1, wherein the first mirror is a flat mirror and the second mirror is a concave mirror.
3. Optical assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that the light transmission area is used for placing the image sensor.
4. The optical assembly of claim 1, wherein the reflective region is a central region of the first mirror and the remaining regions are the transmissive regions.
5. The optical assembly of claim 4, wherein the central region is a circular region of a predetermined size, and the transmissive region is a hollow circular region.
6. The optical assembly of claim 1, further comprising at least one aberration-correcting mirror, wherein the at least one aberration-correcting mirror is disposed between the second mirror and the image sensor, and wherein the at least one aberration-correcting mirror is disposed coaxially with the second mirror.
7. The optical assembly of claim 6, wherein the imaging onto the image sensor through the light-transmitting area of the second mirror after sequentially reflecting through the reflective area of the second mirror and the reflective area of the first mirror comprises:
after being reflected by the reflection area of the second reflector and the reflection area of the first reflector in sequence, the light rays are subjected to aberration correction through at least one aberration correction mirror, and finally the light rays subjected to aberration correction are imaged on the image sensor through the light-transmitting area of the second reflector.
8. The optical assembly of claim 6, wherein the aberration-correcting mirror is a concave lens or a convex lens.
9. The optical assembly according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the material of the second mirror comprises at least one of: glass, plastic, germanium, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, barium fluoride, and gallium arsenide.
10. The optical assembly according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the reflective area of the first mirror is plated with a reflective film, the material of the reflective film comprising at least one of: aluminum, silver, gold, nickel, and titanium.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111353254.8A CN114222036A (en) | 2021-11-16 | 2021-11-16 | Optical assembly |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111353254.8A CN114222036A (en) | 2021-11-16 | 2021-11-16 | Optical assembly |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114222036A true CN114222036A (en) | 2022-03-22 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN202111353254.8A Pending CN114222036A (en) | 2021-11-16 | 2021-11-16 | Optical assembly |
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| WO2018182526A1 (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2018-10-04 | Nanyang Technological University | Apparatus for analysing a specimen |
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